A presentation on atomic structure and chemical bond. Here you can find the full details of atomic structure and 5 types of chemical bond. This is for the course of Inorganic Pharmacy, Course code is PHAR-1103. This can be also used for Biochemistry students and other.
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#be like boss
A presentation on atomic structure and chemical bond. Here you can find the full details of atomic structure and 5 types of chemical bond. This is for the course of Inorganic Pharmacy, Course code is PHAR-1103. This can be also used for Biochemistry students and other.
Thank you. Like, Commen, Share
#be like boss
a detailed description of the structure of atom including all the discoveries and inclusion of those rules in periodic classification from Dr. Raghav Samantaray phd in applied chemistry (KIIT school of Biotechnology)
a detailed description of the structure of atom including all the discoveries and inclusion of those rules in periodic classification from Dr. Raghav Samantaray phd in applied chemistry (KIIT school of Biotechnology)
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. MO approach to metallic bond and its
Application
• The theory is known as MO theory or
Band theory.
3. MO for Metallic Bond or
Band Theory
• To understand the MO for metallic bond, the
example of Lithium is taken here.
• The electronic arrangement of Lithium atom
is 1S2 2S1 2P0 the Li2 molecule exist in the
vapour state and bonding occurs due to 2S
orbital.
• There are three empty 2P orbitals in the
valence shell. The presence of empty orbitals
reflects the metallic properties of it.
4. • Now, for Lithium, number of Atomic
Orbitals(AOs) are more then that of valence
electrons. So even if all electrons are used for
bond formation, it can not achieve stable
electronic configuration like inert gas.
• Compounds of these types are called ‘electron
deficient’.
• Then, how the empty orbitals can be utilized in
Lithium?
• Either empty AOs of metals accepts the lone
pairs from other atoms or ligands and make
coordinate bonds or make cluster compounds
by sharing of electrons with neighbor atoms.
5. • The MO of Lithium molecule have discussed
earlier. There is 1 valence electron for each
atom in Li2 molecule, that forms two MOs σ2S
and σ2S*.But only σ2S makes bond formation
possible.
• Suppose that three Li atoms joined to from Li3.
Three 2S AOs combined to form
3 MOs – one bonding, one non bonding and one
anti bonding.
• Non bonding MOs has energy between BMO
and ABMO.
• In Li3 the one BMO occupies two valence
electrons and one non bonding occupies one
valence electrons.
6. • In Li4, four 2S AOs combined 4 MOs- two
BMO and two ABMO.
• Two non bonding MOs are also there in
between two BMO and two ABMO, that
reduces the energy gap between them.
• The 4 valence electrons are occupied by 2
lower energy BMOs.
• As the number of electrons in the cluster
increases, the energy gap between the
orbitals decreases, when there are large
number of atoms, the energy levels of
orbitals are so close that they form a
continuum.
7.
8. • Since there is only 1 valence electron per atom
of Lithium and MOs are two per molecule, there
are only half filled MOs and half are unfilled.
• Since the energy levels are so closed that it
requires only minute amount of energy to jump
the electron to unfilled MOs.
• Now in MO, the electron have high degree of
mobility, which is responsible for thermal
conductivity and electric conductivity.
• Conduction occurs because of two things:
(a)MO extend over the whole crystal.
(b) There is no energy gap between filled and
unfilled MOs.
9. • Let we take the example of Beryllium. It has 2
valence electrons which fill the 2S valence band
of MOs.
• In Beryllium atom the energy gap between 2S
and 2P is 160 kJ/mol.
• As 2S AOs form a band of MOs, 2P also forms
a band of MOs.
• The upper part of 2S band overlaps the lower
part of 2P band. Because of this overlap some
of the 2P band is occupied and some of 2S
band part is empty. There is possible and easy
for electrons to perturb to unoccupied levels in
the conduction band where they can easily
move throughout the crystal. Beryllium therefore
behaves as a metal.
10.
11. MO approach to Conductors,
Insulators & Semiconductors
Conductors:
• In Electric Conductors (metals), either the
valence band is partly full, or the valence
and conduction bands overlap.
• Therefore no significant gap between filled
and unfilled MOs, and perturbation can
occur readily.
12. Insulators:
• In insulators (non- metals), the valence band
is full, so perturbation within the band is
impossible. So there is appreciable
difference in energy (called the band gap)
between the valence band and the next
empty band.
• Electrons cannot therefore be promoted to
an empty level in insulators.
13. Semiconductors:
• Intrinsic semi conductors are basically
insulators, where the energy gap between
adjacent band is sufficiently small for thermal
energy to be able to promote a small number
of electrons from the full valence band to the
empty conduction band.
• The promoted electrons and unpaired
electrons in valence band can conduct
electricity.
14. • As temperature increases, conductivity of
semiconductors increases, because number
of electrons in conduction band increases as
temperature increases.
• The extrinsic semiconductors (n -type and
p- type) are produced by doping the suitable
impurity to intrinsic semiconductors.
15. Superconductors:
• Metals are good conductors of electricity, and their
conductivity increases as the temperature is
lowered. In 1911 the Dutch scientist H.K. Onnes
discovered that metals such as Hg and Pb became
superconductors at temperatures near absolute
zero.
• A superconductor has zero or almost zero electrical
resistance.
• It can therefore carry an electric current without
losing energy, and in principle the current can flow
for ever.
• There is a critical temperature Tc at which the
resistance drops sharply and super conduction
occurs.
16. • Later, Meissner and Ochsenfeld found that
some superconducting materials will not permit
a magnetic field to penetrate in their bulk.
• This is now called the Meissner effect, and
gives rise to 'levitation'.
• Levitation occurs when objects float on air. This
can be achieved by the mutual repulsion
between a permanent magnet and a
superconductor.
• A superconductor also expels all internal
magnetic fields (arising from unpaired
electrons), so superconductors are
diamagnetic.