Cells and organs of the immune system
•
1 like•138 views
The document summarizes the cells and organs of the immune system. It describes hematopoietic stem cells that reside in bone marrow and can differentiate into lymphoid or myeloid cells. It also discusses the different types of lymphoid cells including B cells, T cells, NK cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and their roles in the immune response. It outlines the primary and secondary lymphoid organs, including bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes, and their functions in immune cell development and response to pathogens.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Properties and uses of stem cells
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity, also known as delayed type hypersensitivity, involves T cell-mediated immune responses that occur 1-3 days after re-exposure to an antigen. It results from the activation of CD4+ T helper 1 cells and macrophages by the antigen, causing the release of cytokines and chemokines that recruit more immune cells and lead to localized inflammation, edema, and tissue damage at the site. Common examples include contact dermatitis, infectious disease tests like the tuberculin test, and acute rejection of transplanted organs.
Theories of Immunity
This document provides a historical overview of the key developments in the understanding of immunity. It describes some of the earliest observations of immunity in the 5th century BC and the first attempts at vaccination in the 1700s by Lady Montagu and Edward Jenner. Major advances include Pasteur's experiments showing that attenuated pathogens could provide protection against disease. Later in the 1800s, researchers such as Metchnikoff, von Behring, and Kitasato discovered the roles of phagocytes, antibodies, and humoral immunity. In the 1900s, the mechanisms of cellular and humoral immunity were further elucidated, showing the importance of both systems. The clonal selection theory also emerged as the accepted model of acquired immunity.
Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells are a type of white blood cell that are part of the innate immune system. They are named for their long membrane extensions resembling dendrites. Their main function is to process antigens and present them on their surface to T-cells, acting as antigen presenting cells. Dendritic cells can be found in the skin, inner linings of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines, and in an immature state in the blood. They activate T-cells, induce immune tolerance, and help maintain immune memory with B-cells.
Cell signaling
In biology, cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis.
Cell signaling, cell biology
This document summarizes cell signaling and the different types of extracellular signaling. It describes the key steps in extracellular signaling which involve synthesis and release of signaling molecules, transport to target cells, binding of signals to receptors, and signal transduction. Extracellular signaling can be classified as endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, or juxtacrine depending on the location of signal production and target cells. Receptor proteins play an important role in transmitting signals to cells and are classified as G protein-coupled receptors, ion channel receptors, or enzyme-linked receptors.
The biolistic method
The biolistic method, also known as the gene gun, injects genetic material into cells by coating microprojectiles such as gold or tungsten particles with DNA and propelling them using a compressed gas gun. The gene gun was invented in the 1980s and can transform both plant and animal cells, as well as organelles like chloroplasts that cannot be modified by other methods. It offers new opportunities for research in areas like gene therapy and vaccination.
New generation vaccines
Vaccines are valuable and specialized products, of great diversity have already achieved great success in controlling many diseases of economics importance in farm and companion animals, but present they do not cover all infections, access to modern techniques are used for designing to new vaccine ,not only prolongation of immunity, but also to better practical aspects, such as product stability and less dependence on cold-storage.
Recommended
Properties and uses of stem cells
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity, also known as delayed type hypersensitivity, involves T cell-mediated immune responses that occur 1-3 days after re-exposure to an antigen. It results from the activation of CD4+ T helper 1 cells and macrophages by the antigen, causing the release of cytokines and chemokines that recruit more immune cells and lead to localized inflammation, edema, and tissue damage at the site. Common examples include contact dermatitis, infectious disease tests like the tuberculin test, and acute rejection of transplanted organs.
Theories of Immunity
This document provides a historical overview of the key developments in the understanding of immunity. It describes some of the earliest observations of immunity in the 5th century BC and the first attempts at vaccination in the 1700s by Lady Montagu and Edward Jenner. Major advances include Pasteur's experiments showing that attenuated pathogens could provide protection against disease. Later in the 1800s, researchers such as Metchnikoff, von Behring, and Kitasato discovered the roles of phagocytes, antibodies, and humoral immunity. In the 1900s, the mechanisms of cellular and humoral immunity were further elucidated, showing the importance of both systems. The clonal selection theory also emerged as the accepted model of acquired immunity.
Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells are a type of white blood cell that are part of the innate immune system. They are named for their long membrane extensions resembling dendrites. Their main function is to process antigens and present them on their surface to T-cells, acting as antigen presenting cells. Dendritic cells can be found in the skin, inner linings of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines, and in an immature state in the blood. They activate T-cells, induce immune tolerance, and help maintain immune memory with B-cells.
Cell signaling
In biology, cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis.
Cell signaling, cell biology
This document summarizes cell signaling and the different types of extracellular signaling. It describes the key steps in extracellular signaling which involve synthesis and release of signaling molecules, transport to target cells, binding of signals to receptors, and signal transduction. Extracellular signaling can be classified as endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, or juxtacrine depending on the location of signal production and target cells. Receptor proteins play an important role in transmitting signals to cells and are classified as G protein-coupled receptors, ion channel receptors, or enzyme-linked receptors.
The biolistic method
The biolistic method, also known as the gene gun, injects genetic material into cells by coating microprojectiles such as gold or tungsten particles with DNA and propelling them using a compressed gas gun. The gene gun was invented in the 1980s and can transform both plant and animal cells, as well as organelles like chloroplasts that cannot be modified by other methods. It offers new opportunities for research in areas like gene therapy and vaccination.
New generation vaccines
Vaccines are valuable and specialized products, of great diversity have already achieved great success in controlling many diseases of economics importance in farm and companion animals, but present they do not cover all infections, access to modern techniques are used for designing to new vaccine ,not only prolongation of immunity, but also to better practical aspects, such as product stability and less dependence on cold-storage.
Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonotic Diseases -An Overview
Zoonotic diseases are infections that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Many serious human pathogens are zoonotic, including 61% of human pathogens, 64% of newly identified infectious agents between 1973-1994, and 74.45% of emerging infectious diseases. Zoonoses can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact with infected animals, through animal products, contaminated water, vectors like mosquitoes and ticks, and through the air. Groups at high risk include farmers, livestock owners, veterinarians, and individuals with weak immune systems. Zoonotic diseases are caused by a variety of disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Prevention strategies include proper hygiene, avoiding contact with sick or wild
Cell communication
This document discusses cell signaling and communication. It covers three main topics: reception, transduction, and response. During reception, a signal molecule binds to a receptor on the cell surface or inside the cell. Transduction involves a cascade of molecular interactions that relay the signal through the cell. This can involve phosphorylation cascades or second messengers like cAMP or calcium ions. The response is a change in cellular activity, such as regulating enzymes or gene expression. Well-coordinated signaling pathways allow cells to efficiently communicate and respond to their environment.
EARLY MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT
Mammalian development begins with fertilization inside the female's body. The zygote then undergoes cleavage divisions that are slower than in other animals. Around the 8-cell stage, the cells compact together and later form two distinct cell types - the inner cell mass and trophoblast cells. The trophoblast cells go on to form the blastocyst, with an inner cell mass surrounded by trophoblast cells. The blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida and implants in the uterus, where the trophoblast cells invade the uterine tissue and the inner cell mass forms the embryo.
IMMUNITY AGAINST HELMINTHS
This document discusses the host protective roles of type 2 immunity in response to parasitic infections. It summarizes that type 2 immunity involves both innate and adaptive immune cells that work together to kill parasites and repair tissue damage through mechanisms like alternate macrophage activation. Key cells involved include ILC2s, eosinophils, mast cells, and alternatively activated macrophages that secrete molecules like IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and arginase to expel parasites and promote wound healing.
Natural killer cells
Natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes are part of the innate immune system's defense against microbes that penetrate the skin or bypass blood defenses. NK cells make up 5-10% of lymphocytes and are present in the blood, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. They kill infected cells and some tumor cells by releasing toxic granules that induce cell lysis or apoptosis. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, ingest and destroy microbes and cellular debris. Macrophages are fixed in tissues or migrate from the blood to sites of infection.
Chapter 21: The Immune System (#2)
The document summarizes adaptive immunity and compares humoral and cellular responses. It describes the origin of B and T lymphocytes in bone marrow and thymus, their maturation processes, and roles in immunity. B cells mediate humoral immunity through antibody production while T cells direct cellular immunity, including cytotoxic T cells that directly kill infected cells. Memory B and T cells provide faster responses upon reexposure to pathogens. Antigen-presenting cells also play key roles in activating lymphocytes.
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
This document discusses cell-mediated immunity (CMI), which is mediated by T lymphocytes and is responsible for detecting and destroying intracellular pathogens like viruses or infected cells, graft rejection, and destroying tumor cells. CMI results in a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Upon first exposure to an antigen, naive T-cells are sensitized and proliferate. Secondary exposures result in a faster and more effective response from memory T-cells. Lymphokines released by activated T-cells mediate immune responses. A positive tuberculin skin test indicates past tuberculosis infection. CMI differs from humoral immunity in its mechanisms, antigens recognized, and hypersensitivity responses.
Immunology of helminth infections
This document discusses the immune response to helminth infections in three parts. It begins by describing the innate and adaptive immune responses that lead to rejection of helminths, including the roles of cytokines, antibodies, granulocytes, and T cells. It then explains how helminths evade and modulate the immune system to establish chronic infections, such as through regulatory T cells, alternatively activated macrophages, and cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β that suppress inflammation. Finally, it concludes that while immunomodulation benefits the host by reducing immune-mediated damage, it can also increase susceptibility to other pathogens.
Dendritic cells
dendritic cells are part of innate immune system, antigen presenting cells in skin, activation of t cells and inducing and maintaining immune tolerance, 4 types- langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, merkel cells, melanocytes
Chapter 2 Basic Immunology ( Cells & Organs)
Chapter 2 Basic Immunology ( Cells & Organs) Stella Maris Polytechnic; Mother Patern College of Health Sciences
This Power Point provides quality information about the cells and organs of the human immune system and how these cell and organs work and coordinate with other organ-system in the body.Immune response to infection by Virus
In this slide explained about body immune response to the viral infection, Types immunity to virus , mechanism of action of immune cells .
BCR
This document discusses the B cell receptor (BCR) and its role in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The BCR is composed of immunoglobulin and Igα/Igβ proteins that transmit signals into cells. CLL results when too many B cells become abnormal lymphocytes. In CLL, tonic BCR signaling provides growth signals and plays a key role in disease progression. New drugs target proteins in the BCR pathway like Btk and Syk to block this signaling and stop cancer cell growth and division. Ibrutinib is an approved treatment that inhibits the BCR complex and brings hope to CLL patients.
Toll like receptor and MHC
Toll-like receptors are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system by recognizing structurally conserved molecules from microbes. There are multiple Toll-like receptors that recognize different microbial components. Upon activation, Toll-like receptors recruit adaptor proteins to initiate signaling pathways that result in immune responses. The major histocompatibility complex is a set of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the adaptive immune system. Major histocompatibility complex molecules are involved in antigen presentation and discriminating between self and non-self.
Innate Immunity
This document provides an overview of the innate immune system, including its components and functions. It discusses:
1) The major components of innate immunity include anatomical barriers, cellular responses like phagocytosis, and soluble proteins. Innate immunity provides the initial response to pathogens and stimulates adaptive immunity.
2) Innate immune cells recognize pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Major PRR families include Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors.
3) Defects in PRR signaling pathways can increase
Cells & organs of immune system
Immune System Organs. The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system include the thymus and bone marrow, as well as secondary lymphatic tissues including spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, skin, and liver.
Gametogenesis gah
- Gametogenesis is the production of gametes (sex cells) via meiosis from germ cells. This involves the formation of haploid egg and sperm cells from diploid precursor cells.
- Eggs undergo a process called oogenesis to form female gametes (ova/eggs). Sperm undergo spermatogenesis to form male gametes. Both involve mitosis, growth, and meiotic maturation.
- Mature eggs contain stored nutrients, proteins, mRNA and other materials necessary to support early embryonic development before the embryo can feed itself. Eggs accumulate these materials during oogenesis.
Dolly-The Cloned Sheep
Dolly was the first cloned mammal, a sheep born in 1996 in Scotland. She was cloned from an adult mammary cell using somatic cell nuclear transfer, involving removing the nucleus of an egg and replacing it with the nucleus of the donor cell. Dolly had three mothers - one provided the egg, one the donor cell DNA, and a third carried the cloned embryo. Dolly lived almost 7 years and gave birth to six lambs before being euthanized for progressive lung disease.
Cell signaling
This document discusses cell-cell signaling through inductive interactions. It describes the key components of signaling including inducer cells that emit signals, responder cells that receive signals and change in response, and competence which is the ability of cells to respond. The main types of inductive interactions are instructive, where a specific response is induced, and permissive, where signals allow but do not determine the response. Examples of embryonic inductions are also provided. The mechanisms of inductive signaling include paracrine signaling through secreted factors and juxtacrine signaling through cell-associated proteins. Several key signaling pathways are then described in more detail such as RTK-Ras, Smad, Wnt-beta-catenin, JAK-
Invertebrates
Worms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms are the main groups of invertebrate animals. They have varied forms and functions including feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction. Over time, invertebrates evolved specialized cells, tissues and organs, various forms of symmetry, cephalization for sophisticated environmental response, segmentation for increased size, and coeloms lined with mesoderm. Adaptations for digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, response and movement depend on their environment.
Metamorphosis
This document discusses insect metamorphosis. It explains that there are two types: incomplete metamorphosis, which has three stages (egg, nymph, adult), and complete metamorphosis, which has four stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult). Incomplete metamorphosis involves an insect growing gradually from nymph to adult, while complete metamorphosis involves a dramatic physical change between life stages. Examples of insects that undergo each type of metamorphosis are provided.
Immunology
The document discusses the immune system and its components. It describes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs including the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT. It then explains the cells of the immune system such as lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, natural killer cells), macrophages, and their functions. The document concludes by providing an overview of humoral immunity and the activation and effector phases.
Overview of cells and organ of immune system
The immune system consists of primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The primary organs, bone marrow and thymus, are responsible for the development and maturation of immune cells from hematopoietic stem cells. The secondary organs, including spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, are where immune responses are initiated through interactions between lymphocytes and antigens. Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow differentiate into mature blood cells, including lymphocytes, which then travel to secondary organs to carry out immune functions.
More Related Content
What's hot
Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonotic Diseases -An Overview
Zoonotic diseases are infections that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Many serious human pathogens are zoonotic, including 61% of human pathogens, 64% of newly identified infectious agents between 1973-1994, and 74.45% of emerging infectious diseases. Zoonoses can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact with infected animals, through animal products, contaminated water, vectors like mosquitoes and ticks, and through the air. Groups at high risk include farmers, livestock owners, veterinarians, and individuals with weak immune systems. Zoonotic diseases are caused by a variety of disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Prevention strategies include proper hygiene, avoiding contact with sick or wild
Cell communication
This document discusses cell signaling and communication. It covers three main topics: reception, transduction, and response. During reception, a signal molecule binds to a receptor on the cell surface or inside the cell. Transduction involves a cascade of molecular interactions that relay the signal through the cell. This can involve phosphorylation cascades or second messengers like cAMP or calcium ions. The response is a change in cellular activity, such as regulating enzymes or gene expression. Well-coordinated signaling pathways allow cells to efficiently communicate and respond to their environment.
EARLY MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT
Mammalian development begins with fertilization inside the female's body. The zygote then undergoes cleavage divisions that are slower than in other animals. Around the 8-cell stage, the cells compact together and later form two distinct cell types - the inner cell mass and trophoblast cells. The trophoblast cells go on to form the blastocyst, with an inner cell mass surrounded by trophoblast cells. The blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida and implants in the uterus, where the trophoblast cells invade the uterine tissue and the inner cell mass forms the embryo.
IMMUNITY AGAINST HELMINTHS
This document discusses the host protective roles of type 2 immunity in response to parasitic infections. It summarizes that type 2 immunity involves both innate and adaptive immune cells that work together to kill parasites and repair tissue damage through mechanisms like alternate macrophage activation. Key cells involved include ILC2s, eosinophils, mast cells, and alternatively activated macrophages that secrete molecules like IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and arginase to expel parasites and promote wound healing.
Natural killer cells
Natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes are part of the innate immune system's defense against microbes that penetrate the skin or bypass blood defenses. NK cells make up 5-10% of lymphocytes and are present in the blood, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. They kill infected cells and some tumor cells by releasing toxic granules that induce cell lysis or apoptosis. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, ingest and destroy microbes and cellular debris. Macrophages are fixed in tissues or migrate from the blood to sites of infection.
Chapter 21: The Immune System (#2)
The document summarizes adaptive immunity and compares humoral and cellular responses. It describes the origin of B and T lymphocytes in bone marrow and thymus, their maturation processes, and roles in immunity. B cells mediate humoral immunity through antibody production while T cells direct cellular immunity, including cytotoxic T cells that directly kill infected cells. Memory B and T cells provide faster responses upon reexposure to pathogens. Antigen-presenting cells also play key roles in activating lymphocytes.
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
This document discusses cell-mediated immunity (CMI), which is mediated by T lymphocytes and is responsible for detecting and destroying intracellular pathogens like viruses or infected cells, graft rejection, and destroying tumor cells. CMI results in a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Upon first exposure to an antigen, naive T-cells are sensitized and proliferate. Secondary exposures result in a faster and more effective response from memory T-cells. Lymphokines released by activated T-cells mediate immune responses. A positive tuberculin skin test indicates past tuberculosis infection. CMI differs from humoral immunity in its mechanisms, antigens recognized, and hypersensitivity responses.
Immunology of helminth infections
This document discusses the immune response to helminth infections in three parts. It begins by describing the innate and adaptive immune responses that lead to rejection of helminths, including the roles of cytokines, antibodies, granulocytes, and T cells. It then explains how helminths evade and modulate the immune system to establish chronic infections, such as through regulatory T cells, alternatively activated macrophages, and cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β that suppress inflammation. Finally, it concludes that while immunomodulation benefits the host by reducing immune-mediated damage, it can also increase susceptibility to other pathogens.
Dendritic cells
dendritic cells are part of innate immune system, antigen presenting cells in skin, activation of t cells and inducing and maintaining immune tolerance, 4 types- langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, merkel cells, melanocytes
Chapter 2 Basic Immunology ( Cells & Organs)
Chapter 2 Basic Immunology ( Cells & Organs) Stella Maris Polytechnic; Mother Patern College of Health Sciences
This Power Point provides quality information about the cells and organs of the human immune system and how these cell and organs work and coordinate with other organ-system in the body.Immune response to infection by Virus
In this slide explained about body immune response to the viral infection, Types immunity to virus , mechanism of action of immune cells .
BCR
This document discusses the B cell receptor (BCR) and its role in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The BCR is composed of immunoglobulin and Igα/Igβ proteins that transmit signals into cells. CLL results when too many B cells become abnormal lymphocytes. In CLL, tonic BCR signaling provides growth signals and plays a key role in disease progression. New drugs target proteins in the BCR pathway like Btk and Syk to block this signaling and stop cancer cell growth and division. Ibrutinib is an approved treatment that inhibits the BCR complex and brings hope to CLL patients.
Toll like receptor and MHC
Toll-like receptors are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system by recognizing structurally conserved molecules from microbes. There are multiple Toll-like receptors that recognize different microbial components. Upon activation, Toll-like receptors recruit adaptor proteins to initiate signaling pathways that result in immune responses. The major histocompatibility complex is a set of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the adaptive immune system. Major histocompatibility complex molecules are involved in antigen presentation and discriminating between self and non-self.
Innate Immunity
This document provides an overview of the innate immune system, including its components and functions. It discusses:
1) The major components of innate immunity include anatomical barriers, cellular responses like phagocytosis, and soluble proteins. Innate immunity provides the initial response to pathogens and stimulates adaptive immunity.
2) Innate immune cells recognize pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Major PRR families include Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors.
3) Defects in PRR signaling pathways can increase
Cells & organs of immune system
Immune System Organs. The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system include the thymus and bone marrow, as well as secondary lymphatic tissues including spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, skin, and liver.
Gametogenesis gah
- Gametogenesis is the production of gametes (sex cells) via meiosis from germ cells. This involves the formation of haploid egg and sperm cells from diploid precursor cells.
- Eggs undergo a process called oogenesis to form female gametes (ova/eggs). Sperm undergo spermatogenesis to form male gametes. Both involve mitosis, growth, and meiotic maturation.
- Mature eggs contain stored nutrients, proteins, mRNA and other materials necessary to support early embryonic development before the embryo can feed itself. Eggs accumulate these materials during oogenesis.
Dolly-The Cloned Sheep
Dolly was the first cloned mammal, a sheep born in 1996 in Scotland. She was cloned from an adult mammary cell using somatic cell nuclear transfer, involving removing the nucleus of an egg and replacing it with the nucleus of the donor cell. Dolly had three mothers - one provided the egg, one the donor cell DNA, and a third carried the cloned embryo. Dolly lived almost 7 years and gave birth to six lambs before being euthanized for progressive lung disease.
Cell signaling
This document discusses cell-cell signaling through inductive interactions. It describes the key components of signaling including inducer cells that emit signals, responder cells that receive signals and change in response, and competence which is the ability of cells to respond. The main types of inductive interactions are instructive, where a specific response is induced, and permissive, where signals allow but do not determine the response. Examples of embryonic inductions are also provided. The mechanisms of inductive signaling include paracrine signaling through secreted factors and juxtacrine signaling through cell-associated proteins. Several key signaling pathways are then described in more detail such as RTK-Ras, Smad, Wnt-beta-catenin, JAK-
Invertebrates
Worms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms are the main groups of invertebrate animals. They have varied forms and functions including feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction. Over time, invertebrates evolved specialized cells, tissues and organs, various forms of symmetry, cephalization for sophisticated environmental response, segmentation for increased size, and coeloms lined with mesoderm. Adaptations for digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, response and movement depend on their environment.
Metamorphosis
This document discusses insect metamorphosis. It explains that there are two types: incomplete metamorphosis, which has three stages (egg, nymph, adult), and complete metamorphosis, which has four stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult). Incomplete metamorphosis involves an insect growing gradually from nymph to adult, while complete metamorphosis involves a dramatic physical change between life stages. Examples of insects that undergo each type of metamorphosis are provided.
What's hot (20)
Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonotic Diseases -An Overview
Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonotic Diseases -An Overview
Similar to Cells and organs of the immune system
Immunology
The document discusses the immune system and its components. It describes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs including the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT. It then explains the cells of the immune system such as lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, natural killer cells), macrophages, and their functions. The document concludes by providing an overview of humoral immunity and the activation and effector phases.
Overview of cells and organ of immune system
The immune system consists of primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The primary organs, bone marrow and thymus, are responsible for the development and maturation of immune cells from hematopoietic stem cells. The secondary organs, including spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, are where immune responses are initiated through interactions between lymphocytes and antigens. Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow differentiate into mature blood cells, including lymphocytes, which then travel to secondary organs to carry out immune functions.
Overview of cells and organ of immune system
cells and organs of immune system is the basics of immunology
if you want to more detail than visit and subscribe our youTube channel: kru's biology
Lymphoid organ
The document summarizes the major organs of the immune system. It describes the primary lymphoid organs of bone marrow and thymus where maturation occurs. The secondary lymphoid organs include the spleen, lymph nodes, MALT, and GALT, which trap antigens and allow lymphocyte proliferation. It provides details on the structure and function of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT in the mucous membranes.
Organs of the immune system
The document summarizes the major lymphoid organs of the immune system. It describes the primary lymphoid organs, the thymus and bone marrow, where lymphocyte maturation occurs. The secondary lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, spleen, MALT and GALT, trap antigens and allow interactions between lymphocytes and antigens. The thymus specifically mediates T cell maturation and selection, while lymph nodes contain B cell follicles and T cell zones to initiate adaptive immune responses to lymph-borne pathogens and antigens.
Haemopoiesis
Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are produced in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells. In adults, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced in the bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells. The stem cells differentiate into the various cell lineages through the effects of growth factors and cytokines. Erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production in response to tissue oxygen levels while granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulates white blood cell production. T and B lymphocytes mature in different areas with T cells maturing in the thymus and B cells maturing in the bone marrow and spleen.
Células e orgaos - 2a aula.ppt
This document summarizes the cells and organs of the immune system. It describes the main immune cell types including lymphocytes like T cells and B cells. It outlines the primary and secondary lymphoid organs such as the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. It discusses how these organs are involved in the development and activation of immune cells. The document also provides overviews of both the innate and adaptive immune response mechanisms, including barriers, inflammation, antibodies, and T cell responses.
Lymphoid organ
The document summarizes the main organs of the immune system including primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow and thymus where maturation occurs, and secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that trap antigens and allow lymphocyte proliferation. It then provides more details on the structure and function of the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen, focusing on their role in immune responses and the trafficking of immune cells. Finally, it notes that the mucosal membranes covered by MALT provide the most common site of pathogen entry and are protected by organized lymphoid structures.
Immune&Lymph737737373773373737733734858585.ppt
The lymphatic system maintains fluid balance, protects the body from infection and disease, and aids in immunity, lipid absorption, and fluid recovery. It is composed of lymphatic capillaries that absorb interstitial fluid and immune cells, lymphatic vessels that contain valves to prevent backflow, and lymph nodes that filter lymph. The lymph eventually drains into the subclavian veins. When lymphatic drainage is impaired, severe edema can occur.
Cells & organs of immune system
This presentation gives you the detailed description of various cells & organs of immune systems that participates (particularly, in combination), make communication between themselves to regulate the whole immune system very precisely.
L1B. Anatomy and biology of the Immune system-2023 ppt - Copy.pptx
The document discusses the components of the immune system, including cells, molecules, tissues and organs. It describes how cells of the immune system originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. The key cells discussed are T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. It also outlines the major immune system organs like the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, skin and mucosa. The innate and adaptive immune responses are briefly introduced.
Structure and functions of immune system
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the immune system. It describes the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems, which include lymphoid organs like the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. The thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid organs where T cells and B cells develop. Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue are secondary lymphoid organs that help the immune response. The document also outlines the different immune cells like lymphocytes, their classifications, and origins from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and thymus.
11. lymphoid dol29
The lymphoid system consists of cells, tissues, and organs that protect the body from foreign invaders. The main cells are lymphocytes like T cells, B cells, and NK cells. Lymphoid tissues include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches. The thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes develop. Secondary lymphoid organs activate lymphocytes and produce an immune response against antigens. Lymph nodes filter lymph and mount immune responses. The spleen filters blood and mounts responses in its white pulp.
Cells and organs of the immune system.pptx
This document provides an overview of the immune system and its cells. It discusses the origin of immune cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. The two main types of immune cells are lymphocytes and granulocytes. Lymphocytes include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells which develop acquired immunity. Granulocytes such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils contribute to innate immunity. The immune system protects the body through non-specific and specific responses mediated by these cells and their interaction with antigens and cytokines.
Cell & tissue of Immune System
Lymphoid organs such as the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen are involved in conducting immune responses. The bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid organs that produce naïve lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and the spleen facilitate interactions between antigens and lymphocytes. Tertiary lymphoid organs are sites of infection that immune cells must survey and regulate the influx of effector cells to. The document then discusses the cells and processes involved in the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
Cells of immune
Presentation describes about the topic with diagrams related to the topic which makes understanding easy
Structure & Function of immune system.pdf
The document discusses the structure and function of the immune system. It describes the cells of the innate immune system including phagocytes, eosinophils, natural killer cells, basophils, mast cells, and platelets. It also describes the cells of the acquired immune system including lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells. It provides details on the development and roles of lymphocytes, specifically T cells and B cells. It discusses primary and secondary lymphoid organs as well as secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
EMH and Bubbleology.pptx
Immunology is the study of the immune system and how it protects us from infection and disease123. It is a branch of biology and medicine2. Are you looking for something specific about immunology?
structureandfunctionsofimmunesystem- lecture 2.pptx
Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through
structureandfunctionsofimmunesystem-lecture 2.pptx
The document discusses the structure and functions of the immune system. It describes the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems which are responsible for specific and nonspecific immunity respectively. It details the central (primary) lymphoid organs of thymus and bone marrow which are responsible for the development and maturation of lymphocytes. It also describes the peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs of lymph nodes, spleen and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue which help in proliferation and circulation of lymphocytes. Finally, it discusses the different cells of the immune system including lymphocytes, their classification, functions and development from stem cells.
Similar to Cells and organs of the immune system (20)
L1B. Anatomy and biology of the Immune system-2023 ppt - Copy.pptx
L1B. Anatomy and biology of the Immune system-2023 ppt - Copy.pptx
structureandfunctionsofimmunesystem- lecture 2.pptx
structureandfunctionsofimmunesystem- lecture 2.pptx
structureandfunctionsofimmunesystem-lecture 2.pptx
structureandfunctionsofimmunesystem-lecture 2.pptx
More from Dr ABU SURAIH SAKHRI
Pathology of Endometrial cancer 2022.pptx
This is a concise presentation on the pathology of endometrial cancer based on the latest WHO female genital tumors latest edition, 5th edition
prepared on April 2022
Appraoch to autoimmune diseases.pptx
This is an approach to the basis of the common antibodies and the associated diseases, called autoimmune diseases.
Hydatidiform mole/ VESICULAR MOLE
- Hydatidiform mole is a benign tumor of the placenta that has malignant potential. It is more common in Asian women and those over 35.
- Complete moles are diploid and paternal in origin, while partial moles are triploid with both paternal and maternal chromosomes. Complete moles have no fetus while partial moles may have an abnormal fetus.
- Diagnosis is made through ultrasound showing cystic spaces and very high HCG levels. Management involves surgical evacuation followed by monitoring of HCG levels to detect malignant changes, as 20% of complete moles may develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.
Mediators of inflammation
This document summarizes the key mediators involved in the inflammatory response. It discusses how chemical mediators called cytokines, chemokines, lipids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, amines such as histamine, peptides, complement proteins, and nitric oxide are released from cells to coordinate and regulate inflammation. These mediators act through receptors on target cells to produce effects like increased vascular permeability, leukocyte migration, pain, and fever responses. The document also outlines the innate and acquired immune responses mediated by cells like phagocytes, natural killer cells, and antibodies.
Psoriasis
1. Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by well-defined, red, scaly plaques located over extensor surfaces and scalp.
2. It has a genetic predisposition and can be triggered by environmental factors such as trauma, infection, drugs, and stress.
3. Treatment involves topical therapies for mild disease and systemic therapies such as phototherapy, retinoids, methotrexate, and biological agents for more severe disease.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, specifically pre-eclampsia. It defines pre-eclampsia and lists risk factors. Diagnosis involves high blood pressure and proteinuria. Classification ranges from mild to severe. Complications for the mother include seizures, stroke, liver or kidney damage. Management involves controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate, and delivering the baby to resolve symptoms. Close monitoring of the mother and baby postpartum is important.
Parasitic infestations
This document summarizes various parasitic infestations and their clinical features. It discusses papular urticaria caused by sensitivity to insect antigens, scabies caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, and different types of pediculosis caused by head lice, body lice, and crab lice. It also mentions other conditions like myiasis, pulicosis, tungiasis, cimicosis, blister beetle dermatitis, spider bites, demodicidosis, larva migrans, leishmaniasis, and lymphatic filariasis. For each condition, it provides details on the causative organism, clinical manifestations, distribution of lesions
Neurocutaneous disorders
This document summarizes several neurocutaneous disorders including neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis, and Sturge-Weber syndrome. It describes the neurological, cutaneous, and other system involvement for each disorder including common symptoms such as seizures, tumors, and skin lesions. Diagnostic criteria involving clinical findings are provided. The summary focuses on the key features and manifestations across body systems involved in these genetic neurocutaneous conditions.
Mullerian anomalies
This document discusses Mullerian anomalies/defects, which range from agenesis to duplication of the tubes, uterus, cervix and upper vagina. It covers the classification system used (AFS), incidence, etiology, genetics, embryogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis using imaging modalies like HSG, USG and MRI, and management of various anomalies like unicornuate uterus, didelphys, bicornuate, septate and arcuate uterus. Complications in reproduction from each anomaly and outcomes of treatments like metroplasty are also summarized. Diethylstilbestrol exposure related abnormalities are briefly discussed.
TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND STRONGYLOIDES
Toxoplasma gondii is a coccidian parasite transmitted through contact with infected cat feces or consumption of undercooked meat. It typically causes mild or asymptomatic infections but can cause severe brain and eye damage in fetuses, infants, and immunocompromised individuals. Strongyloides stercoralis is a nematode transmitted through skin contact with soil. It resides in the small intestine and can cause chronic diarrhea but also disseminate and cause potentially fatal infections in malnourished or immunosuppressed individuals. Both parasites are diagnosed through examination of infected tissues and confirmed with serological tests.
JVP - A SHORT REVIEW
The jugular venous pulse reflects right atrial pressure and is best examined in the right internal jugular vein. It normally displays three positive waves and two negative troughs related to atrial filling and emptying. Abnormalities can indicate conditions that elevate or lower right atrial pressure such as heart failure, tamponade, constriction. Specific wave changes suggest problems like tricuspid regurgitation or stenosis. The jugular venous pulse is a useful physical exam finding for cardiovascular assessment.
HEART MURMURS
Heart murmurs can be produced by turbulence in blood flow caused by abnormalities in heart valves or structures. A murmur is described by its timing in the cardiac cycle, location, intensity, quality, and radiation pattern.
A mid-systolic murmur is the most common murmur and can be caused by ventricular outflow obstructions like aortic stenosis, dilation of the aorta/pulmonary trunk, accelerated flow, or innocent murmurs from normal anatomical variations. Diastolic murmurs include early diastolic murmurs like aortic regurgitation and high-pressure pulmonary regurgitation, and mid-diastolic murmurs caused by stenosis of the mitral or tricuspid valves. Flow murmurs
Development of male and female reproductive system
The document describes the development of the male and female reproductive systems from the indifferent stage through sexual differentiation. It covers the development of the gonads (testes and ovaries), genital ducts, and external genitalia. Some key points include:
- The gonads initially develop as indifferent gonads before differentiating into testes or ovaries depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.
- The genital ducts also initially develop in an indifferent stage before the mesonephric ducts develop into male structures like the epididymis and vas deferens, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female structures like the uterus and fallopian tubes.
- External
Chronic Osteomyelitis
This document discusses chronic osteomyelitis, including its causes, pathology, presentations, examinations, investigations, differential diagnoses, and treatments. It can develop following acute osteomyelitis or be caused by tuberculosis or fungi. Pathology involves spread of pus within bone leading to bone death and cavities. Presentations include discharging sinuses and bone fragments. Investigations include x-rays showing bone changes and cultures of pus. Surgical treatments aim to remove dead bone and tissue. Complications include exacerbations, growth abnormalities, and fractures. It also discusses Garre's osteomyelitis and Brodie's abscess as specific types.
Forceps delivery and vacuum extraction
Forceps delivery is an operative vaginal delivery procedure that uses obstetric forceps to assist in the extraction of the fetal head. Forceps have curved blades that fit around the fetal head to allow the operator to apply gentle traction. Forceps delivery is indicated when there are signs of fetal distress, prolonged second stage of labor, or maternal medical complications. Risks include laceration, hemorrhage, and injuries to the mother or baby. Proper technique and only performing the procedure when fully trained can help minimize risks.
Face Presentation
This document provides information on face presentation during childbirth. It defines face presentation as a cephalic presentation with the fetus in a complete extended attitude and the presenting part being the face. The two types of face presentation are primary (presenting before labor) and secondary (caused by extension during labor). The main positions are left and right mentoanterior and mentoposterior. Face presentation has a higher risk of complications compared to vertex presentation such as prolonged labor and increased need for operative delivery. The management involves allowing labor to progress for mentoanterior positions but cesarean section is usually needed for persistent mentoposterior.
E coli - Microbiology
E. coli is a normal flora in the gut but can cause several infections. It is the most common cause of urinary tract infections and can lead to different types of gastroenteritis depending on the strain. Some strains like EHEC O157:H7 can cause hemorrhagic colitis and potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome in young children and the elderly. E. coli is also known to cause neonatal meningitis, wound infections after surgeries, and sepsis.
Blood supply of brain
The brain receives a high blood supply to meet its metabolic demands. Arterial blood reaches the brain through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, forming the circle of Willis at the base of the brain before branching into smaller vessels. Venous blood drains from the brain into internal jugular veins. Disruption of blood flow to the brain through cerebrovascular accidents like stroke can cause rapid loss of consciousness or permanent brain damage. Cerebrospinal fluid produced by choroid plexuses circulates within ventricles and around the brain and spinal cord, carrying nutrients and waste products.
Comprehensive Overview of Medical Genetics
This document discusses genetic diseases and abnormal fetal development. It begins with definitions of genetic terms like genetic code, chromosomes, genes, and cell division. It then discusses abnormal fetal development including malformations, deformations, and disruptions caused by chromosomal abnormalities, genetic defects, and environmental factors. The document ends by covering perinatal pathology including birth defects and metabolic disorders.
Short Review of Thalassemias
This document provides information on thalassemia, a group of genetic disorders that result in reduced hemoglobin production and anemia. It discusses the different types of thalassemia including alpha and beta thalassemia. Alpha thalassemia is caused by genetic deletions of the alpha globin genes and has varying severity from silent carrier to Hemoglobin H Disease to Bart's Hydrops Fetalis Syndrome. Beta thalassemia results from mutations in the beta globin genes and includes forms ranging from silent carrier to beta thalassemia minor to intermedia to major. Laboratory tests outlined can help diagnose and differentiate types of thalassemia based on red blood cell morphology, hemoglobin analysis and iron studies.
More from Dr ABU SURAIH SAKHRI (20)
Development of male and female reproductive system
Development of male and female reproductive system
Recently uploaded
Patellar Instability: Diagnosis Management
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Fallopian tube blockage may cause female infertility. For treatment, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
How to choose the best dermatologists in Indore.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...ayushrajshrivastava7
Regulatory Affairs
Full hand written notes
M.pharm - 1st year .Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Challenges associated with ageing from a public health perspective
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. SENSORY NEEDS B.SC. NURSING SEMESTER II.
Sensation is the neurological process by which we become aware of surrounding environment.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montrealHistololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
This document outlines policies and procedures for handling narcotic and controlled drugs in NABH accredited hospitals.
biomechanics of running. Dr.dhwani.pptx
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Recently uploaded (20)
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Cells and organs of the immune system
- 1. Cells and Organs of the Immune System
- 2. Hematopoiesis • HSC (Hematopoietic Stem Cell) – Reside in Bone Marrow – Pluripotent – 1 HSC Per 50,000 BM Cells (~3x108 cells in Mouse Bone Marrow) – Extremely Proliferative If Need Arises • HSC Differentiates to LPC (lymphoid progentor cell) or MSC (myeloid stem cell) • Growth Factors and Cytokines Determine Path • Once LPC or MSC, Committed • Stromal Cells Are Supporting Cells In BM (endothelial, fat cells, fibroblasts, macrophages)
- 3. Hematopoietic Growth Factors • Colony Stimulating Factors – 4 types • Multi-CSF (IL-3) • M-CSF (Macrophage CSF) • G-CSF (Granulocyte CSF) • GM-CSF (Granulocyte Monocyte CSF) • EPO (erythropoietin) – Induces production of RBCs
- 6. Cell Death • Orderly Self Destruction and Disorderly • Neutrophils (5.0 x 1010) Last For a Few Days • Aberrant Apoptosis Can Give Rise To Leukemia • Apoptosis (orderly) – Reduction In Cell Volume – Chromatin Condensation – DNA Degradation – M Ingest Membrane Bound Bodies – No Inflammation • Necrosis – Bursting of Cell Due To Injury – Contents Released To Environment – Inflammation
- 11. Detecting Apoptosis Using Flow Cytometry Annexin V-FITC Propidium Iodide Ceramide Treatment
- 12. Cells of the Immune System • Lymphoid Cells – B-cells, T-cells and Null cells (NK cells) – 20-40% of body’s leukocytes – 99% of lymph node – If inactivated said to be naïve – Nucleus occupies almost entire cell – 6 m diameter
- 13. Lymphoid Cells
- 14. Lymphoid Cells
- 15. Identifying Cell Using the CD Nomenclature • CD Cluster Of Differentiation • Over 300 CD Markers • T cells, CD4 or CD8 and CD3 • B cells, CD19 • NK cells, CD56 • Monocytes/Macrophages CD14 • Dendritic Cells, CD1c (Human), CD11c (mouse)
- 17. Null Cells • Do Not Express Classical Lymphocyte Markers • Predominantly NK Cells (CD56) • Eliminate Tumor Cells and Virally Infected Cells • Express Low Affinity FcRIII (CD16) • Using CD16 They Can Carry Out ADCC • Reduction of MHC I Can Activate Them
- 18. Mononuclear Cells • Monocytes in Blood, M in Tissues – Monocytes 5-10 times smaller than M • M Increases Phagocytic Ability • Secretes cytokines and Produces Hydrolytic Enzymes • Named Based on Tissue They Reside – Alveolar (lungs), Kupffer (liver), Microglial (brain), Osteoclasts (bone) • Activated By Phagocytosis or Cytokines (IFN) • Antigen Presenting Capacity Thru MHC II Mononuclear Cells
- 20. Macrophage (M) Effective APC
- 22. Dendritic Cells • Professional APCs • Several Types – Langerhans (LC) found in skin – Circuilating DCs • Myeloid (MDC1 and MDC2) • Plasmacytoid • Interstitial DCs, populate organs such as heart, lungs, liver, intestines • Interdigitating DCs, T-cell areas of lymph nodes and Thymic medulla
- 23. Dendritic Cells • Scarce Cell Type • Discovered in 1972 • Early 90s Using GM-CSF/IL4 and Later flt-3 limitation Was Overcome • Intense Area of Research • Seemed Promising for Tumor Treatment • Maybe Better for Tolerance
- 25. Developmental Pathway of DCs
- 26. Follicular DCs • Do Not Express MHC II Molecules • Found in Lymph Follicles (Rich in B Cell) • Express FcR For Antibodies and Complement • Ag-Ab Complex Shown To Last Very Long (weeks to months)
- 27. Organs Of Immune System • Primary Lymphoid Organs – Bone Marrow and Thymus – Maturation Site • Secondary Lymphoid Organs – Spleen, lymph nodes, – MALT (mucosal associated lymph tissue) – GALT (gut associated lymph tissue) – Trap antigen, APC, Lymphocyte Proliferation
- 29. Thymus • Bilobed Organ on Top of Heart • Reaches Max. Size During Puberty – 70g infants, 3 g in adults • 95-99% Of T Cells Die in Thymus – self reactivity or no reactivity to Ag • Consists of Cortex and Medulla • Rat Thymocytes Sensitive to Glucorticoids
- 30. Thymus
- 31. Lymphatic System • Plasma From Blood Seeps Into Tissue • Interstitial Fluid Either Goes Back or Becomes Lymph • Lymph Enters Lymphatic Vessels • Thoracic Duct Is Largest Lymphatic Vessel Empties Into Left Subclavian Vein • Lymphatic Vessel Depends On Muscle Contractions For Movement • One Way Valves Ensure One Direction • Lymph Nodes Act As Filters For Antigens
- 32. Lymphatic System
- 34. Lymph Node
- 35. Lymph Node • Multiple Afferent Lymphatics • Cortex – B-cells, Follicular DCs, M, GCs, Primary Follicles • Paracortex – TH, M, DCs • Medulla – Plasma Cells • Post Capillary Venule – Allow Lymphocyte Migration From Circuilation Into Lymph Node • One Efferent Lymphatic – Rich In Abs and Lymphocytes
- 36. Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) • Mucous Membranes S.A=400m2 • Mucous Membr. Most Common Pathogen Entry Site • M.M Protected by MALT • Organization Varies (most organized P.P, Tonsils, appendix • GI Tract, IEL Unique TCRs • Lamina Propia (below epithelium) M, B cells, TH • M Cell Allows Ag Entry, Unique Architecture
- 40. Thank you