Antigen processing and presentation by Dr K.Geetha, Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Near Virudhunagar, Madurai Dist.
Lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the immune system of jawed vertebrate. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity). They are the main type of cell found in lymph, which prompted the name "lymphocyte". Th all myeloid and lymphoid cells develop from one type of stem cell called as Hematopoietic stem cell is a undifferentiated cell give rise to further diffetentiation of all the immune cell as well as blood cells include the T- cell and B-cell. The B-cell is synthesis and matured in the Bone Marrow and T- cell is synthesis in Bone marrow but matured in the thymus. In this topic will be discussed how the B-cell and T-cell are developed
This presentation gives you the detailed description of various cells & organs of immune systems that participates (particularly, in combination), make communication between themselves to regulate the whole immune system very precisely.
A number of morphologically and functionally diverse organs and tissue organs and tissue contribute to the development of immune responses .
These organs can be distinguished by function as the primary and secondary lymphoid organs .
Antigen processing and presentation by Dr K.Geetha, Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Near Virudhunagar, Madurai Dist.
Lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the immune system of jawed vertebrate. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity). They are the main type of cell found in lymph, which prompted the name "lymphocyte". Th all myeloid and lymphoid cells develop from one type of stem cell called as Hematopoietic stem cell is a undifferentiated cell give rise to further diffetentiation of all the immune cell as well as blood cells include the T- cell and B-cell. The B-cell is synthesis and matured in the Bone Marrow and T- cell is synthesis in Bone marrow but matured in the thymus. In this topic will be discussed how the B-cell and T-cell are developed
This presentation gives you the detailed description of various cells & organs of immune systems that participates (particularly, in combination), make communication between themselves to regulate the whole immune system very precisely.
A number of morphologically and functionally diverse organs and tissue organs and tissue contribute to the development of immune responses .
These organs can be distinguished by function as the primary and secondary lymphoid organs .
T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response and are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface.
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system.. B cells produce antibody molecules.
In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones. In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricus.
B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines.
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response and are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface.
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system.. B cells produce antibody molecules.
In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones. In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricus.
B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines.
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
Cells involved in immune response by faunafondnessfaunafondness
Content :- Cells involved in immune response
1. Types of immune cells
2. Their production
3. Function of immune cells
4. T-cells, B-cells, Macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells.
The immune system has evolved to protect the host from a universe of pathogenic microbes that are themselves constantly evolving. The immune system also helps the host eliminate toxic or allergenic substances that enter our body. It is a host defence system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. The host uses both innate and adaptive mechanisms to detect and eliminate pathogenic foreign bodies. Both of these mechanisms include self-nonself discrimination.
The main parts of the immune system are:
• White Blood Cells
• Antibodies
• Complement System
• Lymphatic System
• Spleen
• Bone Marrow
• Thymus.
functioning of immune cells to provide protection of body against foreign par...zainabsarfraz4
it is the third line of defense which activate the T and B lymphocytes of immune system. both cells show adaptive immune response which means that exposure to the antigen or foreign particle is necessary to trigger adaptive immune response.T lymphocytes trigger cell mediated immune response and B lymphocytes trigger humoral immune response.T cells release cytokine and B cells produce antibodies and memory cells.
Zellweger Syndrome is one class of Cerebrohepatorenal syndromes. It is a rare hereditary disorder and caused by a gene mutation that affects the way peroxisomes function.
What actually is love from a scientific point of view? In the field of neurochemistry and neuropsychiatry love is explained by 8 different chemicals your body produces.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The hemodynamic and autonomic determinants of elevated blood pressure in obes...
Cells and Function of the Immune System (AP BIOLOGY)
1. Topic 2: Cells of the
Immune System
Presented by Essence Perry
2. Immune System
● The immune system is the biological
structures and processes within an
organism that protects against
foreign substances by identifying and
killing pathogens and tumor cells.
● It detects a wide variety of agents,
from viruses to parasitic worms, and
needs to distinguish them from the
organism's own healthy cells and
tissues in order to function properly.
3. Cell Groups
Immune cells are divided into two
groups…
I. Lymphocytes: Derived in bone
marrow from lymphoid stem cells.
Help develop the ACQUIRED
immune system.
II.Granulocytes: Cells have large
granules in their cytoplasm. Help
develop the INNATE immune
system.
4. Adaptive Immunity
● The humoral immune response occurs in the blood
and lymph, which were long ago called body
humors (fluids). In the humoral response,
antibodies help neutralize or eliminate bacteria,
bacterial toxins, viruses. and pathogens in the
blood and lymph.
● In the cell-mediated immune response, specialized
T cells destroy infected host cells. Defense against
cancer cells, virus-infected cells, fungi, animal
parasites, and foreign cells from transplants.
6. I.B cell Progenitor (B cell)
Mature in bone marrow
Stored and mature in spleen
Involved for humoral immunity: response is
mediated by antibody molecules that are
secreted by plasma cells to prevent
intracellular infections
Once activated by antigen, proliferate into two
clones of cells: plasma cells that secrete
antibodies and memory cells that may be
converted into plasma cells at a later time
Perform antigen processing and presentation
Differentiate into two types of B cells:
○ Plasma cells
○ Memory B cells
7. B Cells continued…
Memory B Cells
● Remain “in reserve” so if
same pathogen appears,
the cells can immediately
differentiate into
cytotoxic and helper T
cells, causing a swift
secondary response to the
invasion
● Help gain immunity from
future infections
8. B Cells continued…
Plasma Cells
● A type of immune cell that makes
large amounts of a specific
antibody.
● Plasma cells develop from B cells
that have been activated.
● A plasma cell is a type of white
blood cell. Also called plasmacyte.
9. II. T cell Progenitor
● Developed from stem cells in the
bone marrow
● Mature in the thymus
● Involved in cell-mediated
immunity
● Activated when another cell
presents antigen to them
● Several types of T cells (T cells
differentiate into… )
○ Cytotoxic T cells
○ Helper T cells
○ Suppressor T cells
10. T Cells continued…
Cytotoxic T Cells
● The term cytotoxic refers to their
use of toxic gene products to kill
infected cells.
● To become active, they require
signaling molecules from helper T
cells and interaction with a cell
that presents an antigen.
● Once activated, cytotoxic T cells
can eliminate cells that are
infected by viruses or other
pathogens
11. T Cells continued…
Helper T Cells
● Cells triggers both the humoral and
cell-mediated immune responses.
● Helper T cells themselves do not
carry out those responses.
● Instead, signals from helper T cells
initiate production of antibodies
that neutralize pathogens and
activate T cells that kill infected
cells
12. T Cells continued…
Suppressor T Cells
● Activated more slowly than
the other T cells
● Inhibit the response of the
immune cells to prevent
potential “autoimmune”
response
13. III. Natural Killer Cells
● Circulate through the body and
detect the abnormal surface
proteins of some virus-infected and
cancerous cells.
● Able to bind to certain tumor cells
and virus-infected cells without the
stimulation of antigens, and kill
them by the insertion of granules
containing perforin
● Inhibits the growth of cancer
15. I. Neutrophils
● Circulate in the blood
● Are attracted by signals
from infected tissues and
then engulf and destroy
the infecting pathogens
16. II. Eosinophils
● Discharge destructive enzymes
● As soon as a parasite enters the
body, a chemical signal is sent out
that the eosinophils recognize and
tells them exactly where the
intruders are located
● Especially important in defense
against parasitic infections
17. III. Basophils
● Have large histamine-containing
granules that stain dark blue
● Release histamine (an
inflammatory chemical that
makes blood vessels leaky and
attracts other WBCs to the
inflamed site, and causes dilation
of the blood vessels)
● Aid in allergic and antigen
response by releasing the rarest
WBC
18. IV. Mast Cell
● Release histamine
● IgE antibodies bind to mast cells
and release histamine and other
inflammatory chemicals from
granules (vesicles)
19. Monocytes
● Present pieces of
pathogens to T cells so
that the pathogens may
be recognized again and
killed, or so that an
antibody response may
be mounted.
20. Dendritic Cells
● Important in alerting and activating
immune system cells to a threat such
as bacterial or viral invasion
● With their long, wispy extensions,
dendritic cells are very efficient
antigen catchers.
● Once they have engulfed antigens by
phagocytosis, they enter nearby organ
where they will present the antigens to
T cells.
● Most effective antigen presenters
known, it’s their only job.
21. Macrophage
● Monocytes that have migrated out of
the bloodstream and into the body
tissues are macrophages
● Engulf and destroy necrotic cell
debris and foreign material
including viruses, bacteria, and
tattoo ink
● Extends long pseudopods to crawl
through tissue to reach infected site
● Lysosomes within the cell digest the
infectious microorganisms it engulfs
● Central actors in the final disposal
of cell debris as the inflammation
stops
● Are important in fighting chronic
infections, such as tuberculosis
● Cytokines help develop the large