This document summarizes the independence movements in Latin America in the early 19th century. It discusses how Haiti gained independence through a slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. In South America, Creole leaders like Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin led independence movements against Spanish rule. Mexico gained independence from Spain through rebellions led by Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos. Brazil achieved independence through a peaceful transition of power, with Dom Pedro declaring Brazil's independence when asked to rule after the Portuguese king returned home.

1. Chapter 24 Section 1
Latin American Peoples Win Independence
• Objectives:
- Identify the elements of colonial society
that caused unrest in Latin America.
- Explain how Haiti won independence.
- Describe the activities of Bolivar, Sam
Martin, Native Americans, and Mestizos in
liberation events.
- Describe Brazil’s peaceful liberation

2. Colonial Society Divided
• Class dictated one’s place in society and job.
• Peninsulares – were born in Spain. Held the
high offices in the government.
• Creoles – Spaniards who were born in Latin
America. Could not hold government office but
could rise as officers in the military.
• Mestizos – mixed European and Indian
• Mulattos – mixed European and African
• Slaves – enslaved Africans
• Indians – Native Americans

3. Revolutions in America
• Saint Domingue was the first Latin American
territory to free itself from European rule.
• Self-rule colonies wanted to rule themselves.
• 500,000 enslaved Africans worked plantations
• 1791 slave revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouveture
– he was captured in 1802
• Jean Jacques Dessalines – took up the fight
for freedom. 1804 named the island Haiti

4. Creoles Lead Independence
• Creoles were the least oppressed and the best
educated of those born in Latin America.
• Many Creoles were educated in Europe
• In Europe they read about and adopted
Enlightenment ideas
• South American Independence
• Simon Bolivar general from Venezuela
• Jose de San Martin general from Argentina
• Eventually they joined forces under Bolivar

5. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule
• 1810 Miguel Hidalgo priest urged the peasants
to rebel Grito de Dolores
• Jose Maria Morelos priest who was a good
military strategists took the fight for
independence from Hidalgo. Was defeated by
Augustin de Iturbide
• Iturbide proclaimed Mexico’s independence in
1821

6. Brazil’s Royal Liberator
• Brazil’s independence was different from the other South
American nations in that it was not violent, no bloodshed.
• King John IV fled Portugal when Napoleon invaded. He
ruled from Brazil for 14 years.
• After the defeat of Napoleon King John IV returned to
Portugal.
• Dom Pedro King John’s son stayed behind in Brazil.
• Brazilians wanted to rule themselves and asked Dom
Pedro to rule them.
• In 1822 Dom Pedro declared and was granted Brazil’s
independence.

7. Brazil’s Royal Liberator
• Brazil’s independence was different from the other South
American nations in that it was not violent, no bloodshed.
• King John IV fled Portugal when Napoleon invaded. He
ruled from Brazil for 14 years.
• After the defeat of Napoleon King John IV returned to
Portugal.
• Dom Pedro King John’s son stayed behind in Brazil.
• Brazilians wanted to rule themselves and asked Dom
Pedro to rule them.
• In 1822 Dom Pedro declared and was granted Brazil’s
independence.