This document discusses various methods of controlling air pollution from mobile and stationary sources. It describes the main types of internal combustion engines used in vehicles and their emissions. It also discusses different cleaner alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen that can reduce air pollution. The document concludes by outlining various devices used for controlling particulate and sulfur dioxide emissions from stationary sources.

1. Air
Pollution

2. Air Pollution Control
Mobile Emissions: Line sources
Stationary Emissions: Point sources

3. Mobile Emissions: Line sources
Internal Combustion Engines

4. Types of the engines
1. Spark Ignition (SI) Engines: 1880 Nicholas Otto, German engineer
Compression ratio: 1: 8, Gasoline-Octane number, 88 & 91(IOCL Extra Premium)
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Gasoline/petrol + Air mixture)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : spark is given to have combustion: Faraday dynamo
Exhaust stroke Working of four stroke petrol engine - YouTube.FLV
CO, HC, NOx and PM
2. Compression Ignition (CI) Engines: 1893 Rudolf Diesel, German
Compression ratio: 1:15, Diesel-Cetane number, 46+
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Air only)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : Diesel injected to have combustion
Exhaust stroke How a diesel Engine Works - YouTube.MP4
CO, HC,(PM and NOx higher), Noise pollution

5. Emissions in Internal Combustion Engines
Rich Mixture

6. Two
Way
Catalytic
Converter
Two
pollutants:
CO
HC
Leaded
gasoline
spoils
converters
A two-way catalytic converter has two
simultaneous tasks:
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon
dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons
(unburnt and partially-burnt fuel) to carbon
dioxide and water: 2CxHy + (2x+y/2)O2 →
2xCO2 + yH2O

7. Three
Way
Catalytic
Converter
Three
pollutants:
CO
HC
&
NOx
Leaded
gasoline
spoils
converters
A three-way catalytic converter has three
simultaneous tasks:
Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen
and oxygen: 2NOx → xO2 + N2
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon
dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to
carbon dioxide and water: 2CxHy +
(2x+y/2)O2 → 2xCO2 + yH2O

8. Three
Way
Catalytic
Converter
Three
pollutants:
CO
HC
&
NOx
Leaded
gasoline
spoils
converters
How a catalytic converter works -
YouTube.MP4

9. Catalytic
Converters
use
Platinum/
Palladium/
Rhodium/
Gold
catalysts
Theft?

10. OTHER OPTIONS
Cleaner/Alternative Fuels

11. Cleaner/Alternative Fuels
 Oxygen containing additives reduce air
requirements and combustion is better
 Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ( ill health
effects)
 Biodiesel
 Ethanol: GASOHOL(10 % ethanol & 90%
Gasoline)
 Methanol [M80, 80 % methanol, 20 % gasoline]
 CNG
 LPG
 Hydrogen

12. BIODIESEL
A cleaner-burning, renewable, and
domestically produced diesel fuel
Biodiesel can be made from various oils:
edible and nonedible viz: jatropha,
pongamia, mustard, soybean, corn,
sunflower, animal fat, and even waste
grease
Biodiesel is primarily sold as B20 (Diesel
80+20 BioDiesel)
U.S. Congress designated B20 as an
approved alternative fuel in 1998

13. A BETTER FUEL VS DIESEL
Features Benefits
 Higher cetane
 Greater lubricity
 Superior detergency
 Higher flash point
 More mileage
 Greater horsepower
 Less smoke
 Smoother running engines
 Quicker starts
 Longer engine life
 Reduced maintenance

14. Cleaner Emissions vs. Diesel
Emission Type B100 B20
Carbon Monoxide - 43.2% - 12.6%
Hydrocarbons - 56.3% - 11%
Particulates - 55.4% - 18 %
Nitrogen Oxides + 5.8% +1.2 %
Carcinogens - 60% - 90% - 12% - 20%
Mutagens - 80% - 90% - 20%
Carbon Dioxide * - 78.3% - 15.7%
* Life cycle emissions of CO2
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Golden, Colorado

15. FUEL ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL PRODUCTION, WORLD TOTAL, 1990-2003
(billion liters)

16. FROM THE FARMER TO THE FUEL TANK
Energy Crop
R&D
Farming
Oilseed
Meal
Crushing
Crop Oil
Biodiesel Production
Biodiesel
Market
Glycerin

17. Biodiesel Production by Transesterification
Basics :
Chemical reaction between vegetable or animal oils/fats with alcohol producing ethyl or
methyl esters (Biodiesel) + glycerine (by-product)
+
+
Vegetable or
animal oil
catalyst
Alcohol Biodiesel Glycerine
Raw materials
- Vegetable oils (rapeseed, soya, sunflower, castor, palm, cotton, peanut, others)
or animal;
- Alcohol (methanol or ethanol)
- Catalysts (sodium hydroxide)

18. Biodiesel Production by Transesterification
Catalyst
Oil Purification Transesterification Purification Biodiesel
Water
Soaps
Glycerine
Water
Purification Glycerine
Alcohol

19. ETHANOL
Henry Ford designed the famed
Model T Ford to run on alcohol
and he had said “the fuel of the
future” in 1908

20. ETHANOL AS FUEL
The Model T Ford was built to run on ethanol, 1908

21. Renewable
 Zero Carbon Balance
 Not dependent on petroleum
 Large scale of production
 High miscibility with gasoline and it is a perfect
substitute for tetraethyl lead/aromatics
 Oxygenated Compound
 Reduces CO emission
 Low toxic
 Sulfur free
WHY ETHANOL?

22. DISADVANTAGES ETHANOL
 Low heating value (70 % of gasoline)
 Ignition difficulty in winter
 Metal corrosion
 Effect on plastic and rubber components

23. WORLD ETHANOL PRODUCTION
2007 data
Country Billion of litre
USA 24.60
Brazil 18.99
European Union 2.16
China 1.83
Canada 0.80
Thailand 0.28
Columbia 0.27
India 12.3

24. FUEL PROPERTIES
Gasoline
(CnH1.87n)
Methanol
(CH3OH)
Ethanol
(C2H5OH)
Stoichiometric A/F
ratio
14.6 6.47 9.00
Density (kg/m3) 720-780 792 785
RON 95 106 107
MON 80-90 92 89
Low heating value
(MJ/kg)
44 20 26.9
Heat of
vaporization (kJ/kg)
305 1,103 840
LHV of stoich.
mixture (MJ/kg)
2.83 2.68 2.69
Auto-ignition
temperature (°C)
260-460 460 360

25. ETHYL ALCOHOL
Raw Materials
 Sugary materials: molasses, sugar cane
juice, fruits
 Starch materials: corn, barley, rice, wheat
 Cellulosic materials: wood, agricultural
residues

26. METHANOL
 United States Auto Club : 1965
 Formula one : gasoline
 High octane number : RON of 107 and MON of 92
 Not suitable for CI engines
 Proven technology
 Heating value half of gasoline
 No engine modification required

27. METHANOL
Methanol economy: in 2005 by George A. Olah
Nobel Prize (1994)
 Methanol: as gasoline supplement/
replacement
 Direct : DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell)
 Indirect : Hydrogen Fuel Cells

28. METHANOL PRODUCTION ROUTES
Wood pyrolysis
From Syn gas (CO+H2) via F-T process
(depends upon catalyst, temperature and pressure conditions)
Methanol and Ethanol may be the
Liquid Fuels of Coming Future

29. NG/CNG/PNG/LNG
 Mixture of HCs
 Main Constituent is Methane >96%
 Heating value 37-40 MJ/Nm3
(billing is based on heating value)
 Sulphur free
 High octane number (130+)
 CO and unburnt HCs emission low
 Low cost ?

30. NG PRODUCTION IN INDIA
in BCM
Year OIL ONGC PVT/JV Total
1996/07 1.50 21.28 0.48 23.26
1999/00 1.73 23.25 3.47 28.45
2004/05 2.01 22.99 6.78 31.77
2005/06 2.27 22.57 7.36 32.20
2006/07 2.27 22.25 7.04 31.58
2009/10 47.51
As per 2007 data of MoPNG

31. NG NET WORK
 GAIL (INDIA) LTD. main player in gas
transport
 A total of 5300 km gas pipe line in our country
11 states covered
HBJ (Hajira-Bilaspur-Jagdispur) 2800 km
Capacity: 60 SMCMD; 900 mm Diameter
Pressure: 20-40 Bar, Boosters: 200-350 km
 Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline: 2300 km
 Myanmar-Bangladesh-India Pipe Line

32. Number of natural gas vehicles and refilling
stations in the world by end 2005
Country Vehicles Ref. stations
Argentina 1,439,527 1,402
Brazil 1,000,424 1,124
Pakistan 800,000 740
Italy 382,000 509
India* 204,000 198
US 130,000 1,340
China 97,200 355
Ukraine 67,000 147
Egypt 62,150 90
Colombia 60,000 90
*2006/07 408,880 356 (Delhi and Mumbai)

33. Number of natural gas vehicles and refilling
stations in the world by end 2005 contd…
Country Vehicles Ref. stations
Iran 48,029 72
Venezuela 44,146 149
Russia 41,780 213
Germany 27,200 558
Japan 24,684 288
Canada 20,505 222
Sweden 7,000 65
UK 543 20
Others 200,000 1,000
Total 4,706,000 8,643
Petroleum review, 2006

34. LPG
 Domestic fuel
 Mixture of Propane (20%) & Butane (80%)
 LPG is highly volatile liquid and expands
to 247 times of its liquid volume
 Mercaptans added (50 ppm)
 Liquefaction pressure: Propane 10 bar; Butane
3 bar
 14.2 kg MS Cylinders for domestic use
and 19 & 49.5 kg others
 Vehicle usage allowed by government

35. HYDROGEN ENERGY
 Widely regarded as the ultimate fuel and
energy storage medium for future
 Environment friendly
 Hydrogen has high energy density
(120MJ/kg vs 44.4 MJ/kg Petrol)
 Produced from water, fossil fuels,
biomass, solar energy etc.

36. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION ROUTES
 Catalytic steam reforming of natural
gas/coal/biomass
 Electrolytic decomposition of water
 Solar radiations

37. Solar energy based production options
Photosynthesis
Photovoltaics
CO
Sugar
H O
O
2
2
2
O H
2 2
H2O
Semiconductor/Liquid
Junctions
SC
Heating
e-
Electrolysis of water

38. Stationary Emissions: Point Sources

39. Control of Particulate Matter
Device Selection Depends on
 Particle Size
 Concentration
 Corrosivity
 Volumetric Flow Rate
 Required Collection Efficiency
 Cost

40. Cyclone
 For PM > 5 micron
 Efficiency > 90%
 Maintenance Free
 Inexpensive
 ReCyclone® System -
YouTube.MP4

41. Fabric Filters
 Eff. – 100 % Particles
>0.01 micron
 Can not operate in moist
environment
 Large & Expensive
 Competitive with ESP
 Cloth material-temperature
dependant

42. Bag Materilas
1. Cotton
2. Nylon
3. Polyester
4. Fiberglass
5. Asbestos
6. Stainless steel:
woven
7. Ceramic
filter bag,filter
fabric,filter cage-cox
filter cloth -
YouTube.MP4

43. Electrostatic Precipitator
 Wires are charged with high
negative voltage. 100 KV
 PM negatively charged & move
towards grounded collector plates
 Removal>98%, All size
 Little pressure drop, low O&M cost
but initial cost high
 Occupy large space
 Plate Area Requirement depends on
Efficiency required
– Efficiency = 1-e-wA/Q
– A is total area of collection
plate
– Q Volumetric flow rate of the
gas
– W is drift velocity
Electrostatic Precipitator System
Working.avi - YouTube.MP4

44. Sulfur Dioxide Control
CaCO3+SO2+2H2O=CaSO3.2H2O+CO2
or CaO+SO2+2H2O=CaSO3.2H2O

45. END