1. Air
Pollution

3. Air & Its Pollution
A person needs per
day about
– 1.4 kg of water
– 0.7 kg of food
– 14 kg of air

4. Air Pollution
Air pollution may be defined as the presence
in the air (outdoor atmosphere) of one or
more contaminants or combinations
thereof in such quantities and of such
durations as may be or tend to be
injurious to human, animal or plant life,
or property, or which unreasonably
interferes with the comfortable
enjoyment of life or property or
conduct of business.

5. Air Pollutants
A pollutant can be solid (large or sub-molecular),
liquid or gas .
It may originate from a natural or anthropogenic
source or both.
It is estimated that anthropogenic sources have
changed the composition of global air by less
than 0.01%.
However, it is widely accepted that even a small
change can have a significant adverse effect
on the climate, ecosystem and species on the
planet.
Examples of these are acid rains, CO, SOx, NOx,
SPM, RSPM,CO2, ozone in the lower
atmosphere, and photochemical smog.

6. Air Pollution and Public Opinion
• Not a new phenomena: Smoke from Burning of
Coal
• Problems in many urban areas in late 1800s and
early 1900 due to coal use
• 1000s of deaths attributed to air pollution
episodes in London
– large number of pollution sources
– restricted air volume
– failure to recognize problem
– CO presence: lethal
• Photochemical smog

7. Sources of Air Pollution
Why Air Quality?
1.Point source
stacks of thermal power stations, brick kilns, lime kilns, boiler etc.
2. Area source
Cluster of point sources, spill of chemicals, crude/product spills in ocean etc.
3. Line source
Car, scooter, train, aircraft: white line in sky behind a jet plane?

8. Type of Pollutants
Why Air Quality?
1. Primary pollutants
pollutants which are being emitted into the air directly by point/area/line
sources.
Examples: CO, NOx, SO2, Pb, SPM, RSPM, VOCs
2. Secondary pollutants
pollutants which are getting formed from primary pollutants in the
atmosphere. Some of the reactions are catalyzed by sun light.
Examples: acid rains, smog, O3, H2O2, formaldehyde,
peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN)

9. Why Air Pollution?
• Main cause: Combustion
Fuel (C,H,S,N,Pb,Hg,ash) + Air (N2 + O2)
CO2, CO, NOx, SOx, Pb, Hg, SPM,
RSPM(PM10), VOCs
Coal: 500 MT
Crude Oil based products:120 MT
Natural gas: 31 NBCM
Biomass: 400-500 MT
(NOX,SPM/RSPM)

10. Why Air Pollution contd..
Usage/handling of Chemicals: paint,
varnishes, perfumes, CFCs, petrol
pumps, etc.
Cement handling, insulation on
winding of
motors/alternators/transformers

11. Combustion processes
1.Electricity generation
Total generation capacity: 162,366.80 MW
Thermal : 104,423.98 MW (64.6%)
Hydro : 36,953.40 MW (24.7 %)
Nuclear : 4560.0 MW (2.9%)
Renewable : 16,429 MW ( 7.7%)
2.Transport : 18 % of total energy
Liquid fuels : 97.5% total petroleum products
Electricity : 1.0% of total
3. Industry :coal, petroleum products, electricity
4. Domestic sector :biomass, petroleum products, electricity
5. Agriculture :electricity, petroleum products

12. Coal combustion having S
If the Indian coal is burnt at a rate of 1.00 kg per second having a
sulphur content of 1.00 %, what is the annual rate of emission of SO2.
The sulphur in the ash is found to be 5 %.
• Sulphur burnt: 1.00 x 1/100=0.01 kg/s
• Sulfur converted to SO2 = 0.01 x 0.95 = 0.0095 kg/s
• S + O2 =SO2
• SO2 produced = 0.0095 x 64/32 = 0.019 kg/s or 600,000 kg/y

13. Pollutants generation
Fuel Combustion
VOC
1%
Pb
5%
CO
3%
S in coals:0.5-2.5%
Sox
43%
Nox
25%
PM10
23%
Sox
CO
Pb
Nox
VOC
PM10
N2+O2=NOx

14. Transport
VOC
17%
PM10
10%
Nox
21%
Sox
1%
CO
36%
Pb
15%
Sox
CO
Pb
Nox
VOC
PM10
Diesel:350 ppm
2010: 50 ppm
Octane number enhancer:
Tetraethyl lead, GM 1922

15. Industrial
VOC
51%
PM10
28%
Nox
3%
Sox
8%
CO
Pb 6%
4%
Sox
CO
Pb
Nox
VOC
PM10
SOx
51%

16. Agencies responsible for controlling
air pollution in India
The Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981
Central pollution control board (CPCB)
State pollution control boards (SPCB)
Set procedure : ambient air, industry wise norms
FIR against the firm/sealing of the industry

17. National
Ambient Air
Quality
Standards
(NAAQS)
in India,
1994
Pollutants Time- Concentration in ambient air
weighted
average
Industrial
Areas
Residential,
Rural &
other Areas
Sensitive
Areas
SulphurDioxide (SO2) 80 μg/m3 60 μg/m3 15 μg/m3
Annual
Average*
24
hours**
120
μg/m3
80 μg/m3 30 μg/m3
Oxides of Annual
80 μg/m3 60 μg/m3 15 μg/m3
Nitrogen as
Average*
(NO2) 24
hours**
120
μg/m3
80 μg/m3 30 μg/m3
Suspended Particulate Annual
360
140 μg/m3 70 μg/m3
Matter (SPM)
Average*
μg/m3
24
hours**
500
μg/m3
200 μg/m3 100
μg/m3
Respirable Particulate Annual
120
60 μg/m3 50 μg/m3
Matter (RPM) (size less than
Average*
μg/m3
10 microns) 24
hours**
150
μg/m3
100 μg/m3 75 μg/m3
Annual
Average*
1.0 μg/m3 0.75 μg/m3 0.50
μg/m3
Lead (Pb)
24
hours**
1.5 μg/m3 1.00 μg/m3 0.75
μg/m3
Ammonia1 Annual
Average*
0.1 mg/
m3
0.1 mg/ m3 0.1
mg/m3
24
hours**
0.4 mg/
m3
0.4 mg/m3 0.4
mg/m3
8
hours**
5.0
mg/m3
2.0 mg/m3 1.0 mg/
m3
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
1 hour 10.0
mg/m3
4.0 mg/m3 2.0
mg/m3
Environmentally
Sensitive areas
(ESA): landscape,
wild life & history
^ annual mean of 104 measurements in a year
^^ 24/8 h values should be met 98% of time in a year

18. Remember (24 h)
Pollutant National ambient air quality standards
(NAAQS) for India
Values are in μg/m3
Maximum
permissible
limits of
pollutants in
air set by
WHO
Industrial
areas
Residential
rural & other
areas
Sensitive
areas
Sulphur
dioxide
120 80 30 100 – 150
Nitrogen
dioxide
120 80 30 150
Total SPM 500 200 100 150 – 230

19. Particulate Matter
Suspended Particulate Matter
Fine Particulate Matter

20. What is Particulate Matter?
• Particulate matter, or PM, is
the term for particles found
in the air, including dust, dirt,
soot, smoke, and liquid
droplets.
• These small particles can
remain suspended in the air
for long periods of time.
• Some particles are large or
dark enough to be seen as
soot or smoke. Others are
so small that individually
they can only be detected
with an electron microscope.

21. Sources of Particulate Matter
PM10

22. Types of Fine Particulate Matter
• Primary Particles
– These particles are
emitted directly from air
pollution sources such as
power plants, factories,
automobile exhaust,
construction sites,
unpaved roads, wood
burning
• Secondary Particles
– Formed in the atmosphere
indirectly when gases
from burning fuels react
with sunlight and water
vapor and are chemically
transformed into particles,
secondary pollutants:
solid/liquid

23. A few definitions
• Solid or liquid particles with sizes from
0.001 – 100 μm may be in air
• General term for these is aerosols
• Dust originates from grinding or crushing
• Fumes are solid particles formed when
vapors condense
• Smoke describes particles released in
combustion processes
• Smog is used to describe air pollution and
is combination of smoke+fog

24. Hukka

25. Bronian Motion

26. What Is PM10 & PM2.5 ?
Hair cross section (70
mm)
PM2.5
(2.5 μm)
PM10
(10μm)
Human Hair (70 μm diameter)

27. Health Effects From Particulate Matter
• Many scientific studies
have linked breathing
PM to a series of
significant health
problems, including:
– aggravated asthma
– increases in respiratory
symptoms like coughing
and difficult or painful
breathing
– chronic bronchitis
– decreased lung function
– premature death

28. Health Effects of Particulate
Matter
• Impact depends on particle size, shape
and composition
• Large particles trapped in nose
• Particles >10 μm removed in
tracheobronchial system
• Particles <0.5 μm reach lungs but are
exhaled with air
• Particles 2 – 4 μm most effectively
deposited in lungs

29. Stokes Law
Aerodynamic diameter: Diameter of the sphere having the same settling
velocity as that of the particle
Given by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851
Where,
acceleration of gravity (g), m/s2
particle diameter (d), m
density of particle (ρp), kg/m3
density of medium (ρm), kg/m3
viscosity of medium (μ), kg/m s

30. Human respiratory system

31. Other Effects From Particles
• Visibility Impairment
– PM is the major cause of
reduced visibility (haze).
• Aesthetic Damage
– Soot, a type of PM, stains and
damages stone and other
materials, including objects
such as monuments and
statues.
• Plant Damage
– PM can form a film on plant
leaves interfering with
photosynthesis and plant
growth

32. Particulate Matter and Taj
The deposition of
SPM on the
shimmering
white marble of
the Taj Mahal
imparts yellow
tinge to the
marble surface

33. Emission norms for heavy Diesel vehicles
Norms CO( g/km) HC (g/km) NOx (g/km) PM(g/km)
1991Norms 14 3.5 18
1996 Norms 11.2 2.4 14.4
India stage
2000 norms
4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
Bharat
stage-II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
Bharat
Stage-III 2.1 1.6 5.0 0.10
Bharat
Stage-IV 1.5 0.96 3.5 0.02

34. Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles)
Standard Reference Date Region
India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide
Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2001 NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
2003.04 NCR*, 10 Cities†
2005.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2005.04 NCR*, 10 Cities†
2010.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage IV Euro 4 2010.04 NCR*, 10 Cities†
* National Capital Region (Delhi)
† Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad,
Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra

35. Standards & Some Case Studies,
2005
• SPM Standard is 200 microgram/m3 (24 h avg)
• RSPM or PM10 is 100 microgram/m3 (24 h avg)
• The highest SPM level of 4,772 microgram per cubic
meter was recorded at Meera Bagh while the lowest of
1,068 microgram per cubic meter at Defence Colony.
The prescribed limit is 200.
• The highest RSPM level was 2,292 microgram per cubic
meter at Meera bagh and minimum was 586 in Rajpur
Road, near the Delhi University. The prescribed limit is
100.
• Police claimed to have fined around 500 people for
bursting crackers after 10.00 PM. The maximum
punishment is imprisonment up to five years and fine up
to Rs 100,000.

37. Carbon Monoxide
• Most abundant air
pollutant
• Produced by incomplete
combustion
– insufficient O2
– low temperature
– short residence time
– poor mixing
• Major source (~ 77%) is
motor vehicle exhaust

38. Carbon Monoxide
Misc
10%
Industrial
7%
Fuel Combustion
6%
Transport
77%
Misc
Industrial
Fuel Combustion
Transport

39. Carbon Monoxide
• Colorless and odorless
• When inhaled, binds to hemoglobin in blood to form
carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the oxygen carrying capacity
• brain function reduced, heart rate increased at lower levels
• asphyxiation occurs at higher levels
• % COHb = β(1- e-γt) (CO)
• % COHb = Carboxyhemoglobin as % saturation
• CO = Carbonmonoxide conc. in ppm
• γ = 0.402 h-1
• β= 0.15 %/ ppm CO
• t = exposure time in hours

40. Carbon Monoxide

41. Carbon Monoxide
• Typical Levels
– busy roadways: 5 – 50 ppm
– congested highways: up to 100 ppm

42. Emission norms for heavy Diesel vehicles
Norms CO( g/km) HC (g/km) NOx (g/km) PM(g/km)
1991Norms 14 3.5 18
1996 Norms 11.2 2.4 14.4
India stage
2000 norms
4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
Bharat
stage-II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
Bharat
Stage-III 2.1 1.6 5.0 0.10
Bharat
Stage-IV 1.5 0.96 3.5 0.02

43. Sulfur Oxides (SOx)
• SO2, SO3, SO4
2
formed during
combustion of fuel
containing sulfur
• H2S released is
converted to SO2
• 10 Tg/yr natural
sources
• 75 Tg/yr
anthropogenic
sources

44. SOx

45. Sulfur Dioxide: Health Effects
• High concentrations of SO2 can result in
temporary breathing impairment.
• Longer-term exposures to high concentrations of
SO2, in conjunction with high levels of PM,
include respiratory illness, alterations in the
lungs' defenses, and aggravation of existing
cardiovascular disease
• Short-term exposures of asthmatic individuals to
elevated SO2 levels may result in reduced lung
function.

46. Sulfur Dioxide: Environmental
Effects
• Acid Rain Decreased Visibility

48. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
• Primarily NO and NO2
• NO3, N2O, N2O3, N2O4,
N2O5 are also known to
occur
• Thermal NOx created
by oxidation of
atmospheric N2 when T
1000 K
• Fuel NOx from
oxidation of N in fuel

49. NOx
Transport
45%
Misc
1%
Industrial
4%
Fuel Combustion
50%
Misc
Industrial
Fuel Combustion
Transport

50. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
• NO has few health effects, but is oxidized
to NO2
• NO2 irritates lungs and promotes
respiratory infections
• NO2 reacts with hydrocarbons in presence
of sunlight to produce smog
• NO2 reacts with hydroxyl radicals to
produce nitric acid – acid precipitation

52. Lead
• Sources:
– gasoline (historical)
– metals processing
• Highest air Pb
concentrations
– in the vicinity of
nonferrous and ferrous
smelters, and battery
manufacturers.

53. Pb

54. Lead: Health Effects
• Accumulates in the blood, bones, and soft
tissues.
• Adversely affects the kidneys, liver, nervous
system, and other organs.
• Excessive exposure to Pb may cause
neurological impairments, such as seizures,
mental retardation, and behavioral disorders.
• May be a factor in high blood pressure and
subsequent heart disease.

55. Photochemical Smog
hydrocarbons + NOx + sunlight →
photochemical smog (oxidants)
• primary
oxidants
produced:
– ozone (O3)
– formaldehyde
– peroxyacetyl
nitrate (PAN)

56. Ozone depletion mechanism
• Different chemicals are responsible for the destruction of
the ozone layer
• Topping the list :
– chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)
– man-made, non-toxic and inert in the troposphere
– In the stratosphere are photolysed, releasing reactive chlorine
atoms that catalytically destroy ozone

57. Stratospheric Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR)
• Ultra-violet radiation (UVR) high energy electromagnetic wave emitted from the
sun. It is made up of wavelengths ranging from 100nm to 400nm.
• UV radiation includes UV-A, the least dangerous form of UV radiation, with a
wavelength range between 315nm to 400nm, UV-B with a wavelength range
between 280nm to 315nm, and UV-C which is the most dangerous between 100nm
to 280nm. UV-C is unable to reach Earth’s surface due to stratospheric ozone’s
ability to absorb it. (Last, 2006)

58. Sun Protection Factor
Sunscreens: 4, 8, 15, 30, 45
The SPF of a sunscreen indicates the time period you can stay in the sun without burning based on your skin complexion.
Recommended SPF
Skin Type 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5+ hr
Very Fair /
Extremely Sensitive
15 30 30 45 45
Fair / Sensitive 15 15 30 30 45
Fair 15 15 15 30 30
Medium 8 8 15 15 30
Dark 4 8 8 15 15
Note: Reapply sunscreen often, especially after swimming or sweating.

59. Photochemical Smog

60. Photochemical Smog

61. Ozone: Health Effects
• Increased incidents of respiratory
distress.
• Repeated exposures to ozone:
– Increased susceptibility to respiratory
infection
– Lung inflammation
– Aggravation of pre-existing respiratory
diseases such as asthma.
– Decrease in lung function and increased
respiratory symptoms such as chest pain and
cough.

62. Ozone: Environmental Effects
• Ozone also affects
vegetation and ecosystems
– reductions in agricultural and
commercial forest yields
($0.5 billion/yr in US alone)
– reduced growth and
survivability of tree seedlings
– increased plant susceptibility
to disease, pests, and other
environmental stresses
(e.g., harsh weather).

63. Ozone Revised Standards
• In 1997, the 1-hour ozone standard of
0.12 parts per million (ppm) was replaced
with a new 8-hour 0.08 ppm standard.

64. Units of Measurement
• μg/m3 – mass:volume
• parts per million (ppm) – volume:volume
( L mol -1
)( K )( kPa/
)
ppm = C × T P
22.414 / 273 101.325 2 2
( MW
)( 1000
L/m
3 )
where C = concentration in μg/m3

65. Landmark datelines to capital
clean
• April 1995: Mandatory fitting of catalytic convertors
• April 1996: Low sulphur diesel introduced
• April 1998: Introduction of CNG buses in Delhi
• Sept 1998: Complete removal of lead in petrol
• Dec 1998: Restrict plying of goods vehicles during
the day
• Sept 1999: Amendment of Motor Vehicles Act to
include CNG
• April 2000: Private vehicles to be registered only if
they conform to Euro II standards
• April 2000: Eight-year-old commercial vehicles
phased out
• Nov 2002: Conversion of all public transport buses
to CNG

66. Air Pollution Control
Mobile Emissions: Line sources
Stationary Emissions: Point sources

67. Type of the engines
1. Spark Ignition (SI) Engines: 1880 Nicholas Otto, German engineer
Compression ratio: 1: 8, Gasoline-Octane number, 88 91(IOCL Extra Premium)
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Gasoline + Air)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : spark is given to have combustion: Faraday dynamo
Exhaust stroke
CO, HC, NOx and PM
2. Compression Ignition (CI) Engines: 1893 Rudolf Diesel, German
Compression ratio: 1:15, Diesel-Cetane number, 46+
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Air only)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : Diesel injected to have combustion
Exhaust stroke
NOx are higher and PM

68. Emissions in Internal Combustion Engines
Rich Mixture

69. Two
Way
Catalytic
Converter
Two
pollutants:
CO
HC
Leaded
gasoline
spoils
converters
A two-way catalytic converter has two
simultaneous tasks:
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon
dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons
(unburnt and partially-burnt fuel) to carbon
dioxide and water: 2CxHy + (2x+y/2)O2 →
2xCO2 + yH2O

70. Three
Way
Catalytic
Converter
Three
pollutants:
CO
HC
NOx
Leaded
gasoline
spoils
converters
A three-way catalytic converter has three
simultaneous tasks:
Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen
and oxygen: 2NOx → xO2 + N2
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon
dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to
carbon dioxide and water: 2CxHy +
(2x+y/2)O2 → 2xCO2 + yH2O

71. Three
Way
Catalytic
Converter
Three
pollutants:
CO
HC
NOx
Leaded
gasoline
spoils
converters

72. Catalytic
Converters
use
Platinum/
Palladium/
Rhodium
catalysts

73. Cleaner/Alternative Fuel
• Vaporization of Gasoline should be reduced.
• Oxygen containing additives reduce air
requirement. Eg., ethanol, methyl tertiary butyl
ether (MTBE) ( ill health effects).
– Methanol: (Less photochemically reactive VOC, but
emits HCHO (eye irritant), difficult to start in winters:
Can be overcome by M85 (85 % methanol, 15 %
gasoline)
– Ethanol: GASOHOL(10 % ethanol 90% Gasoline),
– CNG: Low HC, NOx high, Inconvenient refueling,
leakage hazard.
– LPG: Propane, NOx high

74. Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
• Pre-combustion Control
– Switching to Less Sulphur and N Fuel: Alternate fuels
• Combustion Control
– Improving the combustion process: grate/pulverized
– New burners to reduce NOx
– New Fluidized bed boilers
– Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)
• Coal converted into CO + H2 and then burnt
• Post-Combustion Control
– Particulate collection devices
– Flue gas desulphurization

75. Cleaner/Alternative Fuels
• Oxygen containing additives reduce air
requirements and combustion is better
• Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ( ill health
effects)
• Biodiesel
• Ethanol: GASOHOL(10 % ethanol 90%
Gasoline)
• Methanol [M80, 80 % methanol, 20 % gasoline]
• CNG
• LPG
• Hydrogen

76. BIODIESEL
A cleaner-burning, renewable, and domestically
produced diesel fuel
Biodiesel can be made from various oils:
edible and inedible viz: jatropha,
pongamia, mustard, soybean, corn,
sunflower, animal fat, and even waste
grease
Biodiesel is primarily sold as B20 (Diesel
80+20 Biodiesel)
U.S. Congress designated B20 as an
approved alternative fuel in 1998

77. A BETTER FUEL VS DIESEL
Features Benefits
 Higher cetane
 Greater lubricity
 Superior detergency
 Higher flash point
 More mileage
 Greater horsepower
 Less smoke
 Smoother running engines
 Quicker starts
 Longer engine life
 Reduced maintenance

78. Cleaner Emissions vs. Diesel
Emission Type B100 B20
Carbon Monoxide - 43.2% - 12.6%
Hydrocarbons - 56.3% - 11%
Particulates - 55.4% - 18 %
Nitrogen Oxides + 5.8% +1.2 %
Carcinogens - 60% - 90% - 12% - 20%
Mutagens - 80% - 90% - 20%
Carbon Dioxide * - 78.3% - 15.7%
* Life cycle emissions of CO2
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Golden, Colorado

79. FUEL ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL PRODUCTION, WORLD TOTAL, 1990-2003
(billion liters)

80. FROM THE FARMER TO THE FUEL TANK
Energy Crop
RD
Farming
Oilseed
Meal
Crushing Crop Oil
Biodiesel Production
Biodiesel
Market
Glycerin

81. Biodiesel Production by Transesterification
Basics :
Chemical reaction between vegetable or animal oils/fats with alcohol producing ethyl or
methyl esters (Biodiesel) + glycerin (by-product)
catalyst
+ +
Vegetable or
animal oil
Alcohol Biodiesel Glycerin
Raw materials
- Vegetable oils (rapeseed, soya, sunflower, castor, palm, cotton, peanut, others)
or animal;
- Alcohol (methanol or ethanol)
- Catalysts (sodium hydroxide)

82. Biodiesel Production by Transesterification
Catalyst
Oil Purificatio
n
Transesterifica
tion Purification Biodiesel
Soaps
Water Glycerine
Water
Purificatio
n
Glycerine
Alcohol

83. ETHANOL
Henry Ford designed the famed Model T
Ford to run on alcohol and he had said
“the fuel of the future” in 1908

84. Renewable
 Zero Carbon Balance
 Not dependent on petroleum
 Large scale of production
 High miscibility with gasoline and it is a perfect
substitute for tetraethyl lead/aromatics
 Oxygenated Compound
 Reduces CO emission
 Low toxic
 Sulfur free
WHY ETHANOL?

85. DISADVANTAGES ETHANOL
 Low heating value (70 % of gasoline)
 Ignition difficulty in winter
 Metal corrosion
 Effect on plastic and rubber components

86. WORLD ETHANOL PRODUCTION
2007 data
Country Billion of liters
USA 24.60
Brazil 18.99
European Union 2.16
China 1.83
Canada 0.80
Thailand 0.28
Columbia 0.27
India 12.3

87. FUEL PROPERTIES
Gasoline
(CnH1.87n)
Methanol
(CH3OH)
Ethanol
(C2H5OH)
Stoichiometric A/F
ratio 14.6 6.47 9.00
Density (kg/m3) 720-780 792 785
RON 95 106 107
MON 80-90 92 89
Low heating value
(MJ/kg) 44 20 26.9
Heat of
vaporization (kJ/kg) 305 1,103 840
LHV of stoich.
mixture (MJ/kg) 2.83 2.68 2.69
Auto-ignition
temperature (°C) 260-460 460 360

88. ETHYL ALCOHOL
Raw Materials
 Sugary materials: molasses, sugar cane
juice, fruits
 Starch materials: corn, barley, rice, wheat
 Cellulosic materials: wood, agricultural
residues

89. METHANOL
 United States Auto Club : 1965
 Formula one : gasoline
 High octane number : RON of 107 and MON of 92
 Not suitable for CI engines
 Proven technology
 Heating value half of gasoline
 No engine modification required

90. METHANOL
Methanol economy: in 2005 by George A. Olah
Nobel Prize (1994)
 Methanol: as gasoline supplement/
replacement
 Direct : DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell)
 Indirect : Hydrogen Fuel Cells

91. METHANOL PRODUCTION ROUTES
Wood pyrolysis
From Syn-gas (CO+H2) via F-T process
(depends upon catalyst, temperature and pressure conditions)
Methanol and Ethanol may be the
Liquid Fuels of Coming Future

92. NG/CNG/PNG/LNG
 Mixture of HCs
 Main Constituent is Methane 96%
 Heating value 37-40 MJ/Nm3
(billing is based on heating value)
 Sulphur free
 High octane number (130+)
 CO and unburnt HCs emission low
 Low cost ?

93. NG PRODUCTION IN INDIA
in BCM
Year OIL ONGC PVT/JV Total
1996/07 1.50 21.28 0.48 23.26
1999/00 1.73 23.25 3.47 28.45
2004/05 2.01 22.99 6.78 31.77
2005/06 2.27 22.57 7.36 32.20
2006/07 2.27 22.25 7.04 31.58
2009/10 47.51
As per 2007 data of MoPNG

94. NG NET WORK
 GAIL (INDIA) LTD. main player in gas
transport
 A total of 5300 km gas pipe line in our country
11 states covered
HBJ (Hajira-Bilaspur-Jagdispur) 2800 km
Capacity: 60 SMCMD; 900 mm Diameter
Pressure: 20-40 Bar, Boosters: 200-350 km
 Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline: 2300 km
 Myanmar-Bangladesh-India Pipe Line

95. Number of natural gas vehicles and refilling
stations in the world by end 2005
Country Vehicles Ref. stations
Argentina 1,439,527 1,402
Brazil 1,000,424 1,124
Pakistan 800,000 740
Italy 382,000 509
India* 204,000 198
US 130,000 1,340
China 97,200 355
Ukraine 67,000 147
Egypt 62,150 90
Colombia 60,000 90
*2006/07 408,880 356 (Delhi and Mumbai)

96. Number of natural gas vehicles and refilling
stations in the world by end 2005 contd…
Country Vehicles Ref. stations
Iran 48,029 72
Venezuela 44,146 149
Russia 41,780 213
Germany 27,200 558
Japan 24,684 288
Canada 20,505 222
Sweden 7,000 65
UK 543 20
Others 200,000 1,000
Total 4,706,000 8,643
Petroleum review, 2006

97. LPG
 Domestic fuel
 Mixture of Propane (20%) Butane (80%)
 LPG is highly volatile liquid and expands
to 247 times of its liquid volume
 Mercaptans added (50 ppm)
 Liquefaction pressure: Propane 10 bar; Butane
3 bar
 14.2 kg MS Cylinders for domestic use
and 19 49.5 kg others
 Vehicle usage allowed by government

98. HHYYDDRROOGGEENN EENNEERRGGYY
Widely regarded as the ultimate fuel
and energy storage medium for
future
 Environment friendly
 Hydrogen has high energy density
(120MJ/kg vs 44.4 MJ/kg Petrol)
 Produced from water, fossil fuels,
biomass, solar energy etc.

99. HHYYDDRROOGGEENN PPRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN RROOUUTTEESS
 Catalytic steam reforming of natural
gas/coal/biomass
 Electrolytic decomposition of water
 Solar radiations

100. Fuels
Photosynthesis
Electricity
Photovoltaics
CO
Sugar
H O
O
2
2
2
Solar energy based production options
O H
2 2
H2O
Semiconductor/Liquid
Junctions
SC
Heating
ee--
Electrolysis of water

101. Stationary Emissions: Point
Sources
Control of Particulate Matter
Device Selection Depends on
• Particle Size
• Concentration
• Corrosivity
• Volumetric Flow Rate
• Required Collection Efficiency
• Cost

102. Cyclone
• For PM 5 micron
• Efficiency 90%
• Maintenance Free
• Inexpensive
• ReCyclone® System
- YouTube.MP4

103. Fabric Filters
• Eff. – 100 % Particles
0.01 micron
• Can not operate in
moist environment
• Large Expensive
• Competitive with ESP
• Cloth material-temperature
dependant

104. Bag Materilas
1.Cotton
2.Nylon
3.Polyester
4.Fiberglass
5.Asbestos
6.Stainless steel:
woven
7.Ceramic
filter bag,filter
fabric,filter cage-cox
filter cloth -
YouTube.MP4

105. Electrostatic Precipitator
• Wires are charged with high
negative voltage. 100 KV
• PM negatively charged move
towards grounded collector
plates
• Removal98%, All size
• Little pressure drop, low OM
cost but initial cost high
• Occupy large space
• Plate Area Requirement
depends on Efficiency required
– Efficiency = 1-e-wA/Q
– A is total area of collection
plate
– Q Volumetric flow rate of
the gas
– W is drift velocity
Electrostatic Precipitator
System Working.avi -
YouTube.MP4

106. Sulfur Dioxide Control
CaCO3+SO2+2H2O=CaSO3.2H2O+CO2
or CaO+SO2+2H2O=CaSO3.2H2O