The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas (compressed and liquefied) and liquefied petroleum gas. It describes the need for alternative fuels due to depletion of conventional fuels and to reduce pollution and global warming. The production processes of various fuels are explained along with their properties, advantages, and disadvantages when used in spark ignition or compression ignition engines. Modifications required in engines to use alternative fuels are also mentioned.
This document discusses using alcohol, specifically ethanol, as an alternative fuel for automobiles. It outlines that ethanol can be produced from crops through fermentation and blended with gasoline up to 85% in what is known as E85 fuel. Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to run on any mixture of gasoline or ethanol up to 85% and have sensors to monitor the blend. Some advantages of ethanol include its high octane rating and lower emissions compared to gasoline, though it has less energy content. The document examines ethanol's properties and suitability for use in flexible fuel vehicles as a renewable and domestic alternative fuel source.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used in internal combustion engines besides conventional fossil fuels. It describes solid fuels like coal dust that were used historically but are now obsolete. Liquid fuels like alcohols are preferred and the document focuses on the properties and use of alcohols like methanol and ethanol as fuels. The advantages are discussed like high octane ratings and lower emissions, but also disadvantages like lower energy density, corrosion, and cold starting issues. Mixtures of alcohols and gasoline are also described.
This document summarizes a presentation on ethanol as an alternative fuel for automobiles. It begins with an abstract that outlines the key points to be covered, including ethanol properties, production via dry milling, and advantages/disadvantages as a fuel. The presentation then discusses ethanol as a promising alternative that can replace gasoline due to its cleaner burning properties. It compares ethanol to gasoline properties such as octane number and energy content. India's potential for ethanol production from sugarcane is also reviewed due to its goal of blending 20% ethanol in gasoline by 2017 for increased energy security. Both advantages like reduced emissions and disadvantages like crop land usage are summarized.
This document discusses E85 fuel, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 provides higher octane than gasoline and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles that are designed to run on gasoline, E85, or blends of both. While ethanol has some advantages like reducing emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel. The document outlines the history, production, characteristics, and applications of E85 fuel. Countries like Brazil and the US are leaders in ethanol production and use E85 in vehicles.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It outlines that crude oil and petroleum products will become scarce, so alternative fuels are needed. E85 fuel is discussed, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document covers the ethanol production process and describes the benefits of higher octane rating, cooling effects, and lower emissions of alcohol fuels compared to gasoline. Both advantages like reduced emissions and disadvantages like lower energy content are summarized. The conclusion is that finding alternatives to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important as crude oil is depleted.
Ethanol is produced through the fermentation and distillation of sugar crops and starches. It is a renewable, cleaner-burning alternative to gasoline. Ethanol has a higher octane rating and oxygen content than gasoline, allowing for more efficient combustion and reduced emissions. While ethanol has a lower energy density than gasoline, requiring about one-third more to travel the same distance, it offers environmental and economic benefits by providing a domestic source of fuel and increased engine efficiency. The largest producers and consumers of ethanol are the United States and Brazil, where flexible fuel vehicles can run on blends from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol.
This document discusses CFD modelling and analysis of a dual fuel combustion engine that uses diesel and methanol blends. It provides background on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and methanol. It then discusses blended fuels and biofuels before introducing CFD modelling. The advantages of methanol blending are listed, including reduced emissions and improved combustion due to methanol's oxygen content and physical properties. Methodology, results, and conclusions are also mentioned.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
This document discusses using alcohol, specifically ethanol, as an alternative fuel for automobiles. It outlines that ethanol can be produced from crops through fermentation and blended with gasoline up to 85% in what is known as E85 fuel. Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to run on any mixture of gasoline or ethanol up to 85% and have sensors to monitor the blend. Some advantages of ethanol include its high octane rating and lower emissions compared to gasoline, though it has less energy content. The document examines ethanol's properties and suitability for use in flexible fuel vehicles as a renewable and domestic alternative fuel source.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used in internal combustion engines besides conventional fossil fuels. It describes solid fuels like coal dust that were used historically but are now obsolete. Liquid fuels like alcohols are preferred and the document focuses on the properties and use of alcohols like methanol and ethanol as fuels. The advantages are discussed like high octane ratings and lower emissions, but also disadvantages like lower energy density, corrosion, and cold starting issues. Mixtures of alcohols and gasoline are also described.
This document summarizes a presentation on ethanol as an alternative fuel for automobiles. It begins with an abstract that outlines the key points to be covered, including ethanol properties, production via dry milling, and advantages/disadvantages as a fuel. The presentation then discusses ethanol as a promising alternative that can replace gasoline due to its cleaner burning properties. It compares ethanol to gasoline properties such as octane number and energy content. India's potential for ethanol production from sugarcane is also reviewed due to its goal of blending 20% ethanol in gasoline by 2017 for increased energy security. Both advantages like reduced emissions and disadvantages like crop land usage are summarized.
This document discusses E85 fuel, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 provides higher octane than gasoline and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles that are designed to run on gasoline, E85, or blends of both. While ethanol has some advantages like reducing emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel. The document outlines the history, production, characteristics, and applications of E85 fuel. Countries like Brazil and the US are leaders in ethanol production and use E85 in vehicles.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It outlines that crude oil and petroleum products will become scarce, so alternative fuels are needed. E85 fuel is discussed, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document covers the ethanol production process and describes the benefits of higher octane rating, cooling effects, and lower emissions of alcohol fuels compared to gasoline. Both advantages like reduced emissions and disadvantages like lower energy content are summarized. The conclusion is that finding alternatives to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important as crude oil is depleted.
Ethanol is produced through the fermentation and distillation of sugar crops and starches. It is a renewable, cleaner-burning alternative to gasoline. Ethanol has a higher octane rating and oxygen content than gasoline, allowing for more efficient combustion and reduced emissions. While ethanol has a lower energy density than gasoline, requiring about one-third more to travel the same distance, it offers environmental and economic benefits by providing a domestic source of fuel and increased engine efficiency. The largest producers and consumers of ethanol are the United States and Brazil, where flexible fuel vehicles can run on blends from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol.
This document discusses CFD modelling and analysis of a dual fuel combustion engine that uses diesel and methanol blends. It provides background on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and methanol. It then discusses blended fuels and biofuels before introducing CFD modelling. The advantages of methanol blending are listed, including reduced emissions and improved combustion due to methanol's oxygen content and physical properties. Methodology, results, and conclusions are also mentioned.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel in spark ignition engines. It outlines that E85 fuel is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document also discusses the properties of ethanol including its production from crops, blending with gasoline, use as an octane booster, and ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline. It notes both advantages, such as higher octane ratings, and disadvantages, like lower energy content, of using alcohols like ethanol as a vehicle fuel.
This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about various types of alternative fuels including alcohols (ethanol and methanol), LPG, hydrogen, ammonia, CNG, vegetable oils, and biogas. It describes the general uses, properties, advantages and disadvantages of these alternative fuels. Specifically, it outlines the production, uses and key features of ethanol and methanol as motor fuels. It also discusses the general uses of LPG in applications like cooking, heating, cooling, refrigeration and crop drying.
This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about ethanol. It notes that ethanol can be produced from renewable agriculture sources through fermentation and distillation of crops. As a motor fuel, ethanol can be used in low blends with gasoline up to E85. The document outlines some advantages of ethanol such as its renewable nature but also notes potential disadvantages like impacts on food prices. It also provides properties and details on the production and use of ethanol as an alternative fuel.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
The document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in vehicles with little modification to current engines. It describes some key alternative fuels like alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils/biodiesel, and gaseous fuels like natural gas that can help reduce emissions and reliance on crude oil. Alcohols in particular can be produced from biomass and waste and are discussed in detail, with their use in gasoline and potential for diesel engines. The document also outlines important parameters to consider for alternative fuels like energy density and ease of transportation and storage.
The document discusses biorenewable liquid fuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and vegetable oils. It provides an overview of various production processes for bioethanol, including fermentation of sugars from biomass, hydration of ethylene, and production from biomass. The key biorenewable liquid fuels are bioethanol and biodiesel, which are made from plant materials and can be used as alternatives to gasoline and diesel fuel. These biorenewable fuels have environmental benefits over petroleum fuels.
Ethanol is commonly used as a biofuel and can be produced from plants containing sugar or starch, such as corn, sugarcane, or cellulosic crops. It is made through the fermentation of sugars with yeast and is the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic drinks. Ethanol provides advantages as a fuel in that it is renewable, produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline, and burns more cleanly. However, ethanol also has some disadvantages like a lower energy content than gasoline and production requiring significant land and water resources.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a review paper on performance and emission testing of a 4-stroke diesel engine using ethanol-diesel blends at different pressures. The paper reviews several previous studies that tested blends of 5-30% ethanol mixed with diesel fuel. The studies found that a 10-20% ethanol blend can improve brake thermal efficiency compared to pure diesel, while also reducing emissions like NOx and smoke. Higher ethanol blends required advancing the injection timing to allow the engine to run. Ethanol-diesel blends were found to have lower density, viscosity, pour point and higher flash point compared to pure diesel. Overall, ethanol shows potential as a renewable fuel to improve engine performance and reduce emissions when blended with diesel
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for automobiles. It outlines that ethanol can be produced from corn, rice, potatoes and other starch sources through fermentation. Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to run on blends of gasoline and ethanol up to 85%. While alcohol has advantages like higher octane rating and reduced emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel consumption. In conclusion, finding alternative fuels to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important for reducing dependence on depleting resources.
Blending of ethanol in gasoline for petrol enginesRjRam
This ppt about the blended fuel vehicles. We are going to blend one of the biofuel ethanol which renewable energy source with petrol for using on petrol engine.
Ethanol is a clean-burning, high-octane fuel produced from renewable sources like corn and sugarcane. It can be blended with gasoline up to 10% (E10) or 85% (E85) for flexible fuel vehicles. Ethanol is made through fermentation and produces a positive energy balance. While ethanol benefits energy independence and the economy by creating jobs, there are also problems like higher food prices and environmental impacts that depend on production methods.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used for automobiles instead of fossil fuels. It describes fuels such as methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it provides details on their production, use in vehicles, and environmental and performance advantages over gasoline and diesel. The conclusion emphasizes that alternative fuels generally have lower emissions and reduce dependence on petroleum. Comparing the different options economically and environmentally is important for determining the best short and long-term alternatives. Overall alternative fuels can help address issues like air, soil, and water pollution as well as global warming.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of gasoline, including ethanol, methanol, natural gas, propane, and electricity. Some key benefits mentioned are that alternative fuels can be more environmentally friendly through reduced emissions, provide energy security by reducing dependence on oil, and some are more energy efficient. The document then goes on to describe properties and considerations for various alternative fuels like ethanol, natural gas, propane, and methanol.
Automotive System : Alternative fuel Over View S. Sathishkumar
This document provides information on various alternative fuels including ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, methanol, and biodiesel. Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel produced from starch crops or cellulosic biomass. Natural gas can be used as compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas. Propane is produced as a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels, nuclear, or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Electricity can power hybrid or electric vehicles. Methanol is made from natural gas or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil, and can be blended with
The document discusses various alternative fuels including biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, and methanol. It provides details on what each fuel is made from, whether it is a liquid or gas, possible vehicle applications, and environmental benefits compared to gasoline. Biodiesel can be used in existing diesel engines. Ethanol is commonly blended with gasoline. Natural gas and propane can be used as compressed or liquefied fuels. Hydrogen and electricity show potential but have infrastructure challenges. The document also notes some open problems with measuring and taxing different alternative fuels.
USAGE OF ETHANOL BLENDED PETROL: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF REDUCTION IN ...P singh
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate what extent ethanol blends in Petrol helps in reduction of pollution levels of SI engines exhaust emissions. Ethanol blends E5, E10, E15, E20, E22 were tested and found considerable reductions in the pollutant levels of CO, CO2, HC. The results indicate better combustions in petrol engine with ethanol blends. The reductions in HC and CO were to the extent of 80% to 90% compared to pure petrol fuelled IC engine.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
This study examined the effects of various ethanol-gasoline blends on emissions from spark ignition engines. Ethanol was blended with gasoline at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by volume to create gasohol fuels. These fuels were tested on a 1000cc 4-cylinder engine using a gas analyzer and a 100cc single cylinder engine to generate PUC reports. The results showed that SOx, NOx, and HC emissions generally decreased with increasing ethanol concentration, with the exception of HC which initially decreased then increased from E20 to E25. E20 showed the optimum reduction in emissions, with SOx reduced by 48%, NOx by 20%, and HC by 81% compared to pure gasoline
The document discusses various recent trends in engines, including homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines, lean-burn engines, stratified charge engines, surface ignition engines, electronic engine management systems, common rail direct injection diesel engines, gasoline direct injection engines, and hybrid electric vehicles. It provides details on the working principles and advantages of each type.
The document discusses emission formation and control. It describes the mechanisms of formation of NOx, HC, CO, and particulate emissions from engines. Methods of controlling emissions discussed include three-way catalytic converters, particulate traps, and EGR. Measurement equipment for emissions include chemiluminescence detectors for NOx and FID for HC. Smoke and particulate are measured using light extinction and filtering methods. International and national emission standards like Euro norms and Bharat Stage norms in India are also overviewed.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel in spark ignition engines. It outlines that E85 fuel is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document also discusses the properties of ethanol including its production from crops, blending with gasoline, use as an octane booster, and ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline. It notes both advantages, such as higher octane ratings, and disadvantages, like lower energy content, of using alcohols like ethanol as a vehicle fuel.
This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about various types of alternative fuels including alcohols (ethanol and methanol), LPG, hydrogen, ammonia, CNG, vegetable oils, and biogas. It describes the general uses, properties, advantages and disadvantages of these alternative fuels. Specifically, it outlines the production, uses and key features of ethanol and methanol as motor fuels. It also discusses the general uses of LPG in applications like cooking, heating, cooling, refrigeration and crop drying.
This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about ethanol. It notes that ethanol can be produced from renewable agriculture sources through fermentation and distillation of crops. As a motor fuel, ethanol can be used in low blends with gasoline up to E85. The document outlines some advantages of ethanol such as its renewable nature but also notes potential disadvantages like impacts on food prices. It also provides properties and details on the production and use of ethanol as an alternative fuel.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
The document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in vehicles with little modification to current engines. It describes some key alternative fuels like alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils/biodiesel, and gaseous fuels like natural gas that can help reduce emissions and reliance on crude oil. Alcohols in particular can be produced from biomass and waste and are discussed in detail, with their use in gasoline and potential for diesel engines. The document also outlines important parameters to consider for alternative fuels like energy density and ease of transportation and storage.
The document discusses biorenewable liquid fuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and vegetable oils. It provides an overview of various production processes for bioethanol, including fermentation of sugars from biomass, hydration of ethylene, and production from biomass. The key biorenewable liquid fuels are bioethanol and biodiesel, which are made from plant materials and can be used as alternatives to gasoline and diesel fuel. These biorenewable fuels have environmental benefits over petroleum fuels.
Ethanol is commonly used as a biofuel and can be produced from plants containing sugar or starch, such as corn, sugarcane, or cellulosic crops. It is made through the fermentation of sugars with yeast and is the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic drinks. Ethanol provides advantages as a fuel in that it is renewable, produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline, and burns more cleanly. However, ethanol also has some disadvantages like a lower energy content than gasoline and production requiring significant land and water resources.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a review paper on performance and emission testing of a 4-stroke diesel engine using ethanol-diesel blends at different pressures. The paper reviews several previous studies that tested blends of 5-30% ethanol mixed with diesel fuel. The studies found that a 10-20% ethanol blend can improve brake thermal efficiency compared to pure diesel, while also reducing emissions like NOx and smoke. Higher ethanol blends required advancing the injection timing to allow the engine to run. Ethanol-diesel blends were found to have lower density, viscosity, pour point and higher flash point compared to pure diesel. Overall, ethanol shows potential as a renewable fuel to improve engine performance and reduce emissions when blended with diesel
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for automobiles. It outlines that ethanol can be produced from corn, rice, potatoes and other starch sources through fermentation. Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to run on blends of gasoline and ethanol up to 85%. While alcohol has advantages like higher octane rating and reduced emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel consumption. In conclusion, finding alternative fuels to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important for reducing dependence on depleting resources.
Blending of ethanol in gasoline for petrol enginesRjRam
This ppt about the blended fuel vehicles. We are going to blend one of the biofuel ethanol which renewable energy source with petrol for using on petrol engine.
Ethanol is a clean-burning, high-octane fuel produced from renewable sources like corn and sugarcane. It can be blended with gasoline up to 10% (E10) or 85% (E85) for flexible fuel vehicles. Ethanol is made through fermentation and produces a positive energy balance. While ethanol benefits energy independence and the economy by creating jobs, there are also problems like higher food prices and environmental impacts that depend on production methods.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used for automobiles instead of fossil fuels. It describes fuels such as methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it provides details on their production, use in vehicles, and environmental and performance advantages over gasoline and diesel. The conclusion emphasizes that alternative fuels generally have lower emissions and reduce dependence on petroleum. Comparing the different options economically and environmentally is important for determining the best short and long-term alternatives. Overall alternative fuels can help address issues like air, soil, and water pollution as well as global warming.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of gasoline, including ethanol, methanol, natural gas, propane, and electricity. Some key benefits mentioned are that alternative fuels can be more environmentally friendly through reduced emissions, provide energy security by reducing dependence on oil, and some are more energy efficient. The document then goes on to describe properties and considerations for various alternative fuels like ethanol, natural gas, propane, and methanol.
Automotive System : Alternative fuel Over View S. Sathishkumar
This document provides information on various alternative fuels including ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, methanol, and biodiesel. Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel produced from starch crops or cellulosic biomass. Natural gas can be used as compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas. Propane is produced as a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels, nuclear, or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Electricity can power hybrid or electric vehicles. Methanol is made from natural gas or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil, and can be blended with
The document discusses various alternative fuels including biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, and methanol. It provides details on what each fuel is made from, whether it is a liquid or gas, possible vehicle applications, and environmental benefits compared to gasoline. Biodiesel can be used in existing diesel engines. Ethanol is commonly blended with gasoline. Natural gas and propane can be used as compressed or liquefied fuels. Hydrogen and electricity show potential but have infrastructure challenges. The document also notes some open problems with measuring and taxing different alternative fuels.
USAGE OF ETHANOL BLENDED PETROL: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF REDUCTION IN ...P singh
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate what extent ethanol blends in Petrol helps in reduction of pollution levels of SI engines exhaust emissions. Ethanol blends E5, E10, E15, E20, E22 were tested and found considerable reductions in the pollutant levels of CO, CO2, HC. The results indicate better combustions in petrol engine with ethanol blends. The reductions in HC and CO were to the extent of 80% to 90% compared to pure petrol fuelled IC engine.
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
This study examined the effects of various ethanol-gasoline blends on emissions from spark ignition engines. Ethanol was blended with gasoline at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by volume to create gasohol fuels. These fuels were tested on a 1000cc 4-cylinder engine using a gas analyzer and a 100cc single cylinder engine to generate PUC reports. The results showed that SOx, NOx, and HC emissions generally decreased with increasing ethanol concentration, with the exception of HC which initially decreased then increased from E20 to E25. E20 showed the optimum reduction in emissions, with SOx reduced by 48%, NOx by 20%, and HC by 81% compared to pure gasoline
The document discusses various recent trends in engines, including homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines, lean-burn engines, stratified charge engines, surface ignition engines, electronic engine management systems, common rail direct injection diesel engines, gasoline direct injection engines, and hybrid electric vehicles. It provides details on the working principles and advantages of each type.
The document discusses emission formation and control. It describes the mechanisms of formation of NOx, HC, CO, and particulate emissions from engines. Methods of controlling emissions discussed include three-way catalytic converters, particulate traps, and EGR. Measurement equipment for emissions include chemiluminescence detectors for NOx and FID for HC. Smoke and particulate are measured using light extinction and filtering methods. International and national emission standards like Euro norms and Bharat Stage norms in India are also overviewed.
This document discusses combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines. It describes how in a CI engine, only air is compressed, raising its temperature and pressure. Fuel is then injected and combusts due to the high temperature and pressure. Combustion occurs in four stages: ignition delay period, rapid combustion, controlled combustion, and afterburning. Factors like injection timing and fuel quality can affect the ignition delay period. The document also discusses different types of combustion chambers and spray formation in CI engines.
This document outlines the topics covered in 5 units of a course on advanced internal combustion engines. Unit I covers spark ignition engines, including air-fuel ratio requirements, stages of combustion, factors affecting knock, and fuel injection systems. Unit II discusses compression ignition engines and combustion analysis. Unit III addresses emission formation and control. Unit IV covers alternate fuels for engines. Unit V presents recent trends, including new engine types and technologies.
This document discusses recent trends in non-traditional machining processes. It describes hybrid processes that combine advantages of two non-traditional processes to improve performance. Electrochemical spark machining (ECSM) is discussed as a hybrid of electrochemical and electric discharge machining that can machine both conductive and non-conductive materials. Electrical discharge diamond grinding (EDDG) and ultrasonic micromachining are also summarized, outlining their working principles, key parameters, advantages, and applications in precision machining. The document provides an overview of recent developments in hybrid and other non-traditional machining techniques.
This document discusses various advanced nano finishing processes. It describes abrasive flow machining, where a semisolid abrasive media acts as a deformable grading wheel to remove small amounts of material. It also covers chemo-mechanical polishing, which uses chemical reactions to soften materials for mechanical polishing. Magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing are also introduced, along with their working principles and applications in finishing complex parts.
This document provides information on chemical and electro-chemical machining processes. It discusses chemical machining which removes metal through controlled etching using a chemical solution. Electro-chemical machining (ECM) removes metal through anodic dissolution when a workpiece is made the anode in an electrolytic cell. Electro-chemical grinding (ECG) and honing (ECH) combine electrochemical effects with conventional grinding/honing, removing mostly by chemical action and some by mechanical action. Process parameters like current density, electrolyte composition and feed rate affect the material removal rate and surface finish. ECM, ECG and ECH allow burr-free machining of difficult-to-cut materials.
This document discusses various thermal and electrical energy-based machining processes. It provides details on electric discharge machining (EDM) and wire cut EDM, including their working principles, process parameters, applications and advantages/disadvantages. It also describes laser beam machining and plasma arc machining, their working principles, types of lasers/plasmas used, and applications in metal cutting, drilling and surface treatment.
This document provides information on unconventional machining processes including mechanical energy based processes. It discusses abrasive jet machining where compressed air carries abrasive particles to impact and machine hard materials. Water jet machining uses high pressure water to cut. Abrasive water jet machining adds abrasives to the water jet. Ultrasonic machining uses high frequency vibrations and an abrasive slurry to machine hard brittle materials. Key parameters that affect the material removal rate in these processes are discussed such as abrasive grain size, gas/water pressure, and velocity. Advantages include ability to machine hard materials without heat, while disadvantages include low material removal rates and accuracy issues.
The document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometry and coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). It describes the principles and components of laser interferometry, including laser sources, optical elements, and measurement receivers. Coordinate measuring machines are discussed, including their construction, types of probes, accuracy considerations, and applications for precision inspection. Computer-aided inspection using machine vision systems is also summarized, outlining the key stages of image generation, processing, and analysis.
This document discusses measurement of mechanical parameters including torque, temperature, and force. It describes various methods for measuring torque using a Prony brake arrangement and dynamometers. Temperature measurement techniques covered include bimetallic strips, thermocouples, thermometers, pyrometers, and resistance temperature detectors. Methods for measuring force include load cells, strain gauges, and capacitive load cells.
1. The document discusses various methods for measuring different elements of screw threads and gears, including major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter, pitch, flank angle, and roundness.
2. Thread measurement methods include using micrometers, V-blocks, taper parallels, and rollers. Pitch can be measured using a pitch gauge, toolmaker's microscope, or pitch measuring machine.
3. Effective diameter is typically measured using one, two, or three wire methods. Flank angle and thread form are evaluated using optical projection or thread plug/ring/caliper gauges.
1. The document discusses the syllabus for the course 20ME601 - Metrology and Measurements.
2. The syllabus is divided into 5 units which cover topics like basics of metrology, linear and angular measurements, form measurement, measurement of mechanical parameters, and advances in metrology.
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2. TOPICS
Need for alternate fuels – alcohols, vegetable
oils, bio-diesel, bio-gas, natural gas, liquefied
petroleum gas and hydrogen – manufacturing,
storage and safety properties – engine
modifications and emissions – performance,
combustion and emission characteristics of SI
and CI engines.
3. NEED FOR ALTERNATE FUELS
Conventional fuels are going to run out
One day, our sources for traditional fuels including petroleum
would be depleted. Owing to the fact that these fuels are typically
not renewable
To reduce pollution
The use of alternative fuels considerably decreases harmful
exhaust emissions (such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
particulate matter and sulfur dioxide) as well as ozone-producing
emissions.
To protect against global warming
According to a commonly accepted scientific theory, burning fossil
fuels was causing temperatures to rise in the earth’s atmosphere
(global warming).
4. NEED FOR ALTERNATE FUELS
To save money
Alternative fuels can be less expensive to use not just in terms of
the fuel itself but also in terms of a longer service life. This in turn
means savings for the long term.
Can reuse waste
Biofuels, bio products, and bio power provide modern and fresh
relevance to the old belief that trash for one person is a treasure for
another. That’s good news considering that Americans produce in
excess of 236 million tons of waste each year.
More choices
People are different. Each person has his own requirements,
opinions, and preferences.
One great thing about alternative fuels and the corresponding
vehicles that run on them is that there is something to suit any
lifestyle.
5. NEED FOR ALTERNATE FUELS
You’ll be helping the farmers
The use of biofuels that depend on crops produced and processed
locally help to support farmers for their dedicated and hard labor.
Biodiesel and ethanol cooperatives are a result of the great
outmoded farmer cooperatives that assist with returning power to
the hands of the people.
Can frequently be produced domestically
Often, alternative fuels can be developed domestically, utilizing a
country’s resources and thereby strengthening the economy.
6. NEED FOR ALTERNATE FUELS
Fuel economy
Vehicles driven on hydrogen fuel cells and diesel are more
economical with respect to fuel compared to an equivalent gasoline
vehicle.
Meeting Current Global Energy Demand;
Alternative fuels are receiving attention because of the following
reasons:
Alternative fuels are mostly produced from domestic resources that
reduce the energy dependence. Use of locally available resources for
fuel purposes can reduce crude oil import bill.
Most of the alternative fuels, for example, alcohols, biodiesel can be
produced from biomass resources and agricultural wastes and
electricity for battery operated vehicles can be produced from solar
and fuel cells.
7. Parameters are to be considered while deciding the alternative fuel
The fuel should have high volumetric and mass energy density.
Ease of transportation from production site to delivery points.
Long-storage life of fuel, minimum handling, and distribution
problems.
Environmental compatibility: While using alternative fuel, the engine
performance is expected to improve significantly with regard to
regulated emissions and unregulated emissions.
Manufacturer’s warranty: The alternative fuel must guarantee the
lifetime of the equipment; its reliability and operational capability are
not modified.
Investment cost: Additional investment on an existing engine must be
small to ensure that the operation is competitive with petroleum fuel.
8. ALCOHOLS
Alcohol is an attractive alternative fuel because it can be obtained
from a number of sources, both natural and manufactured. There are
two kinds of alcohol. They are:
Methanol (or) Methyl alcohol (CH3OH)
Ethanol (or) Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH)
9. METHANOL AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL
• Methanol is one of the most promising substitute for petroleum
fuels. It can be produced from a wide range of available raw materials
like coal, lignite and municipal solid wastes.
• Pure methanol and mixtures of methanol and gasoline (petrol) in
various percentages have been extensively tested in several engines
and vehicles.
• The most common mixtures are M85 (85% Methanol and 15%
gasoline) andM10 (10% methanol and 90% gasoline).
10. METHANOL AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Production of Methanol from Lignite or Coal
A schematic diagram for producing methanol from lignite or coal is
shown infigure 4.1
Pulvarized coal is fed into gasifier where oxygen is supplied and
combustiontakes place.
Synthesis gas which consists of CO and H2 is produced due to
combustion ofcoal.
All H2S and most of the CO2 are removed by passing amine solution.
The carbon monoxide (CO) reacts with hydrogen and produces
methanol.
• CO + 2 H2 → CH3OH
The raw methanol is then purified to remove water.
13. METHANOL AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Performance of Methanol
Figure shows the performance of petrol, diesel and methanol
engines. It shows that pure methanol engine has about 20%
greater output compared to that of the standard petrol engine.
This is due to the higher compression ratio and more efficient
thermodynamic process of methanol engines.
15. ETHANOL AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Ethanol has been used as alternative fuel for many years in various
regions of the world. Brazil is probably the leading user, wherein the
early 1990s, 5 million vehicles operated on fuels that were 95%
ethanol. For a number of years gasohol (Mixture of 90% gasoline and
10% ethanol) has been available at service stations in the United
States. The most common mixtures are E85 (85% ethanol and 15%
gasoline)and E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline
16. ETHANOL AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Production of Ethanol
Ethanol can be produced from sugar or grain. In contrast with
methanol production, the process does not require extreme
temperature and pressure. Hence very small unit is needed to
produce ethanol. Production of Ethanol from grains
17. Production of Ethanol from sugarcane
A schematic diagram of producing ethanol is shown in figure 4.10
Production of ethanol from sugarcane requires simple processes since
the fermentable sugar is obtained directly from the sugarcane.
The sugarcane is first cut and ground, and the cane juice is extracted.
This sugarcane juice is then fermented with yeast to produce raw
ethanol.
Ethanol is produced by fermentation of carbohydrates by the Gay
Lussac relation.
ETHANOL AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL
19. ETHANOL AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Performance of Ethanol
Figure 4.11 shows the performance of petrol and ethanol engines
which is based on mean effective pressure. It is observed that the
mean effective pressure of ethanol is greater than petrol.
20. COMPARISON ON PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS
(METHANOL AND ETHANOL) AND GASOLINE
(PETROL)
Air Fuel Ratio:
The alcohol molecule contains fixed oxygen. So, the quantity of air
required for combustion of the alcohol is considerably lower than that
required for petrol.
Calorific Value:
Because of the fixed oxygen, the calorific value of alcohol is lower than
that of petrol. To produce equal amount of energy more than double the
weight of methanol is needed when compared to petrol and 65% greater
weight of ethanol is required when compared to petrol.
21.
22. COMPARISON OF ETHANOL AND METHANOL
• It can be seen from the property tables that most of the properties
of ethanol and methanol resembles with each other with hardly change
of 10%.
• Ethanol is superior to methanol since it has wide ignition limit,
higher calorific value, and high cetane number compared with
methanol. So, ethanol is widely used as S.I engine fuel in many
countries.
23. ALCOHOL IN C.I. ENGINES (DIESEL ENGINES)
C.I. engines can use alcohol fuel with minimum modifications to
their fuel delivery systems. But alcohols are unsuitable for diesel
engines for the following reasons.
The cetane number of alcohol fuel is very low, which prevents their
ignition bycompression.
Alcohol fuels having low lubricating qualities, which cause trouble
in injectionpumps and nozzles.
Alcohol is much corrosive.
24. ALCOHOL-GASOLINE FUEL BLENDS
Alcohols cannot be used directly as fuels in automobile engines
except methanol in racing cars. But it can be used as blend with
gasoline. Some common alcohol - gasoline fuel blends are:
E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline)
E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline)
M85 (85% methanol and 15% gasoline)
M10 (10% methanol and 90% gasoline)
25. ADVANTAGES OF ALCOHOL (METHANOL AND
ETHANOL)
Higher thermal efficiency.
Higher volumetric efficiency.
Good internal cooling.
The alcohols can also be blended with gasoline (petrol) to form the
gasol (80%petrol and 20% alcohol) and it is widely used in USA.
Sulphur content in the fuel is low.
Less overall emission when compared with gasoline.
26. DISADVANTAGES OF ALCOHOL
Alcohol is much corrosive than gasoline (petrol). So, special metals
should beused for the engine part to avoid corrosion.
Poor cold weather starting characteristics due to low vapour pressure
andevaporation.
Ignition characteristics are poor.
Since alcohols have invisible flames, it is dangerous to handle
Vapour lock in fuel delivery systems.
Energy content of the alcohol is low. So, almost twice the amount
of alcoholcompared to gasoline is required to give the same energy.
27. VEGETABLE OILS AS DIESEL FUELS
Vegetable oils have two broad classifications:
Edible oils (sunflower, soy bean, palm oil, etc.)
Non-edible oils (jatropha, karanji, rubber seed oil, etc.).
Edible type oils are mainly used for food purposes whereas
nonedible oils are used for food purposes.
28. Pyrolysis
.✓ Pyrolysis is a promising method for the production of
environmentally friendly liquid fuels. It is the chemical reaction
caused by the application of thermal energy in the absence of air.
Vegetable oils and animal fats can be pyrolyzed.
✓ Pyrolysis process takes place at higher temperatures of about 250–
400ºC and at higher heating rates. Heating of vegetable oils breaks the
bigger molecules into smaller molecules and a wide range of HC are
formed.
29. .✓ The pyrolyzed products can be divided into gaseous, liquid fractions
consisting of paraffins, olefins and naphthenes, and solid residue.
✓ The pyrolyzed vegetable oils contain acceptable amounts of sulfur,
water, and sediment and give acceptable copper corrosion values but
unacceptable ash, carbon residue, and pour point.
✓ The pyrolyzed vegetable oils contain acceptable amounts of sulfur,
water, and sediment and give acceptable copper corrosion values but
unacceptable ash, carbon residue, and pour point.
31. Advantages of Vegetable Oils
Vegetable oils can be used as substitute fuel for diesel engine
application.
Use of vegetable oil for fuel purposes reduces the import of costly
petroleum andimproves the economy of agricultural countries.
They are biodegradable and nontoxic.
Vegetable oils are of low aromatics and low sulfur content and hence
reduce theparticulate matter emissions.
They have a reasonable cetane number and hence possesses less
knockingtendency.
32. Disadvantages of using vegetable oil as C.I. Engine
fuel
1. The high viscosity of vegetable oils leads to pumping and
atomization problemsin the normal diesel fuel injection systems.
2. High carbon residue causes heavy smoke emission and carbon
deposition on the injection nozzle tips and in the combustion
chamber.
3. There are also problems of incompatibility with engine lubricants.
4. The poor volatility makes the vegetable oil difficult to vaporize and
ignite. This leads to thermal cracking resulting in the heavy smoke
emission and carbon deposits in the combustion chamber. This
33. BIO-DIESEL
• This is an alternative to standard diesel fuel. This is made from
biological sources instead of petroleum. It is made from plant oils or
animal food. Pure bio-diesel is referred by B100 standard diesel is
usually mixed with biodiesel. 80% of standard diesel is mixed with
20% of bio-diesel. This blended bio-diesel is referred by B20.
• National Bio-diesel Board, the technical definition of bio- diesel is
"a fuel comprised at mono-alkyl esters of long chain, fatty acids
derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and
meeting the requirements of ASTMD6751".
34.
35. Biodiesel Production
Vegetable oil reacts with alcohol (typically methanol or ethanol) in the
presence of catalyst produced biodiesel. Biodiesel production process
consists of three steps; namely,
Conversion of triglycerides (TG) to diglycerides and one
ester molecule
Followed by the conversion of diglycerides (DG) into
monoglycerides (MG) and one ester molecule
Monoglycerides into glycerol and one ester molecule
catalyst
36. Advantages
It also safer and non-toxic.
It has higher flag point than conventional diesel oil.
It can be easily stored and transported.
It can be also used as engine lubrication assistant.
It increases the engine life due to less deposit.
It has lesser emissions. The below table gives average emission of
biodiesel andcomposed diesel fuel.
37. Disadvantages
NOx emissions will form smoke.
Although bio-diesel being solvent helps in better lubrication, yet the
loosening deposits from the conventional diesel engine compound
may clog the fuel filter. So, filters should be changed often.
Cost of the biodiesel is more than the conventional diesel oil.
Less availability.
Bio-diesel breaks down rubber components.
It does not suits all type of engines. In some engines, the reduction in
power occurred at 10%.
1.1 litres of bio-diesel oil would be equivalent to 1 litre of
conventional diesel oil.
38. NATURAL GAS
• Natural gas, like petroleum comes from underground reserves. It
consists, mainly about 95 percent of methane (CH4). The remaining 5
percent comprises of butane, propane, ethane with small amount of
water vapour. Simple chemical structure of methane makes possible for
complete combustion, releasing lesser emissions.
Two types of natural gas is used as alternative fuel. They are:
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
39. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Natural gas is compressed and stored in high-pressure cylinders. This
is done for ease transportation storage and automation. Hence it is
called compressed natural gas.
It requires no additives and its production does not need complicated
refining processes.
It has very low emissions.
40. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
• LNG means natural gas in liquid form. It is made by refrigerating
natural gas to minus 161°C. It is a clear, colourless, odourless liquid.
During the liquefaction process, natural gas is cooled below its boiling
point removing most of the water vapour, butane, propane, etc., so that
LNG is more than 98 percent of methane (CH4).
• LNG is much more dense than CNG, which means more energy
per unit volume. The implication is the higher vehicle range for the
same size of fuel cylinder.
41. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), a mixture of propane (C3H8) and
butane (C4H10)gas, is a popular fuel for internal combustion engines.
It is a nonrenewable fossil fuel that is prepared in a liquid state
under certain conditions.
This popularity comes from many features of the fuel such as its
high octane number for spark ignited engines, comparable to gasoline
heating value that ensures similar power output.
42. HYDROGEN FUELS
• Hydrogen fuel can be produced from water, a
potentially available raw material. Hydrogen is best
suited for I.C engines since physical delay is almost
zero. So number of automobile manufacturers have
built with prototype or modified engines which
operate on hydrogen fuel.
Properties of Hydrogen Fuel
It has low emission property.
Hydrogen density is low, both when it act as a liquid as well
as gas.
Calorific value is high.
43. Hydrogen Engines
Hydrogen is a highly reactive fuel which is required to handle in a
great manner. Flash back arresters have to be provided between the
engine and the storage tank to prevent flash back from going to tank.
Energy density of hydrogen in liquid state is one fourth that of
gasoline. As a gas it has less than one tenth of the density of air. This
makes the storage of hydrogen easier. It can be stored easily in a
cryogenic container when it is in liquid form.
46. Advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel
High energy content per volume when stored as a liquid. This
increases thevehicle range for a given fuel tank capacity.
No toxic gas is produced after the reaction.
Availability of the hydrogen fuel is more.
It does not pollute the environment.
Low emission due to less carbon content in the fuel.
47. Disadvantages of using hydrogen as a
fuel
• Low volumetric efficiency.
• Fuel cost is high.
• No possibility of refuel.
• Size of the system is large due to heavy and bulky storage tank.
• Storing as a gas makes the system as more tedious one.
• High NOx emission is due to high flame temperature.
50. PERFORMANCE, COMBUSTION AND
EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF SI AND
CI ENGINES USING THE ALTERNATE
FUELS
• Here we are going to compare the gasoline with the
hydrogen fuel.
Comparison of Performance Characteristics
• In analysing the performance characteristics of the
gasoline and hydrogen fuel, we can take the brake
thermal efficiency factor. The brake thermal
efficiency of the hydrogen fuel is more when
compared with gasoline fuel.