The document discusses research on hydrogen enriched natural gas (HCNG) internal combustion engines. It provides background on using HCNG as a fuel, including that adding hydrogen to natural gas can increase combustion speed and efficiency while reducing emissions. It then outlines Tsinghua University's research activities on HCNG engines, including testing systems, control strategies, and matching engines with oxidation catalysts to reduce emissions.
The document discusses strategies for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions in vehicle engines. It identifies three strategic pathways: 1) incremental improvement of internal combustion engines through optimization for alternative fuels and hybridization. 2) Significant adoption of alternative fuels like biofuels and CNG. 3) Progressive introduction of electrification through hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Technology advances like downsizing, turbocharging, advanced aftertreatment, and hybridization can provide synergistic benefits for ultra-low CO2 emissions.
This study evaluated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of waste plastic oil and diesel. Two fuels were tested: D100 (100% diesel) and D90WPF10 (90% diesel and 10% waste plastic oil). The waste plastic oil was found to have properties similar to diesel. When tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine, the D90WPF10 blend showed slightly higher thermal efficiency and lower emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides compared to pure diesel. The results indicate that a 10% blend of waste plastic oil is a promising alternative fuel for diesel engines.
PLG Consulting is a boutique consulting firm that specializes in energy, bulk commodities, and manufacturing industries. Shale oil and gas development has significantly impacted these industries through lower energy and feedstock costs in the United States. Cheap natural gas from shale plays has made US electricity costs much more competitive for manufacturers compared to other countries. Additionally, plentiful natural gas liquids like ethane provide a low-cost feedstock advantage for petrochemical and plastics producers in the US. These cost advantages are driving reshoring of manufacturing back to the United States from overseas.
The document discusses compressed natural gas (CNG), including what it is, where it comes from, how it differs from liquefied natural gas, its safety and uses. It provides details on the CNG market in the US, including major consumers of natural gas, vehicle usage, growth rates and number of fueling stations. It also outlines federal incentives for CNG adoption and typical components of CNG fueling stations. Major producers, vehicle manufacturers, and valve companies involved in CNG are listed.
1) The document discusses the role of technology in carbon capture and storage (CCS), noting that CCS could help reduce global CO2 emissions by 50-80% by 2050 according to climate targets.
2) It provides an overview of Schlumberger's CCS capabilities and experience, including site characterization, modeling, monitoring, and participation in industry projects and research consortiums.
3) The Sleipner project in Norway is presented as a large-scale example of CO2 sequestration in a saline aquifer that has been injecting CO2 since 1996.
The document discusses XFT, a fuel additive that improves fuel efficiency and engine performance. XFT was discovered in 1951 and its chemistry was recognized with the 1973 Nobel Prize. It works by modifying fuel droplets to burn more completely in the engine. Tests show XFT can increase fuel efficiency by 15-25% and reduce emissions. It also extends engine life by reducing wear. Examples are given showing the potential savings on fuel costs from using XFT in cars, trucks, and buses.
This document discusses the development of the new API CJ-4 oil category, which was created to be compatible with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) used in 2007 and later diesel engines in the US. The API CJ-4 category includes 5 new engine tests and 1 new gasoline test to evaluate oil performance with DPFs and EGR systems. It places limits on the oil's sulfated ash (1%), phosphorus (0.12%), sulfur (0.4%), and volatility (13%) to limit deposits in DPFs. The tests were selected to evaluate issues like oil consumption, deposits, wear, and soot control with low-sulfur fuel and reduced phosphorus levels required for DPF and catalyst
The document summarizes an industry-standard fuel economy test between two nearly identical diesel trucks using conventional versus AMSOIL synthetic lubricants. The test found that the truck using synthetic lubricants saw a 6.54% increase in fuel economy compared to the truck using conventional lubricants. Specifically, the truck using synthetic lubricants consumed 18,779 gallons of fuel annually at 6.39 mpg versus 20,000 gallons at 6 mpg for the conventional lubricants truck. This represents an annual fuel cost savings of $4,579 per truck when switching to AMSOIL synthetic lubricants.
The document discusses strategies for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions in vehicle engines. It identifies three strategic pathways: 1) incremental improvement of internal combustion engines through optimization for alternative fuels and hybridization. 2) Significant adoption of alternative fuels like biofuels and CNG. 3) Progressive introduction of electrification through hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Technology advances like downsizing, turbocharging, advanced aftertreatment, and hybridization can provide synergistic benefits for ultra-low CO2 emissions.
This study evaluated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of waste plastic oil and diesel. Two fuels were tested: D100 (100% diesel) and D90WPF10 (90% diesel and 10% waste plastic oil). The waste plastic oil was found to have properties similar to diesel. When tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine, the D90WPF10 blend showed slightly higher thermal efficiency and lower emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides compared to pure diesel. The results indicate that a 10% blend of waste plastic oil is a promising alternative fuel for diesel engines.
PLG Consulting is a boutique consulting firm that specializes in energy, bulk commodities, and manufacturing industries. Shale oil and gas development has significantly impacted these industries through lower energy and feedstock costs in the United States. Cheap natural gas from shale plays has made US electricity costs much more competitive for manufacturers compared to other countries. Additionally, plentiful natural gas liquids like ethane provide a low-cost feedstock advantage for petrochemical and plastics producers in the US. These cost advantages are driving reshoring of manufacturing back to the United States from overseas.
The document discusses compressed natural gas (CNG), including what it is, where it comes from, how it differs from liquefied natural gas, its safety and uses. It provides details on the CNG market in the US, including major consumers of natural gas, vehicle usage, growth rates and number of fueling stations. It also outlines federal incentives for CNG adoption and typical components of CNG fueling stations. Major producers, vehicle manufacturers, and valve companies involved in CNG are listed.
1) The document discusses the role of technology in carbon capture and storage (CCS), noting that CCS could help reduce global CO2 emissions by 50-80% by 2050 according to climate targets.
2) It provides an overview of Schlumberger's CCS capabilities and experience, including site characterization, modeling, monitoring, and participation in industry projects and research consortiums.
3) The Sleipner project in Norway is presented as a large-scale example of CO2 sequestration in a saline aquifer that has been injecting CO2 since 1996.
The document discusses XFT, a fuel additive that improves fuel efficiency and engine performance. XFT was discovered in 1951 and its chemistry was recognized with the 1973 Nobel Prize. It works by modifying fuel droplets to burn more completely in the engine. Tests show XFT can increase fuel efficiency by 15-25% and reduce emissions. It also extends engine life by reducing wear. Examples are given showing the potential savings on fuel costs from using XFT in cars, trucks, and buses.
This document discusses the development of the new API CJ-4 oil category, which was created to be compatible with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) used in 2007 and later diesel engines in the US. The API CJ-4 category includes 5 new engine tests and 1 new gasoline test to evaluate oil performance with DPFs and EGR systems. It places limits on the oil's sulfated ash (1%), phosphorus (0.12%), sulfur (0.4%), and volatility (13%) to limit deposits in DPFs. The tests were selected to evaluate issues like oil consumption, deposits, wear, and soot control with low-sulfur fuel and reduced phosphorus levels required for DPF and catalyst
The document summarizes an industry-standard fuel economy test between two nearly identical diesel trucks using conventional versus AMSOIL synthetic lubricants. The test found that the truck using synthetic lubricants saw a 6.54% increase in fuel economy compared to the truck using conventional lubricants. Specifically, the truck using synthetic lubricants consumed 18,779 gallons of fuel annually at 6.39 mpg versus 20,000 gallons at 6 mpg for the conventional lubricants truck. This represents an annual fuel cost savings of $4,579 per truck when switching to AMSOIL synthetic lubricants.
Implications Of ULSD Or Low Sulphur RegimeM Hussam Adeni
The document discusses the implications of removing sulphur from diesel and gasoline fuels under the Euro IV fuel regime. Sulphur is removed through hydro-treatment at refineries to reduce emissions, but this removal also eliminates natural lubricity compounds and conductivity properties. As a result, lubricity and static dissipater additives are now required to be dosed. The removal of sulphur also promotes microbial growth, requiring biocides to be added. After-treatment additives are now necessary to provide functions like cleaning, lubrication, and conductivity that were previously inherent in fuels.
The document discusses aluminum's potential role in meeting new fuel economy standards for heavy trucks. It summarizes a 2010 study that found switching to aluminum could significantly reduce vehicle weight, increasing payload and fuel economy. Specifically, the study found replacing materials with aluminum across tractor and trailer components could reduce mass by 11.2% or 3,300 lbs. This extra payload capacity could mean 6.5% fewer trips needed to carry the same amount of freight. The EPA and NHTSA have recognized aluminum as having the greatest potential of all materials to boost fuel efficiency through mass reduction in trucks.
This document discusses the use of aluminum in meeting new fuel economy standards for heavy trucks. It summarizes a 2010 industry study that found switching to aluminum components could reduce tractor weight by up to 9.4% and trailer weight by up to 13.3%, increasing payload and improving fuel economy. The EPA and NHTSA have recognized aluminum's potential for mass reduction and increasing freight efficiency. Aluminum components could allow carriers to haul 6.5% more payload without exceeding weight limits, reducing trips.
This document provides an overview of the global oil industry, including:
- The upstream and downstream segments of the oil value chain.
- Economics of the US oil value chain, including margins in different segments.
- Factors that influence petrol pricing in India such as crude oil costs, taxes, and refinery margins.
- Top global oil producers and the largest oil and gas companies.
- An overview of the Indian oil scenario including production and refining capacity.
- The refinery process and products produced.
Cummins Westport Inc. (CWI) is a joint venture between Cummins Inc. and Westport Innovations Inc. that focuses on natural gas engines for commercial vehicles. CWI develops and manufactures natural gas engines that meet stringent emissions regulations while providing economic and environmental benefits over diesel engines, including lower greenhouse gas emissions, improved efficiency, and reduced reliance on oil. CWI has delivered over 28,000 natural gas engines globally. Their product line includes 5.9L and 8.3L lean burn and 8.9L stoichiometric heavy duty engines meeting Euro and EPA emissions standards.
The document discusses using blends of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel in a compression ignition (CI) engine. It finds that blending the vegetable oil with diesel in ratios of 30-50% by volume significantly reduces the viscosity of the oil. Blends with 30-40% jatropha oil perform similarly to diesel in terms of specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency. Higher blends have poorer performance due to the vegetable oil's high viscosity and low volatility. Heating the blends can further reduce viscosity and improve combustion. Blends containing up to 50% jatropha oil show potential as an alternative fuel for CI engines.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a diesel engine fueled with blends of tyre pyrolysis oil and diesel. Tyre pyrolysis oil was derived from waste automobile tires through a vacuum pyrolysis process. Tests were conducted to evaluate the performance and emissions of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine operated on blends containing 5%, 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 85% tyre pyrolysis oil mixed with diesel fuel. The best performing blends were found to be 50% and 75% tyre pyrolysis oil with diesel. The document provides background on tyre pyrolysis and the properties and production of tyre pyrolysis oil. It also summarizes other research on using alternative fuels in diesel engines.
Effect of Hydroxy Gas Addition on Performance and Emissions of Diesel EngineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effects of adding hydroxy gas to a diesel engine on performance and emissions. Some key findings include:
- Thermal efficiency increased by 9.25% and specific fuel consumption decreased by 15% with hydroxy gas addition at full load.
- Hydrocarbon emissions decreased by an average of 33% and carbon monoxide emissions decreased by an average of 23% with hydroxy gas.
- Oxides of nitrogen increased with hydroxy gas addition due to higher combustion temperatures, while smoke opacity decreased by 8% compared to baseline diesel.
Performance and Emission Characteristics on Glow Plug Hot Surface Ignition C....IJERA Editor
The concept of using alcohol fuels as alternative to diesel fuel in diesel engine is recent one. The scarcity of transportation petroleum fuels due to the fast depletion of the petroleum deposits and frequent rise in their costs in the international market have spurred many efforts to find alternatives. Alcohols were quickly recognized as prime candidates to displace or replace high octane petroleum fuels. Innovative thinking led to find varies techniques by which alcohol can be used as fuel in diesel engine. Amongst the fuel alternative proposed, the most favourest ones are methanol and ethanol. The specific tendency of alcohols to ignite easily from a hot surface makes it suitable to ignite in a diesel engine by different methods. The advantage of this property of alcohols enables to design and construct a new type of engine called surface ignition engine. Methanol and ethanol are very susceptible to surface ignition, this method is very suitable for these fuels. The hot surfaces which, can be used in surface ignition engine are electrically heated glow plug with hot surface. Hence present research work carries the experimental investigation on glow plug hot surface ignition engine, by adding different additives with methanol and ethanol as fuels, with an objective to find the best one performance, emission and compression parameters.
Senior Design - Green Diesel Final ReportEric Shockey
This document summarizes a design for a plant to produce green diesel as an additive for petroleum diesel. Key aspects of the design include:
1) Choosing soybean oil as the triglyceride feedstock and palladium on carbon as the catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation reaction in the reactor.
2) Sizing the hydrodeoxygenation reactor to produce 140 million gallons per year with specifications including a volume of 853 m3.
3) Designing flash drums, a distillation column, and a membrane separator to separate the green diesel, water, excess hydrogen, and propane byproducts.
4) Finding that the current design results in a $3.67
Performance report man & nissan engines with profileM Hussam Adeni
- Half of the world's energy is lost to friction, costing an estimated $250 billion annually in the US alone.
- Boron CLS Bond Technology can dramatically reduce friction and related costs in engines. It reduces friction by up to 80% and friction heat by 40-50%, improving fuel efficiency by up to 20%.
- Tests on buses in the Philippines found the Boron treatment reduced emissions by 60-80% and improved fuel economy by 9.4-19.9%.
This document summarizes the results of a study testing the effects of Hydrotex synthetic lubricants versus mineral oil-based lubricants on fuel economy. The study found that the Hydrotex lubricants improved fuel economy by over 5%, which more than pays for the cost of the synthetic lubrication program. It also reduced emissions. A separate study on diesel fuel additives found they improved fuel economy by 4-10% and reduced particulate matter by up to 71% and other emissions. The additives were also found to clean fuel injectors and fuel systems.
The document discusses how aluminum can help the commercial vehicle industry meet new fuel economy standards. It summarizes a study that quantified the fuel economy impact of weight reduction through increased use of aluminum in trucks. The study found that replacing materials with aluminum to reduce the weight of the tractor and trailer by 9.4% and 13.3% respectively could increase the truck's maximum payload by 6.5%, allowing 6.5% fewer trips to transport the same amount of freight. This level of weight reduction and increased payload through aluminum is outlined to help meet the new, tougher fuel economy mandates.
Tbn the right oil for the right application lubrizol-2007Sam Cheng
The document discusses total base number (TBN) in engine oils. Tighter emissions regulations are increasing performance requirements for oils. TBN is a key part of balancing oil formulations to meet specifications related to durability, emissions control, and fuel economy. The two common methods for measuring TBN - ASTM D2896 and D4739 - respond differently to different acid sources, with D4739 capturing depletion from more acid types. Field tests show TBN decreases over time with engine use, demonstrating the need to carefully manage TBN levels to prevent damage.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
PLG Stifel Nicolaus Presentation - 10/29/12PLG Consulting
This document discusses the logistics impacts of increased shale oil and gas development in North America. It notes that shale development relies on hydraulic fracturing which requires large amounts of proppants, chemicals, water and equipment to be transported to well sites. The shale boom has driven significant growth in transportation of these materials by truck, rail and pipeline. It also discusses how increased natural gas and oil production is fueling growth in petrochemical manufacturing and its supply chain in the US.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of neem methyl esters as biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. Neem oil was transesterified to produce biodiesel, which was then blended with diesel in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. The blends were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and performance and emission characteristics were analyzed at varying loads. Results showed that the B20 blend performed better than diesel with lower emissions. Higher blend ratios like B30 saw decreased performance due to higher viscosity negatively impacting combustion. Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of neem biodiesel to replace a portion of diesel fuel.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
1. The document discusses the production of biodiesel from waste cottonseed oil through transesterification and its use as a fuel in compression ignition engines. Different blends of biodiesel (B10, B20, B30) were tested in a diesel engine and their performance was compared to petrodiesel.
2. Biodiesel production parameters like reaction temperature, catalyst percentage, and alcohol percentage were optimized. Fuel properties of the biodiesel like density, viscosity, and flash point were determined and found to be close to diesel standards.
3. Engine tests showed that while biodiesel blends had slightly lower performance than petrodiesel, B10 and B20 bl
This doctoral thesis investigates the performance and emissions of an automotive diesel engine fueled with biofuels. Experiments were conducted using blends of ultra low sulfur diesel with fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) biofuels. Results showed that a specifically adjusted engine calibration could maintain engine performance while achieving substantial emissions benefits with biofuel blends, including lower smoke and NOx emissions. Further analysis of particulate matter emissions found that standard measurement techniques may underestimate emissions, especially for biofuels, and that HVO particulate matter had a higher mutagenic effect than other fuels.
The document compares various alternative fuels to gasoline across multiple properties. It provides information on the chemical structure, fuel material/feedstocks, energy content and gasoline gallon equivalents of fuels like biodiesel, propane, compressed natural gas, ethanol and hydrogen. The document also discusses factors like maintenance issues, energy security impacts and references for further information on various fuel properties.
Evaluation and comparison for fuel properties of simarouba and calophyllum bi...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes the results of a study evaluating and comparing the fuel properties of biodiesel extracted from Simarouba and Calophyllum seeds. Biodiesel was produced from each oil via transesterification. The fuel properties, including viscosity, density, flash point, fire point and calorific value, of the pure biodiesel and blends with diesel (B5, B10, B15, B20, B25) were measured and found to meet ASTM standards. Overall, the properties of the Simarouba and Calophyllum biodiesel blends were similar, with Simarouba blends having slightly higher density and calorific value compared to Calophyllum
Implications Of ULSD Or Low Sulphur RegimeM Hussam Adeni
The document discusses the implications of removing sulphur from diesel and gasoline fuels under the Euro IV fuel regime. Sulphur is removed through hydro-treatment at refineries to reduce emissions, but this removal also eliminates natural lubricity compounds and conductivity properties. As a result, lubricity and static dissipater additives are now required to be dosed. The removal of sulphur also promotes microbial growth, requiring biocides to be added. After-treatment additives are now necessary to provide functions like cleaning, lubrication, and conductivity that were previously inherent in fuels.
The document discusses aluminum's potential role in meeting new fuel economy standards for heavy trucks. It summarizes a 2010 study that found switching to aluminum could significantly reduce vehicle weight, increasing payload and fuel economy. Specifically, the study found replacing materials with aluminum across tractor and trailer components could reduce mass by 11.2% or 3,300 lbs. This extra payload capacity could mean 6.5% fewer trips needed to carry the same amount of freight. The EPA and NHTSA have recognized aluminum as having the greatest potential of all materials to boost fuel efficiency through mass reduction in trucks.
This document discusses the use of aluminum in meeting new fuel economy standards for heavy trucks. It summarizes a 2010 industry study that found switching to aluminum components could reduce tractor weight by up to 9.4% and trailer weight by up to 13.3%, increasing payload and improving fuel economy. The EPA and NHTSA have recognized aluminum's potential for mass reduction and increasing freight efficiency. Aluminum components could allow carriers to haul 6.5% more payload without exceeding weight limits, reducing trips.
This document provides an overview of the global oil industry, including:
- The upstream and downstream segments of the oil value chain.
- Economics of the US oil value chain, including margins in different segments.
- Factors that influence petrol pricing in India such as crude oil costs, taxes, and refinery margins.
- Top global oil producers and the largest oil and gas companies.
- An overview of the Indian oil scenario including production and refining capacity.
- The refinery process and products produced.
Cummins Westport Inc. (CWI) is a joint venture between Cummins Inc. and Westport Innovations Inc. that focuses on natural gas engines for commercial vehicles. CWI develops and manufactures natural gas engines that meet stringent emissions regulations while providing economic and environmental benefits over diesel engines, including lower greenhouse gas emissions, improved efficiency, and reduced reliance on oil. CWI has delivered over 28,000 natural gas engines globally. Their product line includes 5.9L and 8.3L lean burn and 8.9L stoichiometric heavy duty engines meeting Euro and EPA emissions standards.
The document discusses using blends of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel in a compression ignition (CI) engine. It finds that blending the vegetable oil with diesel in ratios of 30-50% by volume significantly reduces the viscosity of the oil. Blends with 30-40% jatropha oil perform similarly to diesel in terms of specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency. Higher blends have poorer performance due to the vegetable oil's high viscosity and low volatility. Heating the blends can further reduce viscosity and improve combustion. Blends containing up to 50% jatropha oil show potential as an alternative fuel for CI engines.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a diesel engine fueled with blends of tyre pyrolysis oil and diesel. Tyre pyrolysis oil was derived from waste automobile tires through a vacuum pyrolysis process. Tests were conducted to evaluate the performance and emissions of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine operated on blends containing 5%, 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 85% tyre pyrolysis oil mixed with diesel fuel. The best performing blends were found to be 50% and 75% tyre pyrolysis oil with diesel. The document provides background on tyre pyrolysis and the properties and production of tyre pyrolysis oil. It also summarizes other research on using alternative fuels in diesel engines.
Effect of Hydroxy Gas Addition on Performance and Emissions of Diesel EngineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effects of adding hydroxy gas to a diesel engine on performance and emissions. Some key findings include:
- Thermal efficiency increased by 9.25% and specific fuel consumption decreased by 15% with hydroxy gas addition at full load.
- Hydrocarbon emissions decreased by an average of 33% and carbon monoxide emissions decreased by an average of 23% with hydroxy gas.
- Oxides of nitrogen increased with hydroxy gas addition due to higher combustion temperatures, while smoke opacity decreased by 8% compared to baseline diesel.
Performance and Emission Characteristics on Glow Plug Hot Surface Ignition C....IJERA Editor
The concept of using alcohol fuels as alternative to diesel fuel in diesel engine is recent one. The scarcity of transportation petroleum fuels due to the fast depletion of the petroleum deposits and frequent rise in their costs in the international market have spurred many efforts to find alternatives. Alcohols were quickly recognized as prime candidates to displace or replace high octane petroleum fuels. Innovative thinking led to find varies techniques by which alcohol can be used as fuel in diesel engine. Amongst the fuel alternative proposed, the most favourest ones are methanol and ethanol. The specific tendency of alcohols to ignite easily from a hot surface makes it suitable to ignite in a diesel engine by different methods. The advantage of this property of alcohols enables to design and construct a new type of engine called surface ignition engine. Methanol and ethanol are very susceptible to surface ignition, this method is very suitable for these fuels. The hot surfaces which, can be used in surface ignition engine are electrically heated glow plug with hot surface. Hence present research work carries the experimental investigation on glow plug hot surface ignition engine, by adding different additives with methanol and ethanol as fuels, with an objective to find the best one performance, emission and compression parameters.
Senior Design - Green Diesel Final ReportEric Shockey
This document summarizes a design for a plant to produce green diesel as an additive for petroleum diesel. Key aspects of the design include:
1) Choosing soybean oil as the triglyceride feedstock and palladium on carbon as the catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation reaction in the reactor.
2) Sizing the hydrodeoxygenation reactor to produce 140 million gallons per year with specifications including a volume of 853 m3.
3) Designing flash drums, a distillation column, and a membrane separator to separate the green diesel, water, excess hydrogen, and propane byproducts.
4) Finding that the current design results in a $3.67
Performance report man & nissan engines with profileM Hussam Adeni
- Half of the world's energy is lost to friction, costing an estimated $250 billion annually in the US alone.
- Boron CLS Bond Technology can dramatically reduce friction and related costs in engines. It reduces friction by up to 80% and friction heat by 40-50%, improving fuel efficiency by up to 20%.
- Tests on buses in the Philippines found the Boron treatment reduced emissions by 60-80% and improved fuel economy by 9.4-19.9%.
This document summarizes the results of a study testing the effects of Hydrotex synthetic lubricants versus mineral oil-based lubricants on fuel economy. The study found that the Hydrotex lubricants improved fuel economy by over 5%, which more than pays for the cost of the synthetic lubrication program. It also reduced emissions. A separate study on diesel fuel additives found they improved fuel economy by 4-10% and reduced particulate matter by up to 71% and other emissions. The additives were also found to clean fuel injectors and fuel systems.
The document discusses how aluminum can help the commercial vehicle industry meet new fuel economy standards. It summarizes a study that quantified the fuel economy impact of weight reduction through increased use of aluminum in trucks. The study found that replacing materials with aluminum to reduce the weight of the tractor and trailer by 9.4% and 13.3% respectively could increase the truck's maximum payload by 6.5%, allowing 6.5% fewer trips to transport the same amount of freight. This level of weight reduction and increased payload through aluminum is outlined to help meet the new, tougher fuel economy mandates.
Tbn the right oil for the right application lubrizol-2007Sam Cheng
The document discusses total base number (TBN) in engine oils. Tighter emissions regulations are increasing performance requirements for oils. TBN is a key part of balancing oil formulations to meet specifications related to durability, emissions control, and fuel economy. The two common methods for measuring TBN - ASTM D2896 and D4739 - respond differently to different acid sources, with D4739 capturing depletion from more acid types. Field tests show TBN decreases over time with engine use, demonstrating the need to carefully manage TBN levels to prevent damage.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
PLG Stifel Nicolaus Presentation - 10/29/12PLG Consulting
This document discusses the logistics impacts of increased shale oil and gas development in North America. It notes that shale development relies on hydraulic fracturing which requires large amounts of proppants, chemicals, water and equipment to be transported to well sites. The shale boom has driven significant growth in transportation of these materials by truck, rail and pipeline. It also discusses how increased natural gas and oil production is fueling growth in petrochemical manufacturing and its supply chain in the US.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of neem methyl esters as biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. Neem oil was transesterified to produce biodiesel, which was then blended with diesel in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. The blends were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and performance and emission characteristics were analyzed at varying loads. Results showed that the B20 blend performed better than diesel with lower emissions. Higher blend ratios like B30 saw decreased performance due to higher viscosity negatively impacting combustion. Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of neem biodiesel to replace a portion of diesel fuel.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
1. The document discusses the production of biodiesel from waste cottonseed oil through transesterification and its use as a fuel in compression ignition engines. Different blends of biodiesel (B10, B20, B30) were tested in a diesel engine and their performance was compared to petrodiesel.
2. Biodiesel production parameters like reaction temperature, catalyst percentage, and alcohol percentage were optimized. Fuel properties of the biodiesel like density, viscosity, and flash point were determined and found to be close to diesel standards.
3. Engine tests showed that while biodiesel blends had slightly lower performance than petrodiesel, B10 and B20 bl
This doctoral thesis investigates the performance and emissions of an automotive diesel engine fueled with biofuels. Experiments were conducted using blends of ultra low sulfur diesel with fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) biofuels. Results showed that a specifically adjusted engine calibration could maintain engine performance while achieving substantial emissions benefits with biofuel blends, including lower smoke and NOx emissions. Further analysis of particulate matter emissions found that standard measurement techniques may underestimate emissions, especially for biofuels, and that HVO particulate matter had a higher mutagenic effect than other fuels.
The document compares various alternative fuels to gasoline across multiple properties. It provides information on the chemical structure, fuel material/feedstocks, energy content and gasoline gallon equivalents of fuels like biodiesel, propane, compressed natural gas, ethanol and hydrogen. The document also discusses factors like maintenance issues, energy security impacts and references for further information on various fuel properties.
Evaluation and comparison for fuel properties of simarouba and calophyllum bi...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes the results of a study evaluating and comparing the fuel properties of biodiesel extracted from Simarouba and Calophyllum seeds. Biodiesel was produced from each oil via transesterification. The fuel properties, including viscosity, density, flash point, fire point and calorific value, of the pure biodiesel and blends with diesel (B5, B10, B15, B20, B25) were measured and found to meet ASTM standards. Overall, the properties of the Simarouba and Calophyllum biodiesel blends were similar, with Simarouba blends having slightly higher density and calorific value compared to Calophyllum
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT FUEL FOR 110CC MAESTRO PETROL ENGINEIAEME Publication
In today’s scientific world, engineering has given us an enormous necessary device, which changes the way of lifestyle of human-beings. And it’s world known truth that one day one day there’ll be no petrol any more in future and then there will be nothing except past memories.
And we believe that smarter engineers who have great faith that soon they will find some way to tackle this problem.
Fuel cells come in different types that operate at different temperatures and have varying efficiencies, stack sizes, and applications. The document provides a table that summarizes the key properties of five major fuel cell types: polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), alkaline (AFC), phosphoric acid (PAFC), molten carbonate (MCFC), and solid oxide (SOFC). For each type it lists the electrolyte, operating temperature range, typical stack size, efficiency, example applications, as well as advantages and disadvantages.
The document outlines an investigation to determine the best fuel by weighing fuel containers before and after burning fuels for 2 minutes and measuring the temperature change. Results are not shown but students are asked to explain which fuel was best based on their findings and other considerations. A multiple choice quiz then tests understanding of key terms like methane, coal, sulphur dioxide, and carbon dioxide.
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This document summarizes the development of a hydrogen fuelled small internal combustion engine test rig and evaluation of its performance and emissions. Key aspects include:
- Modifications made to a small SI engine to enable hydrogen fuel injection via an electronic fuel injection system using a solenoid injector and engine control unit.
- Design and construction of the test rig, including safety systems like a flame trap and controls.
- Methodology to evaluate and compare the engine's performance and emissions on hydrogen versus its original kerosene/gasoline fuel.
- Measurement methods used including exhaust emission analysis, fuel flow measurement, and engine rpm.
An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WT...Working as a Lecturer
this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.
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This document discusses biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It defines biodiesel as a renewable, biodegradable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used in diesel engines. Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process called transesterification where the glycerin is separated from the fat or vegetable oil. It can be blended with petroleum diesel at various levels from B5 to B100. Biodiesel provides benefits like reduced emissions, domestic production, and it can help decrease dependence on foreign oil. Some disadvantages are it has lower energy content and can degrade rubber or gel in cold weather. The document examines the performance and emissions effects of biodiesel use in diesel engines.
Utilization of Hydrogen Fuels for IC Engines by Prof. L. M. Das IIT DelhiHarshit Jain
This document discusses alternative fuels for transportation, with a focus on hydrogen. It provides an overview of various prospective alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel. Hydrogen is identified as a particularly promising option due to its abundance and potential to be derived from diverse domestic and non-fossil resources. The document outlines efforts in India to develop hydrogen as a transportation fuel, including projects to demonstrate 1 million hydrogen vehicles by 2020 through public-private partnerships. It summarizes the technical work done at IIT Delhi to optimize hydrogen fueling of engines, including through tests of hydrogen's effects on emissions and performance in spark ignition and diesel engines.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used in spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines, including their properties, suitability for engine modifications, and combustion and emission characteristics compared to gasoline or diesel. It covers alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It also discusses performance parameters like brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiencies, and emissions like carbon dioxide, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbons for engines running on these alternative fuels.
The document discusses antilock braking systems (ABS). It describes how ABS monitors wheel slip and modulates brake pressure to prevent locking and maintain vehicle control during braking. It outlines the key components of ABS including sensors, control modules, valves and pumps. ABS improves stability and reduces braking distances on slippery surfaces. While effective for safety, ABS does increase maintenance costs compared to traditional braking systems.
This document discusses several alternative fuels including ethanol, propane, biodiesel, hydrogen, and compressed natural gas. Ethanol is produced from sugar or ethylene fermentation and is cleaner burning but can increase food prices. Propane is a liquefied petroleum gas that is widely used and produces fewer emissions than gasoline but has limited availability. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats, and greases and can be used in diesel engines but may not be suitable in cold temperatures. Hydrogen produces only water emissions but is expensive and dangerous. Compressed natural gas is safer than other fuels if spilled and produces lower emissions than gasoline but vehicles have higher costs and less cargo space.
This document discusses alternative fuels for spark ignition engines, including ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and methanol. Ethanol is produced from crops like corn and can be blended with gasoline. Hydrogen produces no emissions other than water but is costly to produce and store. Natural gas and propane emit fewer pollutants than gasoline and are available now. Methanol can be made from various feedstocks and used in fuel cells. Overall, alternative fuels can help reduce emissions and dependence on petroleum but many require infrastructure and technology development before widespread adoption.
CNG, or compressed natural gas, is made by compressing methane gas and storing it in hard cylinders at high pressure. It is a cheaper substitute for diesel, petrol, and propane. CNG produces less carbon emissions than these fossil fuels and has several advantages, such as lower maintenance costs and reduced pollution. However, it requires more storage space in vehicles. Despite this disadvantage, CNG has grown popular due to its environmental and economic benefits and over 14 million natural gas vehicles worldwide use CNG as of 2011.
The document discusses the increasing reliance on fossil fuels for energy needs and the finite nature of these resources. It states that approximately 90% of energy requirements are met by fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, which are expected to deplete within the next 200-300 years and few decades respectively. To avoid future scarcity, the document emphasizes the need to develop alternative renewable energy sources like hydrogen, biodiesel, ethanol, and biomass, which are more environmentally friendly and sustainable than fossil fuels.
Triple spark ignition uses three spark plugs instead of one to ignite fuel in the combustion chamber. It allows for delayed ignition timing, faster combustion, and more complete fuel burning. Tests showed triple spark ignition reduces fuel consumption and emissions while increasing power output compared to single and twin spark systems. The triple spark configuration and electronic control unit work together to optimize combustion under different riding conditions.
This is the presentation on DTS-I technology i.e. Digital Twin Spark Ignition Technology.
This presentation shows the various advantages of DTS-I engine over the convention IC engines
This document summarizes a student project to operate a diesel engine using both diesel fuel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The project aims to utilize the compression ignition properties of diesel to ignite LPG, allowing a diesel engine to run on both fuels. Key findings include that this approach could provide cost savings by reducing dependence on fuel price fluctuations and allow the use of biofuels. Testing showed the engine generated 16 horsepower but further work is needed to reduce knocking and optimize the fuel mixture. Overall, the project demonstrates the potential for dual-fuel engine technology but more testing and advancement is still required.
This document provides an introduction to Weichai Westport Inc., including:
1. The company's history developing gas engines since the 1970s and its focus on LPG, CNG, and NG engines.
2. An overview of the company's 20,000 square meter facility and annual production capacity of 50,000 engines meeting China IV and V standards.
3. Details on the company's natural gas engine models and their applications in trucks, buses, power generation, and marine use.
4. The company's plans to achieve annual sales of 150,000 engines and 10 billion yuan in revenue by 2018 as it focuses on medium and heavy duty truck engines and expands into larger displacement and
This document discusses variable compression ratio engines. It begins by outlining the need for high power output engines with good reliability that can minimize thermal loads. It then introduces variable compression ratio technology, which allows the compression ratio to be adjusted while the engine is running based on load demands. This allows higher compression ratios for improved efficiency at low loads and lower ratios to prevent knocking at high loads. The document reviews different ways to vary the compression ratio and presents the advantages of improved fuel efficiency and emissions with VCR engines. However, it also notes the technology has high development costs and reliability has not been proven.
GM is pursuing several strategies to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions from internal combustion engines, including improved gasoline and diesel engine technologies, hybrids, plug-in hybrids, battery electric vehicles, and increased use of biofuels. Some technologies discussed include flexible engine architectures, reduced vehicle mass, improved combustion, and technologies like cam phasing and direct injection. GM is also the world leader in ethanol-capable flex fuel vehicles.
Native Power Technology Co., Ltd. is a leading provider of natural gas conversion systems and related equipment for the oil and gas industries. They supply bi-fuel systems which allow diesel engines to run on a combination of diesel and natural gas. The bi-fuel systems can reduce fuel costs and emissions. They have various kit sizes to accommodate engines from 225HP to 4000HP. The bi-fuel systems typically pay for themselves within a year due to the savings from using lower-cost natural gas for up to 70% of the fuel.
Effect of Pilot Fuel Quantity on the Performance and Emission Characteristics...IOSR Journals
The serious environmental pollution and the energy crisis all over the world has caused for
development of the lower pollution and lower energy consumption automobile to become major research goal.
With huge back ground, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is projected as the best alternative fuel for the country
like India. The properties of CNG make it an ideal fuel for direct use in spark ignition engines. Conversion of
any existing spark ignition engine to operate on natural gas is relatively simple with available equipment. Many
spark ignition engine vehicles are successfully operating in major cities of India with CNG fuel. However CNG
cannot be used as a fuel in diesel engines with ease. Since the maximum engines at present run on diesel, it will
be very much useful if a solution could be found to alter the existing diesel engine with minimum modifications
to run on CNG. Several researchers could attempt to run diesel engines with CNG. In the process three methods
were reported to be successful to use CNG as a fuel in diesel engines, they are (i) Spark ignited gas mode (ii)
Direct injection of CNG in dual fuel mode and (iii) Premixed CNG dual fuel mode. In the present work a
premixed dual fuel engine was developed which can perform well for the entire range of load and experiments
are carried out by varying the pilot fuel amount and studied the effect of pilot fuel amount on engine
performance and emissions characteristics and determined optimum fuel injection quantity for better
performance and lower emissions.
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Mercedes-Benz "E-Mobility - The Way into the Future"accessio
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Effect Of Compression Ratio On The Performance Of Diesel Engine At Different ...IJERA Editor
Variable compression ratio (VCR) technology has long been recognized as a method for improving the
automobile engine performance, efficiency, fuel economy with reduced emission. The main feature of the VCR
engine is to operate at different compression ratio, by changing the combustion chamber volume, depending on
the vehicle performance needs .The need to improve the performance characteristics of the IC Engine has
necessitated the present research. Increasing the compression ratio to improve on the performance is an option.
The compression ratio is a factor that influences the performance characteristics of internal combustion engines.
This work is an experimental investigation of the influence of the compression ratio on the brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure and specific fuel consumption of the Kirloskar variable
compression ratio duel fuel engine. Compression Ratios of 14, 15, 16 and 18 and engine loads of 3kg to 12 kg,
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2) Charging electric vehicles can be managed at multiple levels from individual charging stations to the overall grid level to avoid peak demand times and make use of excess renewable energy production.
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2) Maximizing the usable energy of a battery pack is important for optimizing costs, as it allows manufacturers to increase energy capacity while maintaining or lowering the purchase cost per kWh.
3) Reliability features, proven components, standardized modular designs, and local sourcing can help reduce the ownership costs associated with battery packs over their lifetime.
The document discusses the global outlook and development of electric vehicles and their infrastructure. It covers technical roadmaps and challenges of EVs, as well as power batteries and smart grid infrastructure. The professor argues that EVs represent a disruptive industry that requires coordinated development between governments, automakers, and suppliers to establish new industrial alliances and supply chains. EVs will play a key role in achieving global sustainable development goals.
1. Research and Development of HCNG
(Hydrogen enriched Natural Gas)
Internal Combustion Engines
Prof. Dr. Fanhua Ma
mafh@tsinghua.edu.cn
TEL/FAX: 86-10-62785946
State Key Laboratory of Automotive
Safety & Energy
Tsinghua University
2. 中国石油年需求与缺口数量
The Oil Demand and Gap in China
道路交通需求量
500.0 Oil Demand in
Transportation
中国石油总需求量
400.0
Total Oil Demand
300.0
石油需求与
供给的缺口
百万吨
The gap
200.0
中国石油年产量
Oil Production
100.0
0.0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2050
3. Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) in China
In last decade natural gas production increased
relatively rapidly. Strongly Supported by China
government NGVs population increased very
rapidly from less than ten thousands in 1999 to
0.5 millions in 2009, and the natural gas stations
increased very rapidly from less than 50 in 1999
to about 1000 in 2009.
中国天然气汽车从1999年不到1万辆增加到2009年50万辆,天然气加
气站从1999年不到50座增加到2009年1300多座。
3
4. 发展CNG、HCNG汽车的背景和意义
Background and Significance of Developing
HCNG and CNG Vehicles
环保节能及实现我国汽车工业发展的挑战
Environment protection, energy saving and the challenges of
development of China auto industry
石油依赖性和国家能源安全
Oil dependence and China’s energy security
汽车保有量增加,污染加剧
Vehicle population growing and environment pollution
aggravating
未来氢能发展提供的机遇
Opportunity from hydrogen energy development in the future
5. 发展HCNG汽车的背景和意义
Background and Significance of Developing HCNG Vehicles
在天然气发动机燃料中加入适量的氢气(即氢气/天然气混合气,简称
“HCNG” ),可以提高混合气燃烧速度、扩大稀燃极限,从而提高发动机的热效
率、可降低排放,这是目前国内外正在研究的热点问题。
Taking hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) as a fuel in CNG
engine can increase the burning speed, widen the lean burn limit. For its
high efficiency and better emission, HCNG engine is being studied
worldwide.
近年来,国外开展了HCNG发动机的基础研究及应用研究,其中美国、加拿大、
欧盟日本等国的研究最为活跃。在美国能源部(DOE)等支持下,美国Colorado
州立大学、HCI公司(Hydrogen Components Inc.)、加拿大Westport等单位
较早就开始了氢气/天然气发动机的研究,取得了许多研究开发及示范应用成果。
In recent years, some countries carried out the basic research on HCNG
engine actively, especially in the USA, Canada,EU and Japan.
With the supports of Department of Energy (DOE) etc., Colorado University
HCI company (Hydrogen Components Inc.) ,Westport Inc. etc. started the
research on HCNG engine early, and got lots of achievements of research
and demonstration.
6. 发展HCNG汽车背景和意义
Background and Significance of Developing
HCNG and CNG Vehicles
Cummins – Westport’s
HCNG Engine Cummins-Westport
B Gas plus
Engine 6 cylinders,inline,
Turbocharged and
intercooled
Bore,Stroke 102mm, 120mm
Compression 10.5:1
Ratio
Displacement 5.9 L
H2/HCNG by 20%
volume
Power 230 BHP (172 Kw)
@ 2800 RPM
Torque 677 Nm @ 1600
RPM
HCNG buses demonstration in
Sunline Transit, California, USA
8. 清华大学HCNG发动机试验台
HCNG engine’s Test Bench in Tsinghua
发动机与电涡流测功相连,可测量和控制转速
与负荷。
The engine was coupled to an eddy-current
dynamometer for engine speed & load
measurement and control.
9. HCNG Engine’s Experimental Systems
Three performance 、emission experiment benches
Reliability test base in Nanchong Dongfeng
CVS total flow test equipment and transient test-bed
catalyst test bench
15. Dongfeng-Tsinghua Cooperated Projects:
LNG Engine R&D
The base engine is DCI 11 Diesel engine with
common rail
。
Rated Power Max torque
(kW/r/min) (N.m/r/min)
295/1900 1680/1100~1300
EQRN400-30LNG engine and LNG truck
16. Technical Approach of HCNG Engine
电子控制HCNG进气管喷射
Electronic control HCNG injection in the engine’s manifold
空燃比开环控制→闭环控制
Open → Close- loop control of Air-Fuel ratio
电控高能点火
High-energy ignition with electronic control
稀薄燃烧
Lean burn
水冷式增压器
water-cooled supercharger
氧化型催化器
Oxidation catalyst
21. HCNG Engine’s System Composition
and Technical Design
EQD180N-30
EQD180-30
HCNG Engine HCNG Engine
22. Injected HCNG Supply system -
HCNG Gas Injector
low resistance
operation temperature range:
— 40 ℃ ~120℃
normal operation voltage:12V
HCNG Gas Injector
23. Injected HCNG Supply System
pressure regulator
test-bed
Low voltage electromagnetic
and low pressure regulator
Output pressure:450±50kPa High-pressure regulator
输出压力控制在450±50kPa
Output pressure:1±0.15MPa
24. High Energy Ignition System
less ignition energy loss
Front sealed、with air bleed hole
high temperature resistant :180℃
High-voltage wire
26. Electronic Injection System
ECU and nozzle driver module
ECU
Function:
control software
calibration data
Application conditions :
Working temperature:-40 ~ 85℃
Working voltage:9 ~16 V
Shell can’t be attached with iron,
installed in the cab
Nozzle driver module
27. Electronic Control Simulation System
calibrate after upgrading ECM
ensure electronic injection
system develop successfully
shorten bench calibration time
34. Schematic of HCNG fuel supply system
Schematic of the on-line hydrogen- natural gas mixing system used
35. Principles of HCNG on-line mixing system
At first the measured NG mass flow
rate is converted to an analog voltage
signal which is then transferred to a
computer for further processing after
A/D converting. By using the stocked
control software and the input value of
blending ratio as well as the received
signal of NG mass flow rate, the
computer then calculates out the
desired hydrogen mass flow rate.
This calculated value is used as an immediate input into the hydrogen
flow controller, which controls the flow rate according to the desired
value through varying the openness of the integrated valve. This resulted
hydrogen flow rate need to be re-checked by a high accuracy mass flow
meter located downstream the flow controller. If significant difference
between the measured hydrogen flow rate and previously calculated one
is found, a feedback control would become active to ensure control
accuracy.
36. 掺氢对稀燃极限的影响
Effect of Hydrogen Addition on Lean Operation Limit
COVIMEP
稀燃极限定义为平均
指示压力的循环变动
达到10%时的过量空
气系数
The lean operation
limit was defined as
the excess air ratio
at which COVIMEP
reaches 10%.
掺氢比的提高可以拓宽稀燃极限,改善发动机的稀燃性能。
Hydrogen enrichment could significantly extend the lean
operation limit, improve the engine’s lean burn ability.
37. 燃烧持续期 Combustion Duration
在空燃比确定的情况下,随着掺氢比的提高,燃烧持续期会缩短。
这表明,掺氢确实可以提高火焰传播速度。
At a given lambda, combustion duration shortened as hydrogen
fraction increased. This illustrated that hydrogen addition could
indeed speed up flame propagation.
38. 发动机热效率和排放特性
Engine Thermal Efficiency and Emission Characteristics
At fixed ignition timing
NOx
图中λm_0和
λm_10% 分别表示
CNG和掺氢比为
10%的HCNG的稀燃
极限。
λm_0 and λm_10% in
these figures represent
lean limit for NG and
10% hydrogen fraction
mixture respectively.
同一空燃比下,掺氢比越高,NOx排放量越大。这是因为氢气的
加入提高了燃烧温度,而高温是NOx形成的主要因素。
More hydrogen added would result in more NOx emission at a given
lambda, this is thought to be caused by the elevated combustion
temperature due to hydrogen addition since high temperature was a
catalyst for the formation of NOx
39. HC
由上图可看出,掺氢可降低HC的排放,这是因为氢气可以提高火焰传播速度,减
小淬熄距离,从而降低了不完全燃烧的可能性。C浓度由于氢气的加入而有所降低
也是HC排放下降的一个原因。
Reduced HC emission by hydrogen enrichment was observed in our
study which could be explained by the fact that hydrogen could speed up
flame propagation and reduce quenching distance, thus decreasing the
possibilities of incomplete combustion . Carbon concentration of the fuel
decreased due to hydrogen addition was another reason for HC emission
reduction.
40. CO
在过量空气系数小于1.7的区域,掺氢与否对于CO排放的影响不明显,
但一旦过量空气系数超过1.7,掺氢越多,CO排放越低。 这归功于氢气
良好的燃烧特性,特别是在稀燃料的情况下。
In the region where lambda was less than 1.7, adding hydrogen or not
showed no significant difference on CO emission, but once lambda
exceeded 1.7, more hydrogen addition resulted in much less exhaust
CO. This was also attributed to hydrogen’s ability to strengthen
combustion, especially for lean fuel-air mixtures.
41. 指示热效率 Indicated Thermal Efficiency
当过量空气系数小于1.5时,掺氢并没改善发动机的热效率,反而50%
掺氢时的热效率与纯天然气发动机相比有明显的下降。
when lambda was under 1.5, hydrogen addition was not beneficial to
engine’s efficiency improvement. Rather, the engine’s thermal
efficiency exhibited an obvious drop when fuelled by HCNG
containing 50% hydrogen compared to pure NG operation.
46. ETC Emission Test
20%HCNG and CNG Engine’s ETC Emissions Comparison
( without catalyst )
掺入20%氢气后,在不带催化器的情况下,NOx,CO,
NMHC,CH4排放和BSFC相对于原天然气发动机分别下降
51%,36%,60%,47%和7%
在不带催化器的情况下通过掺入氢气有潜力使发动机达到
国(欧)三排放标准。
47. ETC Emission Test
Fueled with 20% H2 HCNG for different catalyst:
采用ECOCAT Ⅰ型,ECOCAT Ⅱ型和昆贵所催化器,不带加速加
浓,进行20%掺氢比ETC循环试验。
三种催化器都能使发动机排
放达到环境友好型汽车(EEV)
标准。
三种氧化型催化转化器转化
效率大小排序为:
ECOCATⅡ型>国产催化器
>ECOCAT Ⅰ型。
随着催化效率的提高,发动
机动力性下降逐渐增大
48. HCNG (20% H2) Engine ETC Emission Data
欧Ⅳ限值 欧Ⅴ限值 EEV限值 实测值
Euro Euro Ⅴ EEV Measured
data data data data
NOx 3.5 2.0 2.0 1.18-1.60
(g/kW.h)
CO 4.0 4.0 3.0 0.26-0.80
(g/kW.h)
NMHC 0.55 0.55 0.40 0.09-0.20
(g/kW.h)
CH4 1.1 1.1 0.65 0.40-0.50
(g/kW.h)
49. 中美双方在美国签署合作备忘录
Tuesday, November 30, 2004
Argonne National Laboratory
3rd Joint Working Group Meeting
Breakout Group 2:
Hydrogen Demonstration,
Fuel Cells, and Transportation
55. HCNG bus performance
compared with CNG Bus
Power Performance Fuel Economy
0~50km/h Max Equivalent CNG
time (s) Speed consumption
(km/h) (kg/100km)
CNG
Bus 17.9 84.1 38.97
HCNG
Bus 17.9 84.1 36.11
56. Some Projects
● MOST 863 Project“HCNG engine R & D”
● MOST 863 Project “HCNG Bus R/D and Hydrogen
Generation by Renewable Energy”, Cooperated with
DOE.
● MOST 863 Project “Key Technologies Cooperation
Research on Hydrogen Utilization based on Hydrogen
Infrastructure”
57. Some Patents
● “Calibration method of HCNG Engine”。
China patent:200710062635。
● “ HCNG fuel for optimized hydrogen fraction in
HCNG engine”。China patent: 200710062636。
● “Control and operation methods for
different hydrogen fraction in HCNG engine”
China patents: 200710175797.9
58. Some Papers
Combustion and emission characteristics of a port-injection HCNG engine under various
1 ignition timings, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY, JAN
2008, 33(2):816-822
Effects of hydrogen addition on cycle-by-cycle variations in a lean burn natural gas spark-
2 ignition engines, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY, JAN
2008, 33(2):823-831
Experimental study on thermal efficiency and emission characteristics of a lean burn
3 hydrogen enriched natural gas engine, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
HYDROGEN ENERGY, DEC 2007, 32(18):5067-5075
Study on the extension of lean operation limit through hydrogen enrichment in a natural
4 gas spark-ignition engine, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN
ENERGY, FEB 2008, 33(4):1416-1424
Influence of different volume percent hydrogen/natural gas mixtures on idle performance
5
of a CNG engine, ENERGY & FUELS, MAY-JUN 2008, 22(3):1880-1887
59. 其它具有代表性的论文目录(共26篇)
Development and validation of a quasi-dimensional combustion model for SI engine
6 fuelled by HCNG with variable hydrogen fractions, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF HYDROGEN ENERGY, SEP 2008, 33(18):4863-4875
Effects of combustion phasing, combustion duration, and their cyclic variations on
7
Spark-Ignition (SI) engine efficiency, ENERGY & FUELS, AUG 2008, 22:3022-3028
Study on combustion behaviors and cycle-by-cycle variations in a turbocharged lean
8 burn natural gas S.I. engine with hydrogen enrichment, INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN
An investigation of optimum control of a spark ignition engine fueled by NG and
9
hydrogen mixtures, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
A Quasi-Dimensional Combustion Model for SI Engines Fuelled by Hydrogen Enriched
10 Compressed Natural Gas,SAE Paper No. 2008-01-1633, 2008
Development and Validation of an On-line Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixing System for
11 Internal Combustion Engine Testing, SAE Paper No. 2008-01-1580, 2008
60. Some Conclusions
Lean burn is one of the effective approach for HCNG Engine,
and Spark timing optimization is necessary.
15~25% Hydrogen fraction in volume of HCNG is a good
range for the HCNG Engine. Primary Research results
indicate that 55% Hydrogen fraction in volume of HCNG is
also another choice for the HCNG Engine.
Fueled by 20% HCNG the engine’s emission can meet Euro
EEV (Enhanced Environmental Vehicle) power output, fuel
consumption can be kept almost unchanged compared with
CNG engine.
61. Prof. Dr. Fanhua MA
mafh@tsinghua.edu.cn
TEL/FAX: 86-10-62785946
State Key Laboratory of Automotive
Safety & Energy
Tsinghua University,Beijing, China
Thanks for Attention !