Catenation by Ali Afzal.pptx
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Carbon exhibits the unique property of catenation, which is the ability to form long chains by bonding with other carbon atoms. Carbon forms tetravalent covalent bonds that allow it to link up with many other carbon atoms. This catenation property is responsible for the vast variety of organic compounds found in nature. Carbon's small size, high bond energy, tetravalency, and orbital structure promote strong bonding that results in its exceptional ability to form complex cyclic and chain structures through catenation.
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Please write TRUE or FALSE for each of the 8 statements.Thank you!.pdf
Please write TRUE or FALSE for each of the 8 statements.
Thank you! Mark the following statements about carbon as true or false. A carbon atom can
form up to four covalent bonds. True A carbon atom has six electrons in its outermost shell.
The bond between a carbon and hydrogen atom is a polar bond. Oxygen and nitrogen have a
stronger electronegativity than carbon (e.g., a strong pull on a shared electron). Bonds between
carbon and other atoms are relatively unstable and readily dissociate, resulting in the formation
of new molecules. The carbon backbone of a molecule is made up of a string of carbon atoms
held together with either single or double bonds. The carbon backbone of a molecule comes in a
variety of shapes: linear, ring-like, or highly branched. Carbon is a relatively large atom
allowing it to bind to more atoms than smaller atoms would, thereby making it more versatile.
Solution
Answer:
1. True, a carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds as one carbon atom has four valence
electrons (in outermost shell). It is a fact that the number of valence electrons in a atom
determines the number of covalent bonds it will form. Thus, each electron in carbon atom is used
to form four covalent bonds with various four atoms.
Example: CH4 (where one carbon atom share its outer valence electrons with up to four
hydrogens)
2. False, A carbon atom has four electrons in its outermost shell. As it has atomic number six,
means has total 6 electrons (two electrons in innermost shell and four in the outermost shell).
3. False, A bond between a carbon and hydrogen atom is a non-polar covalent bond. The non-
polar covalent bond are the bonds between two atoms which share equal number of electron(s)
with each other. Example: as in case of methane, where one carbon atom shares its 4 outer
valence electrons with four hydrogens by sharing equal number of electron.
In contrast, polar covalant bond are the bonds between two atoms which share unequal number
of electron(s) with each other. Thus these bonds are partially ionic.
4. True, Oxygen and nitrogen have stronger electronegativity than carbon (e.g. a stronger pull on
a shared electron). Electronegativity is defined as the tendency of an atom to attract a shared
electron in a covalent bond towards itself. It is the result of the greater charge on the nucleus. In
periodic table, the electronegativity of the element increases as we move from left to right.
Nitrogen and Oxygen have greater charge on the nucleus as compared to the carbon thus, are
more electronegative than carbon.
5. False, Bonds between carbon and other atoms are relatively stable and not readily dissociate,
as the bonds between carbon and other atoms are relatively stable covalant bond which require
large amount of energy to break them.
6.True, The carbon backbone of a molecule is made up of a string of carbon atoms held together
with either single or double bonds. The Carbon atoms can share one, two or three electrons with
another Carbon.
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This document provides an overview of carbon and organic chemistry topics. It discusses the structure and properties of carbon, including its ability to form covalent bonds and exist in different allotropes like diamond, graphite and buckminsterfullerene. Carbon's versatility is explained by its properties of catenation and tetravalency. The document outlines saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and describes how carbon can form chains, branches and rings. Lewis structures are introduced as a way to represent bonding. Homologous series are defined as compounds with the same functional group substituting for hydrogen in a carbon chain.
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Organic Chemistry deals with carbon compounds and their structures and reactions. It originally focused on living substances but now includes synthetic compounds. Carbon forms the backbone of organic molecules due to its ability to form chains and complex structures through covalent bonding, including single, double and triple bonds. The hybridization of atomic orbitals, such as sp3 hybridization, allows carbon to form four bonds to other atoms and explains the shapes of organic molecules like methane. Understanding bonding concepts such as ionic and covalent bonds is essential to organic chemistry.
Carbon and it's compounds - part 2
This slide is for the students of class X CBSE. This will surely help them for their board examinations
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steadily used others to gain their own attention. The message this play left behind after many laughs was do not use others, plain and simple.
The space was a well-constructed thrust stage however, the stage was not raised off the ground and the seats appeared to be mobile which lead to the belief that this is an Environmental Theater. As for the layout of the stage, there was a couch and a table in center stage for the first two acts, a door to the unseen outside front of the house upstage right, there were two large double doors upstage center leading to the backyard garden, and a raised floor upstage left containing a piano, a bookcase and a door leading to the home library. Stage left there was a half spiral staircase that lead up to the second floor which had a painting and lights that extended across to stage right. The second floor also contained the bedrooms for the house but the doors were not in sight. The detail was greater than expected: the hardwood floor throughout the first floor seemed to be genuine, the actual bookcase filled with real books not stage books, and the extremely large double doors with translucent glass and floral designs lead to the Garden, which featured an array of plants behind the doors. The entire space was well lit for the duration of the play; the stage took place inside the Bliss’ home so the bright lighting added a confortable feel to the inside of the house. The theatre was nearly sold out; it was hard to spot an empty seat, including the balcony and lower level seating. The crowd contained nearly an even amount of student audience members and senior citizens; there was few in the audience that appeared middle aged.
The play was well cast, the entire Bliss family did a great job showing how overly dramatic and deceitful the family had become. Each actor portrayed their character accurately; there were no standouts that didn’t match the character. Each visitor in the first act seemed to be feasible as far as the possibility of a relationship was concerned. All of the family members acted genuine. There was one actor who stood out as a perfect fit for his character. Taylor Rascher played Simon Bliss and played him perfectly. Rascher’s character Simon was a young man who was dramatic and romantic so much so it was almost to the point of ridiculousness. Rascher stole the show in the first act when he was romancing with Michelle Luz, who plays Myra Arundel. Rascher was displaying his love for Michelle Luz (Myra) in the most dramatic of fashions; he was playing the Bliss’ game of pretending to be in complete love with someone and then a moment later change his mind. Rascher was proclaiming his love with elegant speeches and coddling up next to her and eventually kissing her. Rascher made this scene particularly hilarious because he was completely over the top in typical Bliss fashion. Of course, all of this was for naus in act two and also Ras
Class 4 - Carbon and its compounds (Chemistry)
Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and second most abundant in the human body. It exists in several allotropes including diamond, graphite, and fullerenes. Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons in stable octets. It exhibits catenation, allowing it to form single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms to create a huge variety of organic compounds. The key classes of organic compounds are hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, as well as functional groups including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. Isomerism allows different structural isomers of the same molecular formula.
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Here are the different types of flames obtained by adjusting the air hole at the base of a Bunsen burner:
1. Cone shaped non-luminous blue flame: Obtained when air hole is fully open. This flame is hot enough to heat test tubes.
2. Broader luminous yellow flame: Obtained when air hole is partially closed. This flame is not as hot as the non-luminous blue flame.
3. Broader luminous orange flame: Obtained when air hole is almost closed. This flame is the coolest of the three types.
By adjusting the air supply, flames of varying temperatures and properties can be obtained from a Bunsen burner. The non-luminous blue flame
Carbon and its compounds
Carbon being the most versatile element on this earth is also the most important element for mankind. Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust.
Carbon and its compounds
1. Carbon exists in three allotropic forms: diamond, graphite, and fullerenes.
2. Diamond is extremely hard due to its rigid, three-dimensional covalent network structure where each carbon atom is bonded to four others in a tetrahedral shape. It is formed under high temperature and pressure deep in the Earth.
3. Diamond has many uses such as cutting, grinding, drilling, and jewelry due to its properties including hardness, high melting point, thermal conductivity, and brilliance when cut and polished. Synthetic diamonds are also produced for industrial applications.
Carbon and It’s Compounds.pptx
elemental Carbons and Its Chemistry, compounds containing carbon. allotropes of carbon, bonding and configuration in carbon atom.
Carbon and it's compounds - part 1
Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and electronic configuration of 2,4. It requires 4 electrons to achieve the inert gas configuration but cannot form stable ions. Instead, carbon overcomes this issue by forming covalent bonds where it shares its valence electrons with other carbon atoms or other elements. There are three main types of covalent bonds: single, double, and triple bonds which are formed by sharing one, two, or three pairs of electrons respectively. Carbon's ability to form long chains through catenation is due to its property of self-linkage through covalent bonds between identical carbon atoms.
Chapter 20.1 : Introduction to Carbon and Organic Chemistry
Carbon is the key element in organic chemistry due to its unique bonding properties. It can form single, double, and triple bonds with itself and other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. This allows for a huge diversity of organic compounds ranging from simple hydrocarbons like methane to more complex molecules. Organic chemists use structural formulas to represent the arrangement and bonding of atoms within organic molecules, which is important for determining properties. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures or arrangements of atoms.
Chemical bonding
The document contains summaries of 8 questions about chemical bonding concepts. It explains that sodium has a higher melting point than potassium due to stronger metallic bonding from its smaller atomic size. It also explains that ionic solids like KCl do not conduct electricity due to lack of free electrons, while metals do conduct due to delocalized electrons. Other concepts summarized include differences between sublimation and melting, resonance structures in benzene, and factors that determine lattice energy and melting points.
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Please write TRUE or FALSE for each of the 8 statements.Thank you!.pdf
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Chapter 20.1 : Introduction to Carbon and Organic Chemistry
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Catenation by Ali Afzal.pptx
- 2. Catenation Catenation is the ability of carbon to form long chains. In fact, carbon atoms are unique because of catenation—they are unique among all of the other atoms found in nature. Now, carbon chains are formed because they form bonds, or tetravalent bonds, with other carbon atoms. 2
- 3. Cont…. Examples: Carbon is the most common element that exhibits catenation. It can form long hydrocarbon chains and rings like benzene. 3
- 4. Cont… 4
- 5. Carbon Catenation occurs most readily with carbon, which forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to form longer chains and structures. This is the reason for the presence of the vast number of organic compounds in nature. Carbon is most well known for its properties of catenation, with organic chemistry essentially being the study of catenated carbon structures (and known as catenae). 5
- 6. Catenation property . When two or more atoms of an element combine with each other through the covalently single bond, double bond or triple bond to form a long chain structure, then that characteristic of the elements is called catenation property. 6
- 7. Cont…. 7
- 8. Cont… When a large number of carbon atoms are covalently bonded with each other through the single bond, double bond or triple bond, resulting in the formation of a large number of cyclic or open chain compounds, so in the case of carbon this properties is called catenation property of carbon. 8
- 9. Carbon Shows Highest Degree Of Catenation The ionization potential of carbon is quite high and its electron affinity is of moderate quality. The size of carbon atom is small. Now, it has been experimentally found that the carbon atom shows highest degree of catenation. Observations have shown that there are three main reasons for showing of catenation property by carbon atom. (I)The C — C bond energy is higher than their expected value due to small size of carbon atom. 9
- 10. Cont… (II)Carbon shows tetravalency and forms large number of covalent bonds. (III)Carbon occupied less diffused atomic orbital due to small atomic size and hence a strong overlapping occurs among the orbitals. (II)Carbon shows tetravalency and forms large number of covalent bonds. The End … 10