The document provides an overview of carbon, its properties, and its compounds, highlighting its significance in various fields such as structural biology and medicine. It discusses carbon's allotropes, bonding characteristics, and the versatility of carbon due to its ability to form covalent bonds and catenate, leading to a vast array of carbon compounds. Additionally, it describes saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, basic chemical reactions involving carbon compounds, and specific examples like ethanol and acetic acid.

1. Carbon and It’s Compounds
by
Pruthviraj K
Faculty in chemistry

2. Introduction
1) Carbon is a chemical element with
symbol C Belonging to group 14 of the
periodic table (P-block) Element, non
metallic by nature.
2) One of the most essential divers chemo element that exist, finding out its
application in Structural biology, food, medicine etc.
3) Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the
fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen,
helium, and oxygen.
4) It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass
(about 18.5%) after oxygen
5) The allotropes of carbon include graphite, one of the softest known
substances, and diamond, the hardest naturally occurring substance

3. Bonding in Carbon- The Covalent Bond
 Carbon compounds posses low boiling and
melting point (Gradual or no sharp).
 These compounds does not conduct
electricity neither in molten nor in solution
state.
 Comparing above two properties with that
of Ionic compounds possessing exactly
opposite characters indicates, the weak
force of attraction b/w atoms or molecules
and this kind of bonding doesn’t leads to
ion formation.
Compound MP in K BP in K
Acetic Acid
CH3COOH
290 391
Chloroform CHCl3 209 334
Ethyl Alcohol
C2H5OH
156 351
Acetone CH3COCH3 178 329

4.  As we Write down electronic configuration
of Carbon i.e
6C = 1s2 2s2 2p2 or [He] 2s2 2p2
 We could see carbon is left out with 4 more
electrons to attain nearest noble gas
configuration of Neon, and as we know by
virtue every element tries to obtain noble
gas configuration to attain stability either
by gaining or losing of electrons
(Individually or by support)
 Carbon could form C4- anion but for a atom or nucleus with 6 electrons to
hold 4 more electrons is highly difficult and in the same way to form C4+
cation the successive ionization energies are drastically high and won’t
allow the formation.
 So in order to overcome these conditions and to attain stability carbon
will share its valance electrons with other elements , and both the
elements on bonding attains nearest noble gas configuration
 This sharing will continue until the valancy get satisfied either by the
same atoms or other involved in reaction

5.  Such bonds which are formed by the sharing of an electron pair between
two atoms are known as covalent bonds.
 Covalently bonded molecules are seen to have strong bonds within the
molecule, but intermolecular forces are weak.
 This gives rise to the low melting and boiling points of these compounds.
Since the electrons are shared between atoms and no charged particles
are formed, such covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of
electricity

6. Versatility of Carbon
As we know there are millions of compound that
exist in this universe are made up of carbon,
which is beyond for any other elements, there are
two factors which are responsible for carbon
to form this N number of compounds are,
1) Catenation 2) Tetra valance of carbon
Catenation: Carbon is capable of bonding with other elements / atoms or the
atoms of carbon to from large compounds or molecules, leading to a property
known as catenation. These molecules or compounds may be, straight,
branched or closed chain in structure.
Depending upon the number of bond b/w carbon to carbon in these
compounds are further classified as Saturated and Unsaturated carbons (Only
for Hydrocarbons or organic substances)
Tetra Valent: Carbon being with 2 electrons in its outer most shell, and
requires 4 more electrons to fulfill its octet, capable of bonding with 4 more
carbons or with other mono valent atoms/elements like H, O, N, S, X and more

7. Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds
 Carbon compounds containing C to C (C-C) single bond are known as
saturated carbon compounds.
 Hydrocarbons with the same are termed as Alkanes. (CnH2n+2)
 Carbon compounds containing at least one C to C double or triple bond
are known as unsaturated carbon compounds.
 Hydrocarbons with C to C double bond are called as alkenes (CnH2n)
and with triple bond are termed as alkynes (CnH2n-2)
Ethane Ethene

8. Formula and structure of saturated hydrocarbon

9. Formula and structure of unsaturated
hydrocarbon (Alkenes)

10. Will You Be My Friend? / Other functional groups
In hydrocarbons like ethane or propane replacing one of the hydrogen
attached to carbon by other atoms or chemical groups leads to origin of new
carbon compounds with different character

11. Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

13. Chemical Properties of Carbon compounds
Combustion Reactions
2
C
6
H
6
1
5
O
2
1
2
C
O
2
+
6
H
2
O
+
H
e
a
t
a
n
d
L
i
g
h
t
Addition Reactions
H2C CH2
Pd/RT
H2
H3C CH3
Substitution Reactions
N
H
2
N
a
N
O
2
/
H
C
l
C
u
B
r
B
r

14. Ethanol / Ethyl alcohol- C2H5OH
Ethanol is a simple alcohol with the chemical formula C2H6O. Ethanol is
a volatile, flammable colorless liquid with a characteristic wine-like odor
and pungent taste
H
3
C
C
H
2
O
H
2
N
a
M
e
t
a
l
C
o
n
c
,H
2
S
O
4
 H
3
C
H
2
C
O
N
a
H
2
C
C
H
2
Ethanoic acid/ Aceti acid CH3COOH
Ethanoic acid is commonly called acetic acid and belongs to a group of
acids called carboxylic acids.
C
H
3
C
O
O
H+C
2
H
5
O
H C
H
3
C
O
O
C
2
H
5
C
o
n
cH
2
S
O
4

A
c
e
tic
A
c
id
E
th
y
l
A
lc
o
h
o
l
E
th
y
lA
c
e
ta
te

15. Reference
1) Karnataka State board 10th Science Book Part-2 Pg No- 1- 22
2) Images are downloaded from Google on 27-07-2022 and reserved to respective owners