Chemistry(class11)-CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIESPawan Kumar
The document discusses the history and development of the periodic table. It explains that:
1) Elements have been organized into the periodic table based on their atomic weights and properties in order to systematically study and predict chemical behavior.
2) Early periodic tables were proposed by scientists like Dobereiner, Newlands, and Mendeleev based on trends in atomic weights, though Mendeleev's 1869 table was the most successful in predicting new elements.
3) Modern periodic tables are arranged by atomic number according to the periodic law proposed by Moseley, with elements grouped into blocks based on their electron configurations. The table better explains trends in physical and chemical properties.
This document discusses organic chemistry and carbon compounds. It begins by defining organic as pertaining to life and living things, and organic chemistry as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is well-suited for life because it can form diverse and strong bonds. The document then discusses the structure of carbon atoms and their ability to form four bonds, allowing them to link together in chains, rings, and other complex structures. It also describes several allotropes of carbon like diamond and graphite, as well as hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is methane. The document provides examples of organic nomenclature rules and classifications of organic compounds.
The document discusses the periodic classification of elements. It describes early attempts at classification including grouping elements as metals and non-metals. Dobereiner classified elements into triads based on atomic mass. Newlands arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass in octaves but this classification had defects. Mendeleev arranged elements in order of atomic mass and predicted properties of undiscovered elements, establishing the basis of the modern periodic table. The modern periodic table arranges elements by atomic number and groups elements with similar properties and valence electrons.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structural representation of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed formulas, and bond line drawings. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedge and dash notation. Additionally, it covers the classification of organic compounds into acyclic, alicyclic, and aromatic groups. The document discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules and naming conventions for functional groups, hydrocarbons, and cyclic compounds. It also touches on isomerism, reaction mechanisms, and common purification methods like crystallization, distillation, and extraction.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structures of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed structures, and bond line representations. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedges and dashes. The document classifies organic compounds as acyclic, alicyclic, or aromatic. It discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds including hydrocarbons, functional groups, and isomers. Finally, it briefly touches on reaction mechanisms and bond cleavage in organic reactions.
The document discusses the characteristics of solids and different types of crystalline structures. It describes that solids can be crystalline or amorphous based on the ordering of particles. Crystalline solids have long-range order and a repeating pattern, while amorphous solids only have short-range order. Crystalline solids are further classified as ionic, molecular, metallic or covalent networks based on bonding. Crystals consist of lattice structures with primitive or centered unit cells containing particles in specific arrangements. Close packing of spheres in one, two or three dimensions results in different crystal structures like simple cubic, body centered cubic or hexagonal close packed.
- The document discusses atoms, ions, molecules, elements, compounds, and chemical formulas and reactions.
- Atoms combine to form molecules, and molecules made of the same type of atom are elements, while molecules with different atom types are compounds.
- Chemical formulas use symbols and subscripts to represent the elements and number of each type of atom in a molecule or compound.
- Chemical reactions can release or absorb energy and are classified as exothermic or endothermic respectively.
Chemistry(class11)-CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIESPawan Kumar
The document discusses the history and development of the periodic table. It explains that:
1) Elements have been organized into the periodic table based on their atomic weights and properties in order to systematically study and predict chemical behavior.
2) Early periodic tables were proposed by scientists like Dobereiner, Newlands, and Mendeleev based on trends in atomic weights, though Mendeleev's 1869 table was the most successful in predicting new elements.
3) Modern periodic tables are arranged by atomic number according to the periodic law proposed by Moseley, with elements grouped into blocks based on their electron configurations. The table better explains trends in physical and chemical properties.
This document discusses organic chemistry and carbon compounds. It begins by defining organic as pertaining to life and living things, and organic chemistry as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is well-suited for life because it can form diverse and strong bonds. The document then discusses the structure of carbon atoms and their ability to form four bonds, allowing them to link together in chains, rings, and other complex structures. It also describes several allotropes of carbon like diamond and graphite, as well as hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is methane. The document provides examples of organic nomenclature rules and classifications of organic compounds.
The document discusses the periodic classification of elements. It describes early attempts at classification including grouping elements as metals and non-metals. Dobereiner classified elements into triads based on atomic mass. Newlands arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass in octaves but this classification had defects. Mendeleev arranged elements in order of atomic mass and predicted properties of undiscovered elements, establishing the basis of the modern periodic table. The modern periodic table arranges elements by atomic number and groups elements with similar properties and valence electrons.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structural representation of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed formulas, and bond line drawings. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedge and dash notation. Additionally, it covers the classification of organic compounds into acyclic, alicyclic, and aromatic groups. The document discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules and naming conventions for functional groups, hydrocarbons, and cyclic compounds. It also touches on isomerism, reaction mechanisms, and common purification methods like crystallization, distillation, and extraction.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structures of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed structures, and bond line representations. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedges and dashes. The document classifies organic compounds as acyclic, alicyclic, or aromatic. It discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds including hydrocarbons, functional groups, and isomers. Finally, it briefly touches on reaction mechanisms and bond cleavage in organic reactions.
The document discusses the characteristics of solids and different types of crystalline structures. It describes that solids can be crystalline or amorphous based on the ordering of particles. Crystalline solids have long-range order and a repeating pattern, while amorphous solids only have short-range order. Crystalline solids are further classified as ionic, molecular, metallic or covalent networks based on bonding. Crystals consist of lattice structures with primitive or centered unit cells containing particles in specific arrangements. Close packing of spheres in one, two or three dimensions results in different crystal structures like simple cubic, body centered cubic or hexagonal close packed.
- The document discusses atoms, ions, molecules, elements, compounds, and chemical formulas and reactions.
- Atoms combine to form molecules, and molecules made of the same type of atom are elements, while molecules with different atom types are compounds.
- Chemical formulas use symbols and subscripts to represent the elements and number of each type of atom in a molecule or compound.
- Chemical reactions can release or absorb energy and are classified as exothermic or endothermic respectively.
2nd Lecture on Elements of groups 16, 17 & 18 | Chemistry Part I | 12th StdAnsari Usama
Oxygen shows anomalous properties compared to other group 16 elements due to its small size, high electronegativity, and lack of d-orbitals. Fluorine also displays anomalous behavior such as having a higher ionization energy and being more reactive due to its small size and high electronegativity. The document discusses the oxidation states, hydrides, oxides, halides, and reactivity of groups 16, 17, and 18 elements with hydrogen, oxygen, halogens, and metals.
chemical bonding and molecular structure class 11sarunkumar31
hybridisation, bonding and antiboding, dipole moment, VSPER theory, Molecular orbital diagram, Phosphorous pentachloride, ionic bond, bond order, bond enthalpy, bond dissociation, sp and sp2hybridisation, hydrogen bonding,electron pair,lone pair repulsion, resonance structure of ozone, how to find electron pair and lone pair, sp3 hybridization of methane.
Periodic Classification of Elements and PeriodicityNEHANEHA67
The document discusses the history and development of the periodic table. It explains that early scientists like Dobereiner and Newlands began classifying elements based on their properties, but that Dmitri Mendeleev created the first recognizable periodic table in 1871. His table arranged elements in order of atomic mass and predicted properties of undiscovered elements. Later, Moseley's discovery of atomic number allowed the modern periodic table to arrange elements by atomic number instead of mass. The document also discusses trends in properties within the periodic table.
Nomenclature and introduction of major functional groupssuresh gdvm
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts for an A-Level chemistry book. It introduces the major families of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. It discusses the classification, nomenclature and isomerism of these compounds, with examples of naming various straight-chain, branched, cyclic and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also covers the different types of isomerism including structural, stereoisomerism and geometrical isomerism.
Carbon exists in several allotropes with unique properties. Graphite has layered structures that allow for easy sliding of layers and is used as lubricant and pencil lead. Diamond has a tetrahedral structure and is the hardest material. Fullerenes like buckminsterfullerene have soccer ball shapes. Carbon also forms many inorganic compounds including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, bicarbonates, carbides and cyanides that have various applications. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.
1) Experiments with cathode ray tubes led to the discovery of the electron as a negatively charged fundamental particle.
2) Further experiments showed that atoms are mostly empty space and contain a small, dense nucleus made up of protons and neutrons, around which electrons orbit.
3) The photoelectric effect showed that light behaves as a particle (photon) rather than just a wave, transferring its energy in discrete quantized amounts to electrons and ejecting them from metal surfaces.
Group 18 of the periodic table contains the noble gases: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. All noble gases are monoatomic gases that are chemically unreactive due to their stable electronic configurations. Xenon can form some compounds with highly electronegative elements like fluorine and oxygen. Xenon fluorides like XeF2 and XeF6 are powerful fluorinating agents. While most noble gases have no significant uses, argon is used for welding and as an inert atmosphere, and neon is used in signs and greenhouses.
This document summarizes information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses that carbon is a non-metal element that forms the basis of all living things. It exists in three allotropes - diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. It then describes the structures of diamond and graphite. The document further discusses that carbon can form many compounds due to its ability to form chains and bonds with four other atoms. It provides examples of organic compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. In particular, it summarizes the types and properties of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
History, Classification, Uses of organic chemistryAnm Sharif
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds found in living things. The first organic chemist, Berzelius, believed organic compounds could only come from living organisms, but Wöhler discovered the organic compound urea could be synthesized from inorganic precursors, disproving this idea of vitalism. Organic compounds make up the basic building blocks of life like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and have a wide variety of uses from medicines to plastics.
The document discusses chemical formulas and how they are derived. It explains that chemical formulas show the number and type of atoms in a molecule using element symbols. It then provides examples of how to determine formulas using valency, including transition metals that can have multiple valencies indicated by Roman numerals. Prefixes in compound names can also indicate the number of atoms present.
Carbon is a key element that forms the basis of many important compounds due to its ability to bond with other carbon atoms and elements. It exists in several allotropes with varying properties, including diamond and graphite. Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds with other atoms, allowing it to create large, complex molecules through catenation. Saturated carbon compounds contain only single bonds, while unsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds. Functional groups and structural isomers give compounds unique reactivity and properties. Important carbon compounds discussed include ethanol, ethanoic acid, soaps, and detergents.
1. The document discusses carbon compounds and their properties. It covers hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated compounds, functional groups, and nomenclature.
2. Specific carbon compounds discussed include ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Reactions of ethanol and ethanoic acid with substances like sodium, chlorine, and alcohols are described.
3. Soaps are introduced as cleansing agents made of sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids. Their structure allows them to interact with both water and oils/fats.
Its about Mendeleev and his contribution to the modern periodic table. It also discusses about the advantages and disadvantages of his periodic table. it also has about eka-aluminium which is gallium.
This document provides an overview of basic atomic structure and the periodic table. It defines atoms, molecules, ions, isotopes and atomic structure. The three fundamental chemical laws - conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions - are summarized. Early experiments that helped discover subatomic particles like electrons are described. The periodic table is introduced, including the organization of elements and differentiating metals, nonmetals and metalloids. Key terms like atomic number and mass are defined.
CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 1 (Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry) | Homi I...Homi Institute
Chemistry is the scientific study of the structure of substances and how they change under different conditions or when mixed together. It involves studying molecules and how they combine in fixed ratios according to scientific laws like the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions, and the law of multiple proportions. The average atomic mass of an element takes into account the relative abundance of its different isotopes.
The document discusses the properties and uses of noble gases. It defines noble gases as elements that do not interact with other elements due to their complete electron orbits. It lists the noble gases as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. It then discusses their physical properties, including being odorless and colorless gases at room temperature with low melting and boiling points. Finally, it provides examples of uses for some noble gases, such as using helium for balloons due to its light weight and neon for lighting due to its bright white color.
Noble gas-ppt-,inert gas, group 18 elements# inert gas # nobal gas xenon com...RAHUL SINWER
The document discusses the noble gases, which are located in group 0 of the periodic table. It provides details on the properties and chemical composition of the noble gases, which include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. It also discusses the discovery of the noble gases and their incorporation into the periodic table. The document further summarizes the chemical properties and reactivity of the noble gases, noting that under certain conditions some can form compounds, especially xenon, which can form a variety of fluorides, oxides, and oxyfluorides.
1. The document discusses the structure of molecules and the types of chemical bonds that form between atoms. It addresses ionic bonding between sodium and chlorine due to electron transfer, covalent bonding between nonmetals by electron sharing, and metallic bonding in metals due to shared free-floating electrons.
2. Several examples of different types of bonds are given, including single, double and triple covalent bonds in molecules like CH4, C2H4, N2 and O2. Dipole-dipole interactions between polar molecules like HCl are also discussed.
3. Factors that determine bond type like electronegativity differences and octet rule satisfaction are covered. The document contrasts properties of ionic
This document provides an overview of alkanes, including their structure, naming conventions, properties, and sources. It defines hydrocarbons and alkanes. Alkanes contain only single carbon-carbon bonds. Constitutional isomers are discussed. Naming conventions for alkanes include prefixes for carbon numbers and suffixes like -ane for straight chains or naming substituents on branches. Cycloalkanes are named similarly with the prefix cyclo-. Physical properties like boiling points increasing with molecular weight are covered. Alkanes are nonpolar and insoluble in water. Natural sources of hydrocarbons include natural gas and petroleum.
Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons and has the unique ability to form chains and rings of carbon atoms through catenation. This property allows carbon to form a vast number of compounds through single, double, and triple bonds and structural isomers. Carbon compounds are classified as saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons and can undergo combustion reactions.
Carbon is a nonmetal that is the fourth most abundant element in the human body and is essential to life. It has several allotropes including diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. Carbon forms covalent bonds and can bond to other carbon atoms to form chains, rings, and complex molecules. Many organic compounds are based on carbon chains and rings that may be saturated or unsaturated. Carbon undergoes many important reactions including combustion, oxidation, and substitution reactions.
2nd Lecture on Elements of groups 16, 17 & 18 | Chemistry Part I | 12th StdAnsari Usama
Oxygen shows anomalous properties compared to other group 16 elements due to its small size, high electronegativity, and lack of d-orbitals. Fluorine also displays anomalous behavior such as having a higher ionization energy and being more reactive due to its small size and high electronegativity. The document discusses the oxidation states, hydrides, oxides, halides, and reactivity of groups 16, 17, and 18 elements with hydrogen, oxygen, halogens, and metals.
chemical bonding and molecular structure class 11sarunkumar31
hybridisation, bonding and antiboding, dipole moment, VSPER theory, Molecular orbital diagram, Phosphorous pentachloride, ionic bond, bond order, bond enthalpy, bond dissociation, sp and sp2hybridisation, hydrogen bonding,electron pair,lone pair repulsion, resonance structure of ozone, how to find electron pair and lone pair, sp3 hybridization of methane.
Periodic Classification of Elements and PeriodicityNEHANEHA67
The document discusses the history and development of the periodic table. It explains that early scientists like Dobereiner and Newlands began classifying elements based on their properties, but that Dmitri Mendeleev created the first recognizable periodic table in 1871. His table arranged elements in order of atomic mass and predicted properties of undiscovered elements. Later, Moseley's discovery of atomic number allowed the modern periodic table to arrange elements by atomic number instead of mass. The document also discusses trends in properties within the periodic table.
Nomenclature and introduction of major functional groupssuresh gdvm
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts for an A-Level chemistry book. It introduces the major families of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. It discusses the classification, nomenclature and isomerism of these compounds, with examples of naming various straight-chain, branched, cyclic and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also covers the different types of isomerism including structural, stereoisomerism and geometrical isomerism.
Carbon exists in several allotropes with unique properties. Graphite has layered structures that allow for easy sliding of layers and is used as lubricant and pencil lead. Diamond has a tetrahedral structure and is the hardest material. Fullerenes like buckminsterfullerene have soccer ball shapes. Carbon also forms many inorganic compounds including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, bicarbonates, carbides and cyanides that have various applications. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.
1) Experiments with cathode ray tubes led to the discovery of the electron as a negatively charged fundamental particle.
2) Further experiments showed that atoms are mostly empty space and contain a small, dense nucleus made up of protons and neutrons, around which electrons orbit.
3) The photoelectric effect showed that light behaves as a particle (photon) rather than just a wave, transferring its energy in discrete quantized amounts to electrons and ejecting them from metal surfaces.
Group 18 of the periodic table contains the noble gases: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. All noble gases are monoatomic gases that are chemically unreactive due to their stable electronic configurations. Xenon can form some compounds with highly electronegative elements like fluorine and oxygen. Xenon fluorides like XeF2 and XeF6 are powerful fluorinating agents. While most noble gases have no significant uses, argon is used for welding and as an inert atmosphere, and neon is used in signs and greenhouses.
This document summarizes information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses that carbon is a non-metal element that forms the basis of all living things. It exists in three allotropes - diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. It then describes the structures of diamond and graphite. The document further discusses that carbon can form many compounds due to its ability to form chains and bonds with four other atoms. It provides examples of organic compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. In particular, it summarizes the types and properties of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
History, Classification, Uses of organic chemistryAnm Sharif
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds found in living things. The first organic chemist, Berzelius, believed organic compounds could only come from living organisms, but Wöhler discovered the organic compound urea could be synthesized from inorganic precursors, disproving this idea of vitalism. Organic compounds make up the basic building blocks of life like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and have a wide variety of uses from medicines to plastics.
The document discusses chemical formulas and how they are derived. It explains that chemical formulas show the number and type of atoms in a molecule using element symbols. It then provides examples of how to determine formulas using valency, including transition metals that can have multiple valencies indicated by Roman numerals. Prefixes in compound names can also indicate the number of atoms present.
Carbon is a key element that forms the basis of many important compounds due to its ability to bond with other carbon atoms and elements. It exists in several allotropes with varying properties, including diamond and graphite. Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds with other atoms, allowing it to create large, complex molecules through catenation. Saturated carbon compounds contain only single bonds, while unsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds. Functional groups and structural isomers give compounds unique reactivity and properties. Important carbon compounds discussed include ethanol, ethanoic acid, soaps, and detergents.
1. The document discusses carbon compounds and their properties. It covers hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated compounds, functional groups, and nomenclature.
2. Specific carbon compounds discussed include ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Reactions of ethanol and ethanoic acid with substances like sodium, chlorine, and alcohols are described.
3. Soaps are introduced as cleansing agents made of sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids. Their structure allows them to interact with both water and oils/fats.
Its about Mendeleev and his contribution to the modern periodic table. It also discusses about the advantages and disadvantages of his periodic table. it also has about eka-aluminium which is gallium.
This document provides an overview of basic atomic structure and the periodic table. It defines atoms, molecules, ions, isotopes and atomic structure. The three fundamental chemical laws - conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions - are summarized. Early experiments that helped discover subatomic particles like electrons are described. The periodic table is introduced, including the organization of elements and differentiating metals, nonmetals and metalloids. Key terms like atomic number and mass are defined.
CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 1 (Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry) | Homi I...Homi Institute
Chemistry is the scientific study of the structure of substances and how they change under different conditions or when mixed together. It involves studying molecules and how they combine in fixed ratios according to scientific laws like the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions, and the law of multiple proportions. The average atomic mass of an element takes into account the relative abundance of its different isotopes.
The document discusses the properties and uses of noble gases. It defines noble gases as elements that do not interact with other elements due to their complete electron orbits. It lists the noble gases as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. It then discusses their physical properties, including being odorless and colorless gases at room temperature with low melting and boiling points. Finally, it provides examples of uses for some noble gases, such as using helium for balloons due to its light weight and neon for lighting due to its bright white color.
Noble gas-ppt-,inert gas, group 18 elements# inert gas # nobal gas xenon com...RAHUL SINWER
The document discusses the noble gases, which are located in group 0 of the periodic table. It provides details on the properties and chemical composition of the noble gases, which include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. It also discusses the discovery of the noble gases and their incorporation into the periodic table. The document further summarizes the chemical properties and reactivity of the noble gases, noting that under certain conditions some can form compounds, especially xenon, which can form a variety of fluorides, oxides, and oxyfluorides.
1. The document discusses the structure of molecules and the types of chemical bonds that form between atoms. It addresses ionic bonding between sodium and chlorine due to electron transfer, covalent bonding between nonmetals by electron sharing, and metallic bonding in metals due to shared free-floating electrons.
2. Several examples of different types of bonds are given, including single, double and triple covalent bonds in molecules like CH4, C2H4, N2 and O2. Dipole-dipole interactions between polar molecules like HCl are also discussed.
3. Factors that determine bond type like electronegativity differences and octet rule satisfaction are covered. The document contrasts properties of ionic
This document provides an overview of alkanes, including their structure, naming conventions, properties, and sources. It defines hydrocarbons and alkanes. Alkanes contain only single carbon-carbon bonds. Constitutional isomers are discussed. Naming conventions for alkanes include prefixes for carbon numbers and suffixes like -ane for straight chains or naming substituents on branches. Cycloalkanes are named similarly with the prefix cyclo-. Physical properties like boiling points increasing with molecular weight are covered. Alkanes are nonpolar and insoluble in water. Natural sources of hydrocarbons include natural gas and petroleum.
Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons and has the unique ability to form chains and rings of carbon atoms through catenation. This property allows carbon to form a vast number of compounds through single, double, and triple bonds and structural isomers. Carbon compounds are classified as saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons and can undergo combustion reactions.
Carbon is a nonmetal that is the fourth most abundant element in the human body and is essential to life. It has several allotropes including diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. Carbon forms covalent bonds and can bond to other carbon atoms to form chains, rings, and complex molecules. Many organic compounds are based on carbon chains and rings that may be saturated or unsaturated. Carbon undergoes many important reactions including combustion, oxidation, and substitution reactions.
This document provides an overview of carbon and organic chemistry topics. It discusses the structure and properties of carbon, including its ability to form covalent bonds and exist in different allotropes like diamond, graphite and buckminsterfullerene. Carbon's versatility is explained by its properties of catenation and tetravalency. The document outlines saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and describes how carbon can form chains, branches and rings. Lewis structures are introduced as a way to represent bonding. Homologous series are defined as compounds with the same functional group substituting for hydrogen in a carbon chain.
This document provides an overview of general and organic chemistry concepts related to carbon atoms. It discusses atomic theory, covalent bonding, chemical formulas, structural classifications of carbon atoms, hybridization, charges and dipoles of organic molecules, isomers, and functional groups. The key topics covered are the electronic configuration and valence of carbon, how carbon forms single, double and triple covalent bonds, molecular, structural and condensed chemical formulas, and the four types of carbon atoms based on their bonding.
This document provides information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses electron dot structures of various molecules like H2, O2, ethane and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also describes cyclic/closed chain hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. The document outlines IUPAC naming rules for hydrocarbons and different formula types. It provides examples of alkenes, alkynes and their naming conventions. Key differences between properties of covalent and ionic compounds are highlighted.
- Organic chemistry deals with carbon-based compounds. Carbon forms covalent bonds with other elements by hybridizing its atomic orbitals.
- Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds depending on whether it undergoes sp3, sp2 or sp hybridization, respectively. This allows carbon to achieve the correct molecular geometry and bond energies.
- The type of bonding (ionic, covalent or coordinate covalent) between elements depends on their difference in electronegativity. Covalent bonds can be nonpolar or polar depending on this difference.
This document discusses the electronic configuration of carbon and how it forms bonds. It explains that carbon normally forms four single bonds by undergoing sp3 hybridization, where one 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals combine to form four new hybrid orbitals oriented toward the corners of a tetrahedron. It also discusses sp2 and sp hybridization which allow carbon to form multiple and triple bonds. The document contrasts primary covalent, ionic, and coordinate covalent bonds from secondary bonds formed by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces.
Carbon is a versatile element that forms millions of compounds. It exists in many forms including diamond and graphite. Carbon is present in all living organisms and is the main component of fuels like coal.
Carbon atoms bond with other atoms through covalent bonds by sharing electrons. This allows carbon to form chains, branches and closed rings. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen and can be saturated or unsaturated. Functional groups determine the properties of carbon compounds.
Some important carbon compounds are ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Ethanol is used in drinks and medicines while ethanoic acid gives vinegar its sour taste. Soaps clean through micelle formation while detergents work better in
carbon and its compound by Gagan prasadGagan Prasad
Gagan Prasad completed a PowerPoint presentation about carbon and its compounds under the guidance of Miss Anshu. The presentation covered the basic properties of carbon, different allotropes of carbon including graphite and diamond, hydrocarbon classifications including saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, functional groups in organic chemistry, and examples of alkanes from methane to hexane. The document provided information on the fundamental chemistry concepts relating to carbon.
This document discusses carbon bonding and the formation of carbon compounds. It explains that carbon can form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms through a process called catenation, allowing it to form straight chains, branches, and rings. This bonding ability arises because carbon is tetravalent and can hybridize its orbitals, taking on different hybridization states like sp, sp2, and sp3. Some carbon compounds exhibit resonance, where electrons are delocalized over multiple carbon atoms. This results in more stable structures that are hybrids of different resonant forms. Overall, carbon's unique bonding properties allow it to form a diverse array of stable organic compounds.
Organic chemistry deals with carbon-containing compounds called organic molecules. Carbon atoms can bond to many other atoms, often forming long chain structures. Organic compounds can be represented using molecular formulas or structural formulas. They contain functional groups that give them certain chemical properties and can be classified based on these groups. Organic reactions include addition, elimination, and substitution. Polymers are large molecules formed by combining repeating structural units (monomers) and include both natural and synthetic varieties.
Carbon being the most versatile element on this earth is also the most important element for mankind. Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust.
Carbon is a nonmetallic element that can form four covalent bonds. It exists in several allotropes including graphite, diamond, and fullerenes. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds between carbon atoms while unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds. The structure and properties of hydrocarbons depend on the number of carbon atoms and their arrangement in chains, branches, or rings. Functional groups are specific atomic groups that determine a molecule's chemical reactivity.
Here are the different types of flames obtained by adjusting the air hole at the base of a Bunsen burner:
1. Cone shaped non-luminous blue flame: Obtained when air hole is fully open. This flame is hot enough to heat test tubes.
2. Broader luminous yellow flame: Obtained when air hole is partially closed. This flame is not as hot as the non-luminous blue flame.
3. Broader luminous orange flame: Obtained when air hole is almost closed. This flame is the coolest of the three types.
By adjusting the air supply, flames of varying temperatures and properties can be obtained from a Bunsen burner. The non-luminous blue flame
Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and electronic configuration of 2,4. It requires 4 electrons to achieve the inert gas configuration but cannot form stable ions. Instead, carbon overcomes this issue by forming covalent bonds where it shares its valence electrons with other carbon atoms or other elements. There are three main types of covalent bonds: single, double, and triple bonds which are formed by sharing one, two, or three pairs of electrons respectively. Carbon's ability to form long chains through catenation is due to its property of self-linkage through covalent bonds between identical carbon atoms.
This document discusses organic compounds and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
1) Organic compounds are defined as compounds containing carbon and hydrogen, along with derivatives containing other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or halogens.
2) Carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds and link to other carbon atoms (catenation) allows it to form a vast variety of structures, making organic chemistry highly diverse.
3) Isomerism, where compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas due to variations in atom arrangement, further increases diversity among organic molecules.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It discusses the key topics of functional groups, organic synthesis reagents, organic structure and reactions, elements involved in organic chemistry, and oxidation and reduction reactions. The main points are that organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds and their properties and reactions, it is essential to life processes, and the carbon atom can form many different bonds giving rise to a huge variety of organic molecules and isomers.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It discusses the basic components and structures of organic molecules, including hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It explains that organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds and their properties and reactions. Carbon can form many different structures by bonding to itself and other elements, resulting in a huge number and variety of possible organic compounds.
This chapter discusses representative carbon compounds and their functional groups. It describes how carbon forms strong covalent bonds and how organic compounds are grouped by their functional groups. Key organic compound classes covered include hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics), alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, and amines. Polar covalent bonds and molecular dipoles are also discussed.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry, including definitions of organic compounds, differences between organic and inorganic compounds, and key concepts. It discusses the early history when vitalism prevented the synthesis of organic compounds. Friedrich Wöhler was the first to synthesize an organic compound in a laboratory. The document also outlines types of organic compounds like hydrocarbons, and how they are named according to IUPAC rules. Carbon properties and different hybridizations that allow multiple bonds are covered.
In 1891,Emil fischer devised a method of representing the 3D structures of
molecules in 2D Structures on a plane (Paper) by convention, horizontal line
represent bonds projecting from the plane of paper towards the observer and
vertical line represent away from the observer
Flash photolysis and Shock tube method PRUTHVIRAJ K
In 1967 the Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded to Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish for their co-discovery of Flash photolysis in 1949.
Flash photolysis is used to extensively to study reactions that happen extremely quickly, even down to the femtosecond depending on the laser that is used. The technique was born out of cameras developed during and shorty after WWII, which were used to take pictures of fast moving planes, rockets and Missiles.
Since then the technology of laser and optics has progressed allowing faster and faster reactions to be studied.
A silicate is an anions consisting of silicon and oxygen.
Silicates occur in earth’s crust in abundantly in the form of silicate minerals and aluminosilicate clay.
Silicate anions are often large polymeric molecules with an extense variety of structures,including chains and rings.double chains and sheets.
Silicates are extremely important materials, both natural and artificial, for all sorts of technological and artistic activities.
FUNCTIONAL GROUP MODIFICATION : Medicinal ChemistryPRUTHVIRAJ K
Once a lead compound or a pharmacophore structure with the desired pharmacological effect has been identified, organic chemists can introduce modifications in the chemical structure of the lead compound with the goal of improving the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of a drug candidate. These evolved structures are known as analogs.
3
IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIVE PART : THE PHARMACOPHOREPRUTHVIRAJ K
Portion of the molecule containing the essential organic functional groups that directly interact with the receptor active site and are responsible for the activity are know as pharmacophore.
Pharmacophore model represents the binding mode of active molecules to their target.
A pharmacophore model differentiates between active and inactive molecule.
STRUCTURE MODIFICATION TO INCREASE POTENCY AND THERAPEUTIC INDEX PRUTHVIRAJ K
1. It is a tool of research in medicinal chemistry to refine molecule.
2.Most of the molecules are modified either by altering its physical properties or by modifying chemical structure.
Structure modification is chemical alteration of known and previously characterized.
lead compound for the purpose of enhancing its usefulness as a drug (to improve activity).
This could mean enhancing its specificity for a particular body target site, increasing its potency.
Examples:
Progesterone and estradiol among the sex hormones
Nucleophilic Substitution reaction (SN1 reaction)PRUTHVIRAJ K
Attack of nucleophile at a saturated carbon atom bearing substituent, known as leaving group results in Substitution reaction.
The group that is displaced (leaving group) carries its bonding electrons.
The new bond is formed between nucleophile and the carbon using the electrons supplied by the nucleophilic agent.
The compound on which substitution takes place is called “substrate.”
The substrate consists of two parts, alkyl group and leaving group.
UNIMOLECULAR SURFACE REACTION: MECHANISM, INHIBITION AND ACTIVATION ENERGYPRUTHVIRAJ K
Unimolecular surface reaction may involve a reaction between a molecule A of the reactant and vacant site S on the surface
Surface reaction involving single adsorbed molecules and therefore term as unimolecular and are treated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm
Kinetics of Pyrolysis of acetaldehyde PRUTHVIRAJ K
Jeevankumar M presented a seminar on the pyrolysis of acetaldehyde under the guidance of Mr. Pruthviraj. Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of compounds in the absence of oxygen above the boiling point of water. The pyrolysis of acetaldehyde occurs through a chain reaction, producing methyl radicals and hydrogen. The mechanism involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Applying steady-state approximations, the rate law for the pyrolysis of acetaldehyde was determined to be third order with respect to acetaldehyde concentration. Pyrolysis has applications in producing fuels from waste and in industrial processes like steelmaking and syngas production.
Diel's-Alder and Gattermann Koch ReactionsPRUTHVIRAJ K
n organic chemistry, the Diels–Alder reaction is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile, to form a substituted cyclohexene derivative. It is the prototypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism
The Chichibabin reaction is a method for producing 2-aminopyridine derivatives by the reaction of pyridine with sodium amide. It was reported by Aleksei Chichibabin in 1914. The following is the overall form of the general reaction: The direct amination of pyridine with sodium amide takes place in liquid ammonia
The benzoin addition is an addition reaction involving two aldehydes. The reaction generally occurs between aromatic aldehydes or glyoxals. The reaction produces an acyloin. In the classic application benzaldehyde is converted to benzoin
Pigments and Colors: Natural Pigments or Plant Pigments PRUTHVIRAJ K
Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigment
The document discusses different types of food colourants. It describes natural food colourants that are synthesized naturally, nature-identical colourants that are synthesized to mimic natural ones, and artificial/synthetic colourants. Seven synthetic colours are approved by the FDA for food use. Natural colours come from vegetable, animal, mineral or other sources. Carotenoids provide yellow, orange and red colours and have health benefits. Beta-carotene is an important carotenoid used as a food colourant. Betalains and chlorophylls are also used as natural food colourants. Anthoxanthins contribute cream and white colours while lycopene provides the red colour of tomatoes.
The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid
The document discusses chirality in heteroatom systems where chirality arises from a non-carbon centre. It explains that compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur or other atoms can exhibit stereochemistry when the atom forms a tetrahedral structure with four different groups. The stereochemistry of these compounds provides useful information for drug applications. It then focuses on the specific stereochemistry of various nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur compounds, including amines, oximes, azo compounds, phosphines and sulfoxides. It describes how these compounds can exhibit geometrical isomers, inversion barriers, and retention or inversion of configuration under chemical reactions.
Conformational analysis of medium ringsPRUTHVIRAJ K
The document discusses the conformations of medium-sized carbocyclic rings from cycloheptane to cyclodecane. Cycloheptane exists in two sets of conformers, with the preferred conformers being twist-chair. Medium rings from cyclooctane to cyclodecane exhibit unusual features like intraannular and extraannular hydrogens leading to transannular strain. Cyclodecane preferentially adopts a boat-chair-boat conformation to minimize these interactions. Pseudorotation in these rings can be slowed by introducing substituents that restrict bond rotation.
Pigments and Colors:Extraction and PurificationPRUTHVIRAJ K
Pigments and Colors:Extraction and Purification- Extraction of naturally occurring pigments like anthocyanins, tannins etc from their sources and purification methods
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
1. Carbon and It’s Compounds
by
Pruthviraj K
Faculty in chemistry
2. Introduction
1) Carbon is a chemical element with
symbol C Belonging to group 14 of the
periodic table (P-block) Element, non
metallic by nature.
2) One of the most essential divers chemo element that exist, finding out its
application in Structural biology, food, medicine etc.
3) Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the
fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen,
helium, and oxygen.
4) It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass
(about 18.5%) after oxygen
5) The allotropes of carbon include graphite, one of the softest known
substances, and diamond, the hardest naturally occurring substance
3. Bonding in Carbon- The Covalent Bond
Carbon compounds posses low boiling and
melting point (Gradual or no sharp).
These compounds does not conduct
electricity neither in molten nor in solution
state.
Comparing above two properties with that
of Ionic compounds possessing exactly
opposite characters indicates, the weak
force of attraction b/w atoms or molecules
and this kind of bonding doesn’t leads to
ion formation.
Compound MP in K BP in K
Acetic Acid
CH3COOH
290 391
Chloroform CHCl3 209 334
Ethyl Alcohol
C2H5OH
156 351
Acetone CH3COCH3 178 329
4. As we Write down electronic configuration
of Carbon i.e
6C = 1s2 2s2 2p2 or [He] 2s2 2p2
We could see carbon is left out with 4 more
electrons to attain nearest noble gas
configuration of Neon, and as we know by
virtue every element tries to obtain noble
gas configuration to attain stability either
by gaining or losing of electrons
(Individually or by support)
Carbon could form C4- anion but for a atom or nucleus with 6 electrons to
hold 4 more electrons is highly difficult and in the same way to form C4+
cation the successive ionization energies are drastically high and won’t
allow the formation.
So in order to overcome these conditions and to attain stability carbon
will share its valance electrons with other elements , and both the
elements on bonding attains nearest noble gas configuration
This sharing will continue until the valancy get satisfied either by the
same atoms or other involved in reaction
5. Such bonds which are formed by the sharing of an electron pair between
two atoms are known as covalent bonds.
Covalently bonded molecules are seen to have strong bonds within the
molecule, but intermolecular forces are weak.
This gives rise to the low melting and boiling points of these compounds.
Since the electrons are shared between atoms and no charged particles
are formed, such covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of
electricity
6. Versatility of Carbon
As we know there are millions of compound that
exist in this universe are made up of carbon,
which is beyond for any other elements, there are
two factors which are responsible for carbon
to form this N number of compounds are,
1) Catenation 2) Tetra valance of carbon
Catenation: Carbon is capable of bonding with other elements / atoms or the
atoms of carbon to from large compounds or molecules, leading to a property
known as catenation. These molecules or compounds may be, straight,
branched or closed chain in structure.
Depending upon the number of bond b/w carbon to carbon in these
compounds are further classified as Saturated and Unsaturated carbons (Only
for Hydrocarbons or organic substances)
Tetra Valent: Carbon being with 2 electrons in its outer most shell, and
requires 4 more electrons to fulfill its octet, capable of bonding with 4 more
carbons or with other mono valent atoms/elements like H, O, N, S, X and more
7. Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds
Carbon compounds containing C to C (C-C) single bond are known as
saturated carbon compounds.
Hydrocarbons with the same are termed as Alkanes. (CnH2n+2)
Carbon compounds containing at least one C to C double or triple bond
are known as unsaturated carbon compounds.
Hydrocarbons with C to C double bond are called as alkenes (CnH2n)
and with triple bond are termed as alkynes (CnH2n-2)
Ethane Ethene
10. Will You Be My Friend? / Other functional groups
In hydrocarbons like ethane or propane replacing one of the hydrogen
attached to carbon by other atoms or chemical groups leads to origin of new
carbon compounds with different character
13. Chemical Properties of Carbon compounds
Combustion Reactions
2
C
6
H
6
1
5
O
2
1
2
C
O
2
+
6
H
2
O
+
H
e
a
t
a
n
d
L
i
g
h
t
Addition Reactions
H2C CH2
Pd/RT
H2
H3C CH3
Substitution Reactions
N
H
2
N
a
N
O
2
/
H
C
l
C
u
B
r
B
r
14. Ethanol / Ethyl alcohol- C2H5OH
Ethanol is a simple alcohol with the chemical formula C2H6O. Ethanol is
a volatile, flammable colorless liquid with a characteristic wine-like odor
and pungent taste
H
3
C
C
H
2
O
H
2
N
a
M
e
t
a
l
C
o
n
c
,H
2
S
O
4
H
3
C
H
2
C
O
N
a
H
2
C
C
H
2
Ethanoic acid/ Aceti acid CH3COOH
Ethanoic acid is commonly called acetic acid and belongs to a group of
acids called carboxylic acids.
C
H
3
C
O
O
H+C
2
H
5
O
H C
H
3
C
O
O
C
2
H
5
C
o
n
cH
2
S
O
4
A
c
e
tic
A
c
id
E
th
y
l
A
lc
o
h
o
l
E
th
y
lA
c
e
ta
te
15. Reference
1) Karnataka State board 10th Science Book Part-2 Pg No- 1- 22
2) Images are downloaded from Google on 27-07-2022 and reserved to respective owners