2. VERSATILE NATURE OF
CARBON
Catenation
The property of atoms of element to link with one
another forming chains of identical atoms is
called catenation
Carbon exhibits catenation to maximum extent
because of strong carbon-carbon bond and
tetravalency .
Due to this property of catenation ,carbon atoms
can form various types of straight chain
,branched chain and ring structures,thus giving
rise to a large variety of compounds.
4. Since carbon-carbon bond is very strong , these
compounds of carbon are exceptionally stable.
No other element exhibits the property of
catenation to the extent seen in carbon
compounds.
Silicon forms compounds with hydrogen which
have chain upto seven or eight atom , but these
compounds are very reactive because Si-Si bond
is much weaker than C-C bond .
C-C bond energy is 346 kJ /mole whereas Si-Si
bond energy is 297 kJ/mole.
5. FORMATION OF MULTIPLE
BONDS
Due to small size , carbon atom is capable of
forming multiple bonds with other carbon
atoms .
This further gives rise to a large variety of
compounds.
For e.g ethane
ethene
ethyne
7. SATURATED &
UNSATURATED
COMPOUNDS
SATURATED CARBON
COMPOUNDS
The carbon compounds in which all the carbon
atoms present in the molecule are bonded to other
atoms through single covalent bonds are called
saturated compounds.
In such compounds each carbon atom is bonded
directly to four other atoms . Since in these
compounds all the carbon atoms utilise their full
combining capacity by forming single covalent
bonds with other atoms that is why these
compounds are called saturated compounds.
9. UNSATURATED
COMPOUNDS
Unsaturated carbon compounds
The carbon compounds in which there are
some carbon atoms which are bonded to other
atoms through a double bond or a triple bond
are called unsaturated compounds.
In such compounds there are some carbon
atoms which are bonded to less than four
atoms directly.
Since in these compounds all the carbon
atoms have not utilised their full combining
capacity by forming single covalent bond that
is why these are called unsaturated
compounds.
10.
11. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
In chemistry, a homologous series is a series of
organic compounds with a similar general
formula, possessing similar chemical properties
due to the presence of the same functional group.
For example, ethane has a higher boiling point
than methane since it has more Van der Waals
forces with neighbouring molecules. This is due to
the increase in the number of atoms making up
the molecule. Each organic compound in a
homologous series vary by an extra CH2 from the
previous compound.
12. Even though the general formula remains
constant in a homologous series, specific
members of the series may have different
structures or entirely different properties,
though qualitatively, reactivity usually
remains the same. Compounds in each
series typically have a similar group of
atoms called a functional group. Most
chemical properties of organic compounds
are due to the presence of functional
groups.
15. Closed chain compounds or
ring compounds
Cyclic compounds are called closed chain or ring
compounds.
16. ISOMERS
The catenation and tetravalency of carbon may
result in compounds having same molecular
formula but different stuctural formulae. such
compounds are known as isomers .
For e.g for molecular formula C5H12 three
isomers are possible.
The phenomenon of isomerism is another reason
for existence of such a large number of carbon
compounds.
18. NOMENCLATURE OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
The term nomenclature means the system of
naming.
IUPAC-International Union of Pure And Applied
Chemistry.
IUPAC formulated a number of rules to name the
numbers of compounds.
Rules:
1.select a long chain.
2.mention the position of unsaturated bonds
based on
alpha carbon.
3.mention the position of functional groups.
19. Hydrocarbon rule :
1p +2p +root word +1s +2s
Root word –It explains number of carbon atoms
in an organic compounds.
Primary suffix — It explains saturated and
unsaturated organic compounds.
Secondary suffix –It explains functional group.
