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This document compares the infectious disease whooping cough and the non-infectious genetic disease Down syndrome. Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis and spreads through airborne droplets. It causes a runny nose, cough, and can be life threatening for infants. Antibiotics and vaccination are used for treatment and prevention. Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It causes distinctive facial features and cognitive impairment. While it cannot be prevented, treatments have improved life expectancy and managed associated medical conditions. Both diseases most severely impact infants and have varying incidence rates around the world.
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Croup in children
Croup is a common respiratory illness in young children caused by viruses such as parainfluenza. It causes barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. Symptoms typically worsen at night. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and appearance of the steeple sign on chest x-ray. Treatment involves corticosteroids which reduce symptoms, and nebulized epinephrine for more severe cases. Most children recover without complications, though a small percentage require hospitalization for respiratory support.
clinical case presentation --croup
A 2-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with a barky cough, retractions, and stridor after a couple days of upper respiratory infection and fever. On examination he had retractions, barky cough, and stridor but did not appear toxic. The most likely diagnosis was laryngotracheobronchitis (croup). He was treated with nebulized racemic epinephrine, which resolved his stridor, and oral dexamethasone. After 2 hours of observation with improved symptoms, he was discharged home with instructions to return if symptoms recurred and advice on fever management and sleep positioning.
Acute respiratory infections
This document discusses acute respiratory infections (ARI), including their causes, transmission, clinical assessment, classification, treatment, and prevention. It describes the different bacterial and viral agents that can cause ARIs. Clinical assessment involves examining symptoms, breathing rate, chest indrawing, wheezing, and malnutrition. ARIs are classified based on severity and treated with antibiotics or symptomatic care. Prevention focuses on improved living conditions, nutrition, immunization including measles vaccine, Hib vaccine, and pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine.
Bronchiolitis
Acute respiratory infections are infectious diseases of the airways lasting less than 15 days, sometimes causing pneumonia. They are an important public health problem globally. In children, the respiratory tract is shorter and more compact than adults, allowing easier access for bacteria and microorganisms to the lungs. The alveoli in children contain fewer gas exchange surfaces and increased congestion. The child's airways are smaller, facilitating obstruction if mucus or edema is present. Bronchiolitis is an acute infection causing lower airway obstruction, mainly affecting children under 1 year old. Treatment depends on severity of respiratory compromise.
Bronchiolitis by Ng
Bronchiolitis is an inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) commonly caused by viral infection, especially respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants under 1 year old. It causes wheezing and difficulty breathing. Clinical features include cough, wheezing, respiratory distress, and feeding difficulties. Chest x-ray may show hyperinflation of the lungs. Diagnosis is usually made clinically based on symptoms and age of the child. Treatment focuses on supportive care and monitoring for signs of worsening respiratory distress.
bronchiolitis and bronchitis
Bronchitis and bronchiolitis are acute infections of the bronchial tubes. Bronchitis typically affects larger airways while bronchiolitis primarily impacts smaller airways called bronchioles. The most common cause is viral infection, especially respiratory syncytial virus. Clinical features include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing. Treatment focuses on supportive care like hydration and oxygen supplementation. Severe cases requiring hospitalization involve respiratory distress, apnea or hypoxemia.
Croup
Croup is a viral infection that causes inflammation in the upper airways of children. It is characterized by a barking cough, stridor, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves dexamethasone, which reduces symptoms within 6-12 hours by decreasing inflammation. For severe cases, nebulized epinephrine can provide temporary relief from airway narrowing for about 2 hours. Nursing care focuses on minimizing distress and monitoring for signs of worsening respiratory status.
H1 N1 Virus
The H1N1 virus, also known as swine flu, originated in Mexico and spread to the United States, causing outbreaks. It can affect people of all age groups and causes mild to severe symptoms, ranging from fever and cough to body aches and vomiting. Schools have been impacted by closing classes and cancelling activities when outbreaks occur due to student and staff absences. Public health officials recommend measures like staying home when sick, hand washing, cleaning surfaces, and temporary school closures to limit disruption and spread of the virus. The H1N1 virus remains a serious public health issue.
Recommended
Croup in children
Croup is a common respiratory illness in young children caused by viruses such as parainfluenza. It causes barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. Symptoms typically worsen at night. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and appearance of the steeple sign on chest x-ray. Treatment involves corticosteroids which reduce symptoms, and nebulized epinephrine for more severe cases. Most children recover without complications, though a small percentage require hospitalization for respiratory support.
clinical case presentation --croup
A 2-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with a barky cough, retractions, and stridor after a couple days of upper respiratory infection and fever. On examination he had retractions, barky cough, and stridor but did not appear toxic. The most likely diagnosis was laryngotracheobronchitis (croup). He was treated with nebulized racemic epinephrine, which resolved his stridor, and oral dexamethasone. After 2 hours of observation with improved symptoms, he was discharged home with instructions to return if symptoms recurred and advice on fever management and sleep positioning.
Acute respiratory infections
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Bronchiolitis
Acute respiratory infections are infectious diseases of the airways lasting less than 15 days, sometimes causing pneumonia. They are an important public health problem globally. In children, the respiratory tract is shorter and more compact than adults, allowing easier access for bacteria and microorganisms to the lungs. The alveoli in children contain fewer gas exchange surfaces and increased congestion. The child's airways are smaller, facilitating obstruction if mucus or edema is present. Bronchiolitis is an acute infection causing lower airway obstruction, mainly affecting children under 1 year old. Treatment depends on severity of respiratory compromise.
Bronchiolitis by Ng
Bronchiolitis is an inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) commonly caused by viral infection, especially respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants under 1 year old. It causes wheezing and difficulty breathing. Clinical features include cough, wheezing, respiratory distress, and feeding difficulties. Chest x-ray may show hyperinflation of the lungs. Diagnosis is usually made clinically based on symptoms and age of the child. Treatment focuses on supportive care and monitoring for signs of worsening respiratory distress.
bronchiolitis and bronchitis
Bronchitis and bronchiolitis are acute infections of the bronchial tubes. Bronchitis typically affects larger airways while bronchiolitis primarily impacts smaller airways called bronchioles. The most common cause is viral infection, especially respiratory syncytial virus. Clinical features include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing. Treatment focuses on supportive care like hydration and oxygen supplementation. Severe cases requiring hospitalization involve respiratory distress, apnea or hypoxemia.
Croup
Croup is a viral infection that causes inflammation in the upper airways of children. It is characterized by a barking cough, stridor, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves dexamethasone, which reduces symptoms within 6-12 hours by decreasing inflammation. For severe cases, nebulized epinephrine can provide temporary relief from airway narrowing for about 2 hours. Nursing care focuses on minimizing distress and monitoring for signs of worsening respiratory status.
H1 N1 Virus
The H1N1 virus, also known as swine flu, originated in Mexico and spread to the United States, causing outbreaks. It can affect people of all age groups and causes mild to severe symptoms, ranging from fever and cough to body aches and vomiting. Schools have been impacted by closing classes and cancelling activities when outbreaks occur due to student and staff absences. Public health officials recommend measures like staying home when sick, hand washing, cleaning surfaces, and temporary school closures to limit disruption and spread of the virus. The H1N1 virus remains a serious public health issue.
Acute respiratory infections 2021
This document discusses various acute respiratory infections that can occur in children, including common cold, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, croup, and epiglottitis. It provides clinical descriptions of each condition and recommendations for diagnosis and management according to IMNCI (Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness) guidelines. Several case scenarios are presented and classified according to IMNCI protocols. Key signs and treatments are outlined for different ear, throat and breathing problems that may present in children.
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This document provides an overview of evaluating a child with an acute respiratory infection. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, complications, differential diagnoses, history, physical examination, and investigations. Acute respiratory infections are a common cause of illness in children under 5 years old. Physical examination involves assessing vital signs, nasal discharge, throat, lymph nodes, lungs, and ears. Key investigations include chest x-ray, pulse oximetry, and tests for specific infections like strep throat. Management focuses on treating the underlying infection while supporting the child's breathing, oxygen levels, and hydration.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
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Bronchiolitis
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Pneumonia in children 2021
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Huntington's
Huntington's disease is an inherited neurological disorder that damages nerve cells in the brain and affects movement, cognition, and behavior. Symptoms usually appear in adulthood and include personality changes, mood swings, and unusual behavior. There is no cure for Huntington's disease and its progression cannot be slowed, though medication and therapies can help manage some symptoms and support daily living.
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Huntington’S Disease
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Asthma
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that affects the airways and causes difficulty breathing. It is caused by an allergic response inside the airways that causes swelling. Asthma rates have been increasing due to factors like indoor environments, infant feeding practices, sanitation standards, and air pollution. Asthma symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing. Emergency symptoms require immediate medical attention. Asthma is treated with medications like inhalers and breathing treatments. Teachers should be aware of students' asthma triggers and symptoms.
Adaptations
Kangaroos have adapted long legs that allow them to move quickly and efficiently without expending much energy in Australia's harsh environment. This helps them evade predators and conserve energy for other purposes like hopping. Cacti have also adapted large spikes over hundreds of years that provide benefits like shading from the sun, protecting the cactus from herbivores by making it difficult to chew, and channeling infrequent rains to the base of the plant. The document discusses these structural adaptations of kangaroos and cacti.
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Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a genetic condition where cilia in the respiratory system do not function properly, preventing the clearance of mucus from the lungs, sinuses, and ears. This leads to frequent respiratory infections. It is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and causes chronic sinus infections, ear infections, and lung disease from a young age. Diagnosis involves examining lung or sinus tissue under a microscope to detect structural defects in the cilia. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques and antibiotics to manage infections long-term.
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This document discusses acute respiratory infections (ARIs) which cause 20% of childhood deaths under 5 years old, with pneumonia responsible for 90% of ARI deaths. ARI mortality is highest in children who are HIV-infected, under 2 years old, malnourished, weaned early, from poorly educated families, or with difficult healthcare access. ARIs are classified as upper or lower respiratory tract infections. Treatment depends on classification and severity, ranging from symptomatic treatment at home to hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. Prevention involves reducing risk factors through vaccination, nutrition, and treating infections early according to IMNCI guidelines.
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Pneumonia in children can be caused by viral or bacterial infections that lead to lung inflammation and fluid-filled alveoli. It is a common cause of death in children under 5 years old. Common bacteria that cause pneumonia include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Clinically, pneumonia can be diagnosed by symptoms like fast breathing, chest indrawing, and coarse lung sounds. Chest x-rays can reveal lung infiltrates. Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen, and managing symptoms. Vaccines help prevent acute respiratory infections that can lead to pneumonia.
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On January 30, 2020, the WHO declared the Covid-19 outbreak a global health emergency. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared it a global pandemic.
Huntington's
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The document discusses acute respiratory infection (ARI) control and prevention. It recommends improving primary healthcare services and early detection, treatment, and prevention of ARI as the best way to control it. Education of mothers is also important since compliance with treatment and seeking proper care determines disease outcomes. The World Health Organization's recommendations for ARI management include clinical assessment of symptoms, physical examination of respiratory rate, chest indrawing, stridor, wheezing, fever, and malnutrition. Control programs focus on identifying children with ARI at the community level and instituting appropriate antibiotic therapy. Prevention strategies include breastfeeding, immunizations, good nutrition, and reducing indoor air pollution.
Huntington’S Disease
Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder caused by a defective gene on chromosome 4 that results in abnormal repetitions of a CAG sequence in DNA. It is inherited from a parent and causes progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. Symptoms include involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric problems. There is no cure, but medications can help manage symptoms.
Presentation1 alcoholism
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Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections
1. A cohort study was established in rural north India to study the epidemiology and etiology of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children aged 0-10 years.
2. Preliminary results from the first year found an ARI incidence of 5.9 cases per child-year with no significant gender difference. However, acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) incidence and hospitalization rates were higher in boys compared to girls.
3. The study aims to provide better evidence for ARI prevention and control strategies in developing countries.
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that affects the airways and causes difficulty breathing. It is caused by an allergic response inside the airways that causes swelling. Asthma rates have been increasing due to factors like indoor environments, infant feeding practices, sanitation standards, and air pollution. Asthma symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing. Emergency symptoms require immediate medical attention. Asthma is treated with medications like inhalers and breathing treatments. Teachers should be aware of students' asthma triggers and symptoms.
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Adaptations
Kangaroos have adapted long legs that allow them to move quickly and efficiently without expending much energy in Australia's harsh environment. This helps them evade predators and conserve energy for other purposes like hopping. Cacti have also adapted large spikes over hundreds of years that provide benefits like shading from the sun, protecting the cactus from herbivores by making it difficult to chew, and channeling infrequent rains to the base of the plant. The document discusses these structural adaptations of kangaroos and cacti.
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Infectious and Non Infectious Diseases
Whooping cough is caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacteria. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing, and sometimes through contact with clothes or toys. Early symptoms resemble a common cold with sneezing, runny nose, and slight fever. Later, uncontrolled bouts of coughing occur with a characteristic "whooping" sound between coughs. Treatment involves antibiotics like azithromycin or erythromycin for 5-7 days. Other supportive treatments include steam inhalation, paracetamol, fluids, and rest. Vaccinations against whooping cough are recommended for babies and children through the DTaP vaccine.
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Diseases case studies
The document summarizes information about malaria and bipolar disorder. Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Symptoms include fevers, chills, and fatigue. Treatment involves drugs like chloroquine or combinations of quinine and antibiotics. Prevention methods consist of antimalarial drugs, insect repellent, and mosquito nets. Bipolar disorder has unknown causes but genetic and chemical factors. Symptoms vary between periods of mania and depression. Treatment focuses on lithium to control mood swings along with hospitalization during depressive episodes. Neither disease can be prevented, but their symptoms can be managed.
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Numerous studies have shown that using disposable bed bath wipes soaked in chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) reduces hospital acquired infections (HAIs) more effectively than traditional bed baths. Multiple randomized control trials found that CHG wipes reduced infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms and bloodstream infections. Implementing the use of CHG wipes for bathing patients would help meet patients' hygienic needs and prevent infections while improving nursing efficiency.
Infectious and non infectious diseases
Yasmine Biady presented on ringworm and diabetes. Ringworm symptoms can include itchy, irritated skin and rashes. It commonly affects young children and incidence is estimated around 3-5% of populations in some countries. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas cannot produce insulin and has genetic and environmental causes. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not use insulin properly and can be prevented through healthy lifestyle choices. Resources on ringworm and diabetes were also provided.
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A 6-year-old female patient presented with cold, cough, and vomiting for several days and was diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Laboratory tests showed decreased pulse rate and hemoglobin levels along with increased white blood cell and platelet counts. The patient was prescribed nebulized salbutamol and budesonide twice and four times daily respectively for bronchodilation along with ondansetron, ambroxol, and phenylephrine for anti-emetic effects, expectoration, and nasal decongestion. The treatment plan aimed to relieve symptoms, improve health status, prevent disease progression, and address the infection indicated by elevated white blood cell count. Potential adverse effects and the need for monitoring were also discussed
1. diseases case studies
The document discusses chickenpox and Down's syndrome. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and spreads through saliva or mucus. It causes a red, itchy rash and symptoms include fever, headache and sore throat. Treatment involves antiviral medication or creams to reduce itchiness. Prevention includes vaccination which is highly effective. Down's syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a third copy of chromosome 21, leading to distinctive physical features. It cannot be prevented but conditions can be treated through surgery or medication.
Case presentation on hypothyroidism
it was a case study on hypothyroidism in pediatric patient pharmaceutical care plan ,Diagnostic Technics ,treatment and patient counseling was given to the patient representative.
Evidence Based Medicine by Dr. Harmanjit Singh, GMC, Patiala
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This document provides an overview of evidence-based medicine (EBM) presented by Dr. Harmanjit Singh. It begins with definitions of EBM and discusses its history from ancient Greek and Chinese medicine to its modern conception in the 1990s. The principles of EBM are explained, including formulating questions based on patient information and evaluating the best evidence from a hierarchy of studies. Critically appraising evidence and integrating it with clinical expertise and patient values are emphasized. Limitations of EBM are addressed.Soap format
This document presents case presentations for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and community acquired pneumonia for a patient named Pooja. It summarizes the subjective and objective findings, assessments, diagnoses, etiologies, need for therapy, and current medications for each condition. It also provides information on common electrolyte solutions, assessments of current antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antibiotic, and other supportive care therapies including generic and brand names, mechanisms of action, administrations, adverse effects and contraindications.
Diabetes SOAP Note Exercise
This 57-year-old man with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hypothyroidism presents for follow-up. He has high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and early-stage diabetic nephropathy. Treatment is recommended including metformin, an ACE inhibitor, and statin to control blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol. Lifestyle modifications including diet, exercise, and weight loss are also emphasized to manage his conditions. Monitoring of labs and symptoms is planned to assess treatment effectiveness and prevent further complications.
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Case presentation in SOAPME format highlighting the prescriptive role of a pharmacist in Critical and Ambulatory care.
Clinical pharmacy
Clinical pharmacy involves pharmacists taking a patient-centered approach to medication therapy to promote health and wellness. It requires advanced clinical knowledge and skills beyond traditional dispensing roles. Clinical pharmacists work directly with patients, physicians, and other healthcare providers to optimize medication use, identify and resolve medication-related problems, educate patients, and ensure the safe, effective, and economical use of medications. They are integral members of the healthcare team across various clinical practice settings and specialties.
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The case is about a sales vice president who must choose between two good sales reps, Lisa Bell and Steven Bellach, to promote to area sales manager. Lisa has been a top performer for 5 years, but lacks field experience. Steven excels at customer relationships but is only supportive and does not drive sales. The vice president must evaluate their strengths and weaknesses based on the company's need for growth, customer satisfaction, and building relationships.
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This document summarizes a medical case involving a 27-year-old African American female patient who presents with migraines, fatigue, and dysmennorhea. Her medical history and lab results are presented. The assistant recommends switching the patient's migraine medication from oral tablets to nasal spray, adjusting a pain medication, treating her anemia with iron supplements, addressing her obesity through diet and exercise, and considering preventative migraine treatments.
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Pertussis, or whooping cough, is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is highly contagious and spreads through coughing or sneezing. The disease is most common and severe in infants and young children. It involves an initial catarrhal stage of mild cough followed by a paroxysmal stage of violent coughing fits that can cause vomiting. Complications can include pneumonia or brain damage in severe cases. Vaccination through the DPT vaccine has significantly reduced cases but periodic outbreaks still occur. Treatment involves antibiotics and isolating infected individuals to prevent spread.
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria, which forms a membrane in the throat or larynx. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets or skin lesions. Children aged 1-5 are most affected. Clinical features include sore throat and difficulty swallowing. Treatment involves isolation, vaccination, and antibiotics. Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, which is highly contagious. It affects infants and children the most. Symptoms include coughing fits and whooping sounds. Treatment involves antibiotics and vaccination. Acute respiratory infections are caused by numerous bacteria and viruses. They can affect the upper or lower respiratory tract. Symptoms include cough, fever and difficulty breathing. Treatment depends on the severity and
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this is detailed study on lower respiratory diseases
please comment
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Infectious & non infectious diseases
Tetanus is caused by a bacteria that enters the body through wounds. It causes painful muscle spasms. Symptoms include headaches, jaw cramping, and muscle stiffness. Treatment requires antibiotics, wound care, and drugs to control muscle spasms. The tetanus vaccine and boosters provide effective prevention. Rates are highest in hot, damp climates with organic soil.
Down syndrome is a genetic condition where a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. It causes intellectual and physical disabilities as well as health issues. Symptoms vary but may include heart disease, hearing loss, and intestinal problems. Early therapy can help improve skills. Risk increases with the mother's age. There is no known
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AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which is transmitted through bodily fluids and blood-to-blood contact. Early symptoms include swollen lymph nodes and fatigue, while later symptoms include weight loss, diarrhea, and attacks of shingles. There is no cure, but antiviral drugs can treat HIV/AIDS. Prevention involves avoiding practices like sharing needles or having unprotected sex. Over 22 million people in Africa have been diagnosed with AIDS since 1981.
Parkinson's disease causes slow movement, muscle rigidity and tremors due to a lack of dopamine. It is not contagious and may be inherited or caused by environmental toxins. Symptoms include tremors, stiffness, and impaired motor skills. Treatments aim to boost
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This document discusses and compares two diseases: chicken pox and anorexia nervosa. Chicken pox is a highly contagious viral disease that causes an itchy rash. It spreads through contact with infected individuals and can be prevented through vaccination. Anorexia nervosa is a psychological disorder characterized by an obsessive fear of gaining weight and refusal to eat. It has complex cultural, biological, and psychological causes and can lead to severe physical and mental health issues if not properly treated through hospitalization and monitored recovery programs. Both diseases are most common in adolescents and have become more prevalent in recent decades, influenced by modern culture.
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This document provides information on malaria and osteoporosis. It describes the four species of parasites that cause malaria in humans and their symptoms. Malaria is transmitted through mosquito bites and symptoms include fever, fatigue and enlarged spleen. Treatment differs for uncomplicated and severe malaria, utilizing artemisinin-based combination therapy and injectable artesunate respectively. Prevention focuses on insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor spraying. Osteoporosis is caused by factors like genetics, menopause and inactivity. It often produces no symptoms until fractures occur. Treatment includes hormones, bisphosphonates, calcium and exercise while prevention emphasizes calcium/vitamin D intake and weight-bearing exercise.
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Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and spreads through the air or direct contact. It causes a red, itchy rash all over the body and small blisters that crust over. Most cases are mild and do not require treatment beyond anti-itch lotions and oatmeal baths. The chickenpox vaccine is highly effective at preventing infection. Breast cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth in the breast and symptoms include new lumps or changes in breast shape or skin. Treatment involves surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Regular breast exams and a healthy lifestyle can help prevent breast cancer.
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Tetanus is caused by toxins produced by the Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through wounds. It causes painful muscle spasms and can be fatal if untreated. Immunization through vaccines like DTaP can prevent tetanus. While once common, reported tetanus cases and deaths are now very low in Australia due to widespread immunization.
Parkinson's disease is caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. It causes movement-related symptoms like tremors and rigidity. While its causes are unknown, it tends to affect older individuals. Treatment focuses on replacing lost dopamine or controlling symptoms, but cannot stop the progression of neuronal
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This document summarizes information about two diseases: tetanus and Parkinson's disease. Tetanus is caused by toxins produced by the Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through wounds. It causes painful muscle spasms and can be fatal if untreated. Vaccines provide effective prevention. Parkinson's disease results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Its characteristic symptoms include tremors, slow movement, and rigid facial expressions. While its causes are unknown, treatments aim to replace dopamine or reduce symptoms. Both diseases disproportionately impact older populations.
Infectious & non infectious case study
Tetanus is caused by bacteria that enters the body through open wounds and produces toxins affecting the nervous system. It causes stiffness of the jaw and muscles. While it can affect anyone, it is more common in areas without immunization. Treatment involves antibiotics, antitoxins, and in severe cases mechanical ventilation. Prevention is through vaccination and prophylaxis for open wounds.
Alzheimer's disease causes brain cells to die faster than normal aging. Genetic factors play a role in some rare early-onset cases. Symptoms include memory loss, confusion, problems with language and spatial skills. While there is no cure, treatments can help manage symptoms. Prevention may involve antioxidants but more research is needed as the causes are
Disease case studies
The document discusses chickenpox, caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It spreads easily through sneezes, coughs or sharing food/drinks. Symptoms include tiredness, fever and rash appearing as red spots developing into blisters. Home treatment with rest, fever medication and oatmeal baths is usually sufficient. Vaccination can prevent chickenpox. Chickenpox is most common in children under 12, in early spring/late winter worldwide.
Non infectious and infectious diseases case study-Nidhi kontham
This document discusses and compares skin cancer and malaria. It outlines the symptoms of each disease, which include unusual spots on the skin for skin cancer and high fever, chills, and muscle pain for malaria. It also discusses prevention methods for both diseases, such as wearing sunscreen and protective clothing to prevent skin cancer and taking preventative medicines to prevent malaria. The document notes that malaria occurs most commonly in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and some parts of Europe and the Middle East.
Infectious and non infectious diseases
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite transmitted through mosquito bites. Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting and muscle pain. If not treated, malaria can become life-threatening by disrupting red blood cells. Effective treatment involves prompt use of artemisinin-based therapies. Prevention focuses on insecticide-treated nets, indoor spraying and repellents. Malaria occurs in over 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions, especially affecting pregnant women, infants and those with HIV/AIDS.
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Case study
The Red Kangaroo is the largest living marsupial in Australia. It evolved adaptations like different types of milk production and hopping to survive in arid environments as Australia's climate changed. The introduction of livestock and agriculture by Europeans further increased the Red Kangaroo's habitat and food sources, causing its population to grow. Its red fur color also provides camouflage in the red Australian soil, demonstrating natural selection pressures. Overall, the environmental changes led to macroevolutionary changes in the Red Kangaroo over a long period of time.
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Mosquitoes like Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi were targeted with DDT to reduce malaria. Initially DDT killed mosquitoes but they eventually evolved resistance and their populations recovered. The use of DDT also harmed other animals through bioaccumulation, though it was thought to not harm humans. This environmental change put selective pressure on mosquitoes that developed resistance, causing micro-evolution within the species.
Micro organisms
Micro-organisms are tiny one-celled organisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi that are found everywhere in the world, both on and inside living things. They outnumber the cells that make up the human body. Micro-organisms provide benefits like helping to fight other microbes through antibiotics and vaccines, purifying waste water, and producing nitrogen for agriculture. However, they can also have harmful effects like triggering infections and allergies if they grow in homes or workplaces, causing odors on clothing and footwear, and contaminating food and water leading to food poisoning.
Micro-organisms
Micro-organisms can have both beneficial and harmful effects. Beneficially, they neutralize viruses, produce medicines, help decompose waste, and make nutrients and products like bread and cheese. However, some micro-organisms can also make people and plants sick by producing toxins or contaminating food, or by outcompeting beneficial microbes. Micro-organisms play an important role in health, decomposition, and food production, but maintaining balance is key to avoiding illness.
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This document discusses the beneficial and harmful effects of microorganisms. Microorganisms are beneficial as they recycle through decomposition, decompose other organisms and waste, and are used to produce food products like yogurt and cheese as well as industrial materials like leather. However, microorganisms can also be harmful as some cause diseases in humans, animals and plants, act as carriers of diseases, spread viruses, and can spoil food.
Plant and animal adaptations
This document discusses adaptations in animals and plants. It defines adaptations as characteristics that improve an organism's chances of survival in its environment. There are three main types of adaptations: structural relating to shape and size, behavioral relating to how an organism acts, and functional relating to chemical processes. The giraffe's long neck is a structural adaptation that allows it to reach tall trees for food. The waratah plant has thick waxy leaves as a structural adaptation to help it cope with dry conditions and attract pollinators.
Adaptations
The document describes two species' adaptations: the white-bellied sea eagle's hooked bill, dark legs, and taloned feet help it catch slippery fish and other aquatic animals as prey. Eucalyptus trees have thick, waxy leaves that reduce water loss, allowing the trees to survive in dry areas with little water by retaining moisture so they can live and grow.
Adaptions
Echidnas have several physical adaptations that allow them to forage and live in burrows, including a sticky tongue for eating ants and termites, sharp claws for digging, and the ability to withstand high carbon dioxide levels. They are also protective of their spiny coats and can lower their heart rate to survive flash flooding. The bottlebrush tree produces flower spikes to attract birds and insects for pollination, can hold seeds for years, and only releases seeds after fires so that the plants don't die in cold weather. Both species are well-adapted to survive and reproduce in their environments.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
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How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
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Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
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Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
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Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Case study diseases
- 1. Case Study: Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases Whooping Cough and Down Syndrome Ilaria Trecapelli
- 2. • Pertussis • Serious and contagious • Respiratory infection Infectious Disease- Whooping Cough
- 3. Cause and Transmission Whooping Cough is a respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. The bacterium is spread by inhalation of airborne droplets from the upper respiratory tract, when the carrier of the disease coughs or sneezes.
- 4. Symptoms The disease begins like a cold and then the unique cough develops, the highpitched ‘whooping’ sound when the carrier takes a breath. Symptoms can include; runny nose, slight fever, diarrhea, choking spell in infants and vomiting due to repeated coughs
- 5. Treatment Antibiotics can be used to reduced symptoms of the whooping cough, in its early stages. This means that if this treatment is given within the first 21 days of the illness, the is a reduced risk of passing the infection on to others.
- 6. Prevention The best way to prevent whooping cough is with a vaccination. • Adolescents in Year 10 or age equivalent • Adults working in childcare or health care • Adults planning pregnancy • Children under seven should have doses at 2 and 4 years of age and at six months Another way to prevent catching or spreading whooping cough, is to be aware of your surroundings. Cover your mouth!
- 7. Incidence Infants have the highest risk of developing the disease and contracting complications that come with it. ‘The great majority of fatal cases in the country each year are in infants less than 6 months of age. Whooping Cough can occur all around the world but countries such as Australia, Canada, the US and the UK, are seeing large scale outbreaks
- 9. • Chromosomal abnormality • Genetic disease • Full or partial copy of chromosome 21 Non-Infectious Disease- Down Syndrome
- 10. Cause and Transmission ‘There are no known factors to explain the error in cell development which results in 47 chromosomes rather than the usual 46’. The nucleus of each body cell contains all or part of one extra chromosome. The excess chromosomal material can originate from the mother’s egg or the father’s sperm
- 11. Symptoms Genes and chromosomes play a large part in determining a person’s characteristics and distinctive looks, which is the main symptom for identifying down syndrome. Visible characteristics include: • Flat facial profile • Upward slanting eyes • Intellectual impairment of varying degrees • Increased chances of medical conditions such as hearing loss, heart defects and vision difficulties
- 12. Treatment Developments in treatment for Down Syndrome have meant that children suffering from the disease are living longer than the short life expectancy. These developments include surgery to repair heart and gastrointestinal defects and special diet and drugs to relieve endocrine gland malfunctions
- 13. Prevention Down syndrome has not been linked to any activities before or during pregnancy and ‘roughly equal numbers of males and females with down syndrome are born to mothers of all ages, ethnic groups, countries and economic backgrounds. Essentially, it is unpreventable.
- 14. Incidence Down Syndrome effects about 1 out of 800 live births overall. Being the one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities, the birth rate of down syndrome tends to increase when the women is over 35 years old. For this reason prenatal testing for abnormalities is often offered for these women. Babies can be born with the disease or can develop after birth.
- 15. Diseases- Detached Retina-Gallstones- Volume 3 www.dsaq.org.au www.cyh.com