Intellectual disability, intelligence quotient, causes, classification

1. KANDAHAR MEDICAL FACULTY

2. Presenters:
1. 10mins 2. 10mins

3. MENTAL RETARDATION

4. 1- Subaverage intellectual function.
2- that result from an injury, disease or
abnormality before the age of 18 years.
3- resulting in impaired ability to adapt to the
environment.
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Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is present in about 2 to 3% of
the population.

5. Normal I.Q. ranges from 90 to 110
1- Border line { IQ 70-80 }
2- Mild MR { IQ 55-70 }
3- Moderate MR { IQ 40-55 }
4- Severe MR { IQ 25-40 }
5- Profound MR { IQ below 25 }
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Mental Retardation

6. • Unknown 30-40%
• Genetic 5%
• Early embryonic (prenatal) 30%
• Prematurity, IUGR (perinatal) 10%
• Acquired medical condition (trauma, infection) 5%
• Environment 5-20%
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Mental Retardation

7.  Prenatal
 Perinatal
 Postnatal
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Mental Retardation

8. Genetic Disorders:
• Fragile X syndrome: Most common cause.
• Kline-Felter syndrome: Male with extra x chromosome
(47,XXY).
• Down syndrome.
Metabolic disorders:
• PKU, Tay-sachs, Galactosemia.
Skin disorders: Neurofibromatosis and Tubererous
sclerosis.
• Prader-Willi Syndrome
Endocrine: Hypothyroidism
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Mental Retardation

9. Cranial Malformations:
• Anencephaly
• Microcephaly
• Hydrocephaly
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Mental Retardation

10. Low Birth Weight:
• Premature
• Teen pregnancy
• Poor nutrition (21% with MR)
Birth Anoxia:
• Breech presentation
• Knotted umbilical cord
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Mental Retardation

11.  Child abuse and neglect
 Traumatic brain injury
 Infection: meningitis and encephalitis
 Nutritional deficiencies
 Cultural and familial
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Mental Retardation

12. • Delays in oral language development
• Deficits in memory skills
• Difficulty learning social rules
• Difficulty with problem solving skills
• Delays in the development of adaptive behaviors
such as self-help or self-care skills .
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Mental Retardation

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 Complete history
 Physical examination
 Laboratory examinations
Mental Retardation

14. Complete and detailed history:
 Complete Physcial Examination review
 Surgical history:
1. Trauma
2. accidents
 Medical illnesses:
1. Hospitalization
2. general health
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Mental Retardation

15.  Pregnancy history:
1. maternal age
2. Parity
3. infections..
 Birth:
1. type
2. Complications
3. apgar score
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Mental Retardation

16.  Postnatal :
1. Incubator
2. Ventilator
3. disease ..
 Drugs, developmental, educational, behavioral, family,
social histories.
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Mental Retardation

17. • Management of mental retardation (MR) begins
with breaking the news to parents of affected
children sensitively, compassionately, and
culturally appropriately.
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Mental Retardation

18. • By most definitions mental retardation is more
accurately considered a disability rather than a
disease.
• Currently, there is no "cure" for an established
disability, though with appropriate support and
teaching, most individuals can learn to do many
things .
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Mental Retardation

19. • The mainstay of treatment of MR is developing a
comprehensive management plan for the
condition.
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Mental Retardation

20. • Seeking help from multiple disciplines, including
special educators, language therapists,
behavioral therapists, occupational therapists,
and community services that provide social
support and care providers for families affected
by MR.
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Mental Retardation

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Review Questions

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References