Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández. Geography and History teacher. (Madrid, Spain)

1. María Jesús Campos Fernández

2. Terrestrial Globe
 The best way to represent the Earth is a globe.
A terrestrial globe is a spherical model of the Earth
that do not distort its surface.
Not useful to study parts of the Earth in detail.

3.  Represent the 3-D geoid of the Earth on a
flat surface or map.
 Every projection changes the surface of the
Earth in some way. This is called distortion.
 Geographers use different types of
projection depending on the purpose of the
map they want to create and their accuracy.

5.  Equivalent projection: they show the
proportion of landmasses accurately. Useful
for comparing the surface area of territories.
 Equidisntant projection: they show the
distance between territories accurately.
 Conformal projection: they show the
shape of an area accurately.

6.  Cylindrical
projection
 Conic projection
 Zenithal or
azimuthal
projection

7.  They are created by putting the
sphere into a cylinder and then
unrolling the cylinder’s surface.
 Geographic coordinates are
represented with straight lines.
 Meridians are represented in
equally spaced vertical lines.
 Parallels are represented in
equally spaced horizontal lines.
 Meridians and parallels have the
same length.
 Consequences:
 Very little distortion in equatorial
areas.
 Lots of distortion in the poles.
 Whole-world maps are
rectangular.

8. Gall-Peters ProjectionMercator Projection
Robinson Projection

9.  They are created by putting the sphere
into a cone with an imaginary on two
specific parallels and then unrolling the
cone.
 Meridians are mapped to equally
spaced lines radiating out from the
apex of the cone.
 Parallels are mapped to circular arcs
centered on the apex of the cone.
 Consequences:
 Very little distortion in scale, shape
and area near the chosen parallels.
 Distance distortion increases to the
north and the south of the standard
parallels and decreases between the
standard parallels.
 Lots of distortion in the poles.
 Whole-world maps are rectangular.

10. Lambert Projection
Albers Projection

11.  Also called Azimuthal projections.
 They are created by putting a
plane onto the surface of the
Earth. The center of the plane is
tangent to an exact place on
Earth.
 Parallels appear as concentric
lines and meridians as the radius
of those circles.
 Consequences:
 Distortion increases as we get
distant from the tangent point.
 Types:
 Orthographic projection
 Estereographic projection
 Gnomonic projection
 Lambert azimuthal projection

12. Lambert Projection

16. Developed by María Jesús Campos