Cardiac cycle.pdf
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The cardiac cycle describes the repeating sequence of events in the heart from one heartbeat to the next. It involves systole, when the heart contracts to pump blood, and diastole, when the heart relaxes and refills with blood. The normal cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds and includes atrial systole, ventricular systole, and relaxation. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records and measures the heart's electrical activity through electrodes placed on the skin, detecting the P wave, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave to evaluate the heart's rhythm and electrical conduction.
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Cardiac output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is determined by stroke volume, heart rate, preload, afterload, and peripheral resistance. Normal cardiac output is approximately 5 liters per minute. It can increase up to 600% in athletes due to enhanced cardiac reserve. Factors such as venous return, force of contraction, heart rate, and peripheral resistance maintain cardiac output within the body.
Regulation of heart rate
1. The heart rate is regulated by the nervous system, specifically the vasomotor center located in the medulla oblongata.
2. The vasomotor center contains vasoconstrictor and vasodilator areas that regulate heart rate by sending sympathetic or parasympathetic signals via the spinal cord. The vasoconstrictor area increases heart rate while the vasodilator area decreases it.
3. Factors like emotions, exercise and respiration can trigger the vasomotor center to adjust heart rate through sympathetic or parasympathetic outflow as part of reflex responses mediated by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
Regulation of arterial blood pressure (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)
BLOOD PRESSURE
The pressure exerted by the blood on vessel wall is known as blood pressure.
SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
The maximum pressure exerted in the arteries during systole of heart.
Normal systolic pressure: 120 mm Hg.
DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
The minimum pressure exerted in the arteries during diastole of heart.
Normal diastolic pressure: 80 mm Hg.
PULSE PRESSURE
The difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
Normal pulse pressure: 40 mm Hg (120 – 80 = 40).
MEAN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
The average pressure existing in the arteries.
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure = Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
Pulse Pressure = (Systolic – Diastolic)
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure =Diastolic Pressure+1/3(Systolic – Diastolic)
Cardiac conduction system
The cardiac conduction system is made up of four main structures that stimulate contraction of the heart muscle in a coordinated way. The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker and initiates electrical impulses throughout the heart. The atrioventricular node receives impulses from the atria and slows conduction to allow for proper atrial contraction before ventricular contraction. Impulses then travel through the atrioventricular bundle and Purkinje fibers to coordinate simultaneous contraction of the ventricles. An electrocardiogram is used to measure the electrical activity of the heart and detect any abnormalities.
Cardiac cycle ppt (2)
The cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole. During systole, the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the ventricles. During diastole, the heart relaxes and fills with blood. The cycle involves coordinated events in the atria and ventricles. It can be analyzed using a Wiggers diagram which plots various cardiac parameters over time, revealing phases like isovolumic contraction, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, and filling. Precisely measuring time intervals within the cycle using Doppler echocardiography provides clinical insights into cardiac function and timing.
The heart chambers
The document describes the structure and features of the heart chambers. It states that the heart is composed of 4 chambers - the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. Blood enters the atria and is then pumped into the ventricles. From the left ventricle, blood passes into the aorta for systemic circulation, and from the right it enters the pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary arteries. Each chamber has distinct internal and external features and relations to other cardiac structures. The septa divide the atrial and ventricular chambers.
The heart walls
The heart wall consists of three main layers - the endocardium, myocardium and epicardium. The endocardium lines the inner chambers, the myocardium is the thick middle layer of muscle responsible for contractions. The epicardium is the outer layer. Damage to layers can cause conditions like endocarditis (endocardium inflammation), myocarditis (myocardium inflammation) and angina or heart attack due to reduced blood flow from blocked arteries.
Anatomy Of The Heart
The heart is a cone-shaped organ located in the chest cavity between the lungs. It is surrounded by fluid-filled sac called the pericardium. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria that receive blood and two lower ventricles that pump blood out. Blood flows through valves from the atria to ventricles and then out arteries or pulmonary artery. The heart's wall has three layers - outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endocardium. The heart continuously contracts and relaxes in a cardiac cycle of diastole and systole to pump blood through the body.
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Cardiac output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is determined by stroke volume, heart rate, preload, afterload, and peripheral resistance. Normal cardiac output is approximately 5 liters per minute. It can increase up to 600% in athletes due to enhanced cardiac reserve. Factors such as venous return, force of contraction, heart rate, and peripheral resistance maintain cardiac output within the body.
Regulation of heart rate
1. The heart rate is regulated by the nervous system, specifically the vasomotor center located in the medulla oblongata.
2. The vasomotor center contains vasoconstrictor and vasodilator areas that regulate heart rate by sending sympathetic or parasympathetic signals via the spinal cord. The vasoconstrictor area increases heart rate while the vasodilator area decreases it.
3. Factors like emotions, exercise and respiration can trigger the vasomotor center to adjust heart rate through sympathetic or parasympathetic outflow as part of reflex responses mediated by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
Regulation of arterial blood pressure (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)
BLOOD PRESSURE
The pressure exerted by the blood on vessel wall is known as blood pressure.
SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
The maximum pressure exerted in the arteries during systole of heart.
Normal systolic pressure: 120 mm Hg.
DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
The minimum pressure exerted in the arteries during diastole of heart.
Normal diastolic pressure: 80 mm Hg.
PULSE PRESSURE
The difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
Normal pulse pressure: 40 mm Hg (120 – 80 = 40).
MEAN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
The average pressure existing in the arteries.
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure = Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
Pulse Pressure = (Systolic – Diastolic)
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure =Diastolic Pressure+1/3(Systolic – Diastolic)
Cardiac conduction system
The cardiac conduction system is made up of four main structures that stimulate contraction of the heart muscle in a coordinated way. The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker and initiates electrical impulses throughout the heart. The atrioventricular node receives impulses from the atria and slows conduction to allow for proper atrial contraction before ventricular contraction. Impulses then travel through the atrioventricular bundle and Purkinje fibers to coordinate simultaneous contraction of the ventricles. An electrocardiogram is used to measure the electrical activity of the heart and detect any abnormalities.
Cardiac cycle ppt (2)
The cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole. During systole, the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the ventricles. During diastole, the heart relaxes and fills with blood. The cycle involves coordinated events in the atria and ventricles. It can be analyzed using a Wiggers diagram which plots various cardiac parameters over time, revealing phases like isovolumic contraction, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, and filling. Precisely measuring time intervals within the cycle using Doppler echocardiography provides clinical insights into cardiac function and timing.
The heart chambers
The document describes the structure and features of the heart chambers. It states that the heart is composed of 4 chambers - the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. Blood enters the atria and is then pumped into the ventricles. From the left ventricle, blood passes into the aorta for systemic circulation, and from the right it enters the pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary arteries. Each chamber has distinct internal and external features and relations to other cardiac structures. The septa divide the atrial and ventricular chambers.
The heart walls
The heart wall consists of three main layers - the endocardium, myocardium and epicardium. The endocardium lines the inner chambers, the myocardium is the thick middle layer of muscle responsible for contractions. The epicardium is the outer layer. Damage to layers can cause conditions like endocarditis (endocardium inflammation), myocarditis (myocardium inflammation) and angina or heart attack due to reduced blood flow from blocked arteries.
Anatomy Of The Heart
The heart is a cone-shaped organ located in the chest cavity between the lungs. It is surrounded by fluid-filled sac called the pericardium. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria that receive blood and two lower ventricles that pump blood out. Blood flows through valves from the atria to ventricles and then out arteries or pulmonary artery. The heart's wall has three layers - outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endocardium. The heart continuously contracts and relaxes in a cardiac cycle of diastole and systole to pump blood through the body.
Anatomy of right atrium
This document provides an anatomical overview of the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, and tricuspid valve. It describes the external features and internal structures of the right atrium, including its tributaries that receive venous blood. It notes the smooth posterior sinus venarum and rough anterior pectinate part. It also describes the components, surface markings, and location of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves. Finally, it outlines the triangular shape of the right ventricle and notes its inflowing and outflow parts, as well as the muscular ridges within.
Cardiac Cycle.pptx
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart between two subsequent contractions. It consists of atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial diastole, and ventricular diastole. During atrial systole, the atria contract and pump blood into the ventricles. Ventricular systole follows, where the ventricles contract and eject blood from the heart. The electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart throughout the cardiac cycle, represented by the P, Q, R, S, and T waves.
Arterial blood pressure
Normal arterial blood pressure ranges from 90-140/60-90 mmHg. Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure when blood is ejected from the heart, while diastolic is the minimum pressure when the heart is resting between beats. Mean arterial pressure, which averages 93 mmHg, is the main driving force for blood flow. Blood pressure is regulated through short term mechanisms like baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes which control heart rate and vascular tone, and long term factors like blood volume and vessel elasticity. Strict control of blood pressure is important to ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs.
The aorta
The aorta is the largest artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle throughout the body. It can be divided into four sections - the ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta. The aortic arch arises from the ascending aorta and curves superiorly, posteriorly and to the left before descending as the thoracic aorta. It gives off three branches - the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. The thoracic aorta continues down through the thoracic cavity and passes through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm to become the abdominal aorta.
Structure of heart
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located slightly left of center in the chest. It has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood, and the right and left ventricles pump it out. The heart is surrounded by membranes and has three layers - the outer fibrous pericardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endothelial endocardium. It uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow, pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood throughout the body in continuous circulation. The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood.
Right atrium of heart
Right Atrium of human heart
This PPT help to understand the external and internal structures of right atrium.
sulcus terminalis on external surface of rt atrium,
crista terminalis on internal side of rt. atrium,
interior is divided into rough anterior part and smooth posterior part ( sinus venarum)
superior and inferior venae cavae drains deoxygenated blood into rt. atrim
there is Eustachian valve to guard the opening of IVC and Thebesian valve to guard the opening of coronary sinus
septal wall presents fossa ovalis with its border limbus fossa ovalis
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle describes the heart's beating action and consists of systole and diastole. During systole, the ventricles contract and pump blood out through the arteries. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood. A normal cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds and includes atrial and ventricular systole and diastole phases along with subdivisions like isometric contraction, ejection, and rapid/slow filling periods. Key events in the cycle produce heart sounds that are clinically important.
Chambers of heart
The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.
Cardiac cycle
Describe events in cardiac cycle.
Describe atrial, ventricular and aortic pressure changes during cardiac cycle.
Describe the changes in ventricular volume & stroke volume during cardiac cycle.
Relate ECG changes to the phases of cardiac cycle.
Describe the functions of cardiac valves and relate their state to the production of heart sounds during cardiac cycle.
med_students0
2. External features of the heart
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the mediastinum. It has 4 chambers - right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The heart is divided by septa into these chambers. The heart has surfaces including the sternocostal surface and diaphragmatic surface. It receives blood supply from the right and left coronary arteries. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and associated veins which drain into the right atrium.
Cardiac cycle (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Sequence of events from the beginning of one systole to the beginning of next consecutive systole.
One heart beat consists of one systole and one diastole.
Each cardiac cycle is initiated by the cardiac impulse which originates from the SA node.
During each cardiac cycle, certain events occur in the heart and these include pressure changes, volume changes, production of heart sounds, closure and opening of heart valves and electrical changes in the heart.
Physiology (heart sounds)
This document describes the four main heart sounds and how to auscultate them using a stethoscope. It explains that the first heart sound corresponds to closure of the atrioventricular valves and the R wave of an ECG. The second heart sound corresponds to closure of the semilunar valves and the T wave of an ECG. The third heart sound occurs during rapid ventricular filling between the T and P waves. The fourth heart sound corresponds to atrial contraction between the P and Q waves. It identifies the best areas over the heart to auscultate each sound using a stethoscope.
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart during one complete heart beat. It includes atrial systole, ventricular systole, and cardiac diastole. The normal cardiac cycle lasts approximately 0.8 seconds. Atrial systole occurs first as the atria contract and pump blood into the ventricles. This is followed by ventricular systole where the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart. Finally, during cardiac diastole the atria and ventricles relax and refill with blood in preparation for the next cycle.
Coronary circulation
1. The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the coronary circulation, including the structure and blood supply of the heart muscles and vessels.
2. It discusses how coronary blood flow is regulated by local muscle metabolism and oxygen demand to meet the heart's nutritional needs.
3. The causes, symptoms, and treatments of coronary heart disease like angina and myocardial infarction are explained.
Pleura and its recesses
The pleurae are two thin membranes that lie on either side of the mediastinum and lungs in the chest cavity. Each pleura has a parietal layer lining the chest wall and a visceral layer adhered to the lungs.
Between the two layers is a small amount of pleural fluid that lubricates the surfaces during respiration. The fluid is formed through hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and normally absorbed by capillaries in the visceral pleura.
The document discusses the anatomy, blood supply, nerve supply, and various recesses and conditions of the pleurae, including costodiaphragmatic recesses seen on x-rays and pathological effusions and collapsed lungs.
BLOOD CIRCULATION
The human circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a muscular organ located in the chest that pumps blood through the entire body using the blood vessels. It has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood while the right and left ventricles pump blood out of the heart. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Maintaining a healthy heart is important to prevent diseases like heart attacks and strokes.
Respiratory movement
1. The document describes the mechanics of respiratory movement during breathing.
2. There are two main types of movement during breathing - alterations in the capacity of the thorax brought about by movement of the thoracic wall, and elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall during expiration.
3. The ribs act as levers during breathing, and their upward movement causes the thoracic cavity to expand in the anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical directions.
Arch of aorta
The arch of the aorta begins behind the upper border of the second right sternochondral joint and arches over the root of the left lung before ending at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra. It has anterior relations including nerves and veins and posterior relations such as the trachea and esophagus. Its main branches are the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. Developmental anomalies of the arch of the aorta include right sided aortic arch, double aortic arch, abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery, and coarctation of the aorta.
Anatomy of Heart..!!
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the heart. It describes the heart as a hollow muscular organ divided into four chambers - the right and left atria and ventricles. Each chamber is then described in detail, including its size, location within the heart, internal structures like valves and openings, and relations to other cardiovascular structures. Key components summarized include the four chambers, their internal structures like valves and openings, and basic relations to surrounding areas in the thoracic cavity.
Vascular system physiology
The document summarizes key aspects of the vascular system including the arterial, arteriolar, capillary and venous components. It notes that large elastic arteries like the aorta have a windkessel effect where they stretch during systole to prevent a rise in blood pressure and recoil during diastole to push blood forward and lower blood pressure. Arterioles are resistance vessels where sympathetic vasoconstriction occurs. Capillaries have the maximum total cross-sectional area for exchange of gases, nutrients and waste. Veins contain over half the blood volume and have lower elasticity than arteries.
ECG
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) including:
1) The ECG machine records and prints the electrical activity of the heart on graph paper. Each wave represents a different stage of electrical conduction through the heart.
2) The standard 12-lead ECG places electrodes on the chest and limbs to measure the heart's electrical activity from different angles.
3) The normal P wave, QRS complex, and T wave represent atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively. Intervals like the PR and QT intervals are also measured.
4) A normal sinus rhythm ECG shows consistent P waves followed by the QRS complex and T
Johny's A&P ECG, cardiac cycle and cardiac output
The document discusses electrocardiography (ECG), which involves using electrodes to detect and record the electrical activity of the heart over time. It provides a brief history of ECG development and describes the modern ECG machine. It then explains the electrical conduction system of the heart and the waves that make up a normal ECG, including the P, QRS, and T waves. The cardiac cycle and heart sounds are also summarized.
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Anatomy of right atrium
This document provides an anatomical overview of the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, and tricuspid valve. It describes the external features and internal structures of the right atrium, including its tributaries that receive venous blood. It notes the smooth posterior sinus venarum and rough anterior pectinate part. It also describes the components, surface markings, and location of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves. Finally, it outlines the triangular shape of the right ventricle and notes its inflowing and outflow parts, as well as the muscular ridges within.
Cardiac Cycle.pptx
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart between two subsequent contractions. It consists of atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial diastole, and ventricular diastole. During atrial systole, the atria contract and pump blood into the ventricles. Ventricular systole follows, where the ventricles contract and eject blood from the heart. The electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart throughout the cardiac cycle, represented by the P, Q, R, S, and T waves.
Arterial blood pressure
Normal arterial blood pressure ranges from 90-140/60-90 mmHg. Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure when blood is ejected from the heart, while diastolic is the minimum pressure when the heart is resting between beats. Mean arterial pressure, which averages 93 mmHg, is the main driving force for blood flow. Blood pressure is regulated through short term mechanisms like baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes which control heart rate and vascular tone, and long term factors like blood volume and vessel elasticity. Strict control of blood pressure is important to ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs.
The aorta
The aorta is the largest artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle throughout the body. It can be divided into four sections - the ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta. The aortic arch arises from the ascending aorta and curves superiorly, posteriorly and to the left before descending as the thoracic aorta. It gives off three branches - the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. The thoracic aorta continues down through the thoracic cavity and passes through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm to become the abdominal aorta.
Structure of heart
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located slightly left of center in the chest. It has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood, and the right and left ventricles pump it out. The heart is surrounded by membranes and has three layers - the outer fibrous pericardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endothelial endocardium. It uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow, pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood throughout the body in continuous circulation. The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood.
Right atrium of heart
Right Atrium of human heart
This PPT help to understand the external and internal structures of right atrium.
sulcus terminalis on external surface of rt atrium,
crista terminalis on internal side of rt. atrium,
interior is divided into rough anterior part and smooth posterior part ( sinus venarum)
superior and inferior venae cavae drains deoxygenated blood into rt. atrim
there is Eustachian valve to guard the opening of IVC and Thebesian valve to guard the opening of coronary sinus
septal wall presents fossa ovalis with its border limbus fossa ovalis
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle describes the heart's beating action and consists of systole and diastole. During systole, the ventricles contract and pump blood out through the arteries. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood. A normal cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds and includes atrial and ventricular systole and diastole phases along with subdivisions like isometric contraction, ejection, and rapid/slow filling periods. Key events in the cycle produce heart sounds that are clinically important.
Chambers of heart
The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.
Cardiac cycle
Describe events in cardiac cycle.
Describe atrial, ventricular and aortic pressure changes during cardiac cycle.
Describe the changes in ventricular volume & stroke volume during cardiac cycle.
Relate ECG changes to the phases of cardiac cycle.
Describe the functions of cardiac valves and relate their state to the production of heart sounds during cardiac cycle.
med_students0
2. External features of the heart
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the mediastinum. It has 4 chambers - right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The heart is divided by septa into these chambers. The heart has surfaces including the sternocostal surface and diaphragmatic surface. It receives blood supply from the right and left coronary arteries. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and associated veins which drain into the right atrium.
Cardiac cycle (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Sequence of events from the beginning of one systole to the beginning of next consecutive systole.
One heart beat consists of one systole and one diastole.
Each cardiac cycle is initiated by the cardiac impulse which originates from the SA node.
During each cardiac cycle, certain events occur in the heart and these include pressure changes, volume changes, production of heart sounds, closure and opening of heart valves and electrical changes in the heart.
Physiology (heart sounds)
This document describes the four main heart sounds and how to auscultate them using a stethoscope. It explains that the first heart sound corresponds to closure of the atrioventricular valves and the R wave of an ECG. The second heart sound corresponds to closure of the semilunar valves and the T wave of an ECG. The third heart sound occurs during rapid ventricular filling between the T and P waves. The fourth heart sound corresponds to atrial contraction between the P and Q waves. It identifies the best areas over the heart to auscultate each sound using a stethoscope.
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart during one complete heart beat. It includes atrial systole, ventricular systole, and cardiac diastole. The normal cardiac cycle lasts approximately 0.8 seconds. Atrial systole occurs first as the atria contract and pump blood into the ventricles. This is followed by ventricular systole where the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart. Finally, during cardiac diastole the atria and ventricles relax and refill with blood in preparation for the next cycle.
Coronary circulation
1. The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the coronary circulation, including the structure and blood supply of the heart muscles and vessels.
2. It discusses how coronary blood flow is regulated by local muscle metabolism and oxygen demand to meet the heart's nutritional needs.
3. The causes, symptoms, and treatments of coronary heart disease like angina and myocardial infarction are explained.
Pleura and its recesses
The pleurae are two thin membranes that lie on either side of the mediastinum and lungs in the chest cavity. Each pleura has a parietal layer lining the chest wall and a visceral layer adhered to the lungs.
Between the two layers is a small amount of pleural fluid that lubricates the surfaces during respiration. The fluid is formed through hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and normally absorbed by capillaries in the visceral pleura.
The document discusses the anatomy, blood supply, nerve supply, and various recesses and conditions of the pleurae, including costodiaphragmatic recesses seen on x-rays and pathological effusions and collapsed lungs.
BLOOD CIRCULATION
The human circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a muscular organ located in the chest that pumps blood through the entire body using the blood vessels. It has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood while the right and left ventricles pump blood out of the heart. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Maintaining a healthy heart is important to prevent diseases like heart attacks and strokes.
Respiratory movement
1. The document describes the mechanics of respiratory movement during breathing.
2. There are two main types of movement during breathing - alterations in the capacity of the thorax brought about by movement of the thoracic wall, and elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall during expiration.
3. The ribs act as levers during breathing, and their upward movement causes the thoracic cavity to expand in the anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical directions.
Arch of aorta
The arch of the aorta begins behind the upper border of the second right sternochondral joint and arches over the root of the left lung before ending at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra. It has anterior relations including nerves and veins and posterior relations such as the trachea and esophagus. Its main branches are the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. Developmental anomalies of the arch of the aorta include right sided aortic arch, double aortic arch, abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery, and coarctation of the aorta.
Anatomy of Heart..!!
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the heart. It describes the heart as a hollow muscular organ divided into four chambers - the right and left atria and ventricles. Each chamber is then described in detail, including its size, location within the heart, internal structures like valves and openings, and relations to other cardiovascular structures. Key components summarized include the four chambers, their internal structures like valves and openings, and basic relations to surrounding areas in the thoracic cavity.
Vascular system physiology
The document summarizes key aspects of the vascular system including the arterial, arteriolar, capillary and venous components. It notes that large elastic arteries like the aorta have a windkessel effect where they stretch during systole to prevent a rise in blood pressure and recoil during diastole to push blood forward and lower blood pressure. Arterioles are resistance vessels where sympathetic vasoconstriction occurs. Capillaries have the maximum total cross-sectional area for exchange of gases, nutrients and waste. Veins contain over half the blood volume and have lower elasticity than arteries.
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The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) including:
1) The ECG machine records and prints the electrical activity of the heart on graph paper. Each wave represents a different stage of electrical conduction through the heart.
2) The standard 12-lead ECG places electrodes on the chest and limbs to measure the heart's electrical activity from different angles.
3) The normal P wave, QRS complex, and T wave represent atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively. Intervals like the PR and QT intervals are also measured.
4) A normal sinus rhythm ECG shows consistent P waves followed by the QRS complex and T
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The document discusses electrocardiography (ECG), which involves using electrodes to detect and record the electrical activity of the heart over time. It provides a brief history of ECG development and describes the modern ECG machine. It then explains the electrical conduction system of the heart and the waves that make up a normal ECG, including the P, QRS, and T waves. The cardiac cycle and heart sounds are also summarized.
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The cardiac cycle refers to the repeating sequence of heart contraction and relaxation as the heart pumps blood throughout the body. It begins with atrial contraction which pumps blood into the ventricles, followed by ventricular contraction which pumps blood out of the heart and into the arteries. The cycle is monitored by an electrocardiogram (ECG) which detects and graphs the electrical activity of the heart muscles. Key waves in the ECG correspond to atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation phases. Heart sounds are also produced during closure of the valves and provide information about heart function.
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This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) including:
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2. It describes the normal conduction pathway in the heart and the components of the ECG waveform.
3. It explains how a 12-lead ECG is recorded using electrodes placed on the limbs and chest to measure voltage differences.
4. Various cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias are evaluated such as sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and premature ventricular complexes.
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The cardiac cycle describes the repeating sequence of events in the heart during one heartbeat. It consists of two main phases - diastole and systole. During systole, the ventricles contract and eject blood into the arteries. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria. The cardiac cycle is initiated by atrial systole, when the atria contract and push additional blood into the ventricles. This is followed by ventricular systole, when the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart. Between these events is diastole, when the heart relaxes and refills with blood.
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Electrocardiography: is the recording of the electrical impulses that are generated in the heart. These impulses initiate the contraction of cardiac muscles.
Electocardiography by aamir sharif
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It begins with objectives and introduces ECG as a representation of the heart's electrical activity over time. Key aspects covered include the conduction system, normal ECG components like the P wave and QRS complex, ECG lead placement, and how to interpret ECGs by assessing rate, rhythm, intervals, and arrhythmias. Common arrhythmias like sinus arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, and various types of heart block are defined. The document aims to equip readers with the basics of ECG interpretation and recognition.
Cardiac cycle,e.c.g,heart sounds
The electrocardiogram (EKG) below the diagram shows the corresponding waves with each phase of the cardiac cycle. The bottom line represents the first and second heart sounds. The cardiac cycle represents the hemodynamic and electric changes that occur in systole and diastole. It has many phases.
Ekg labCardiac electrophysiology
The document discusses the conduction system of the heart and electrocardiography. It describes the cardiac cycle, depolarization and impulse conduction through the heart, and how the electrocardiogram works. The electrocardiogram records the electrical events in the heart and shows the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave. It also describes Einthoven's triangle and how the intervals on an electrocardiogram can show the timing of the cardiac cycle and how that timing changes with activity.
Ecg1 DR NIKUNJ R SHEKHADA (MBBS,MS GEN SURG,DNB CTS SR)
This document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses what an ECG is, the history and development of ECGs, and how to interpret different parts of the ECG including waves, intervals, axes, and patterns in various leads. Key points covered include that an ECG records electrical activity of the heart and can be used for clinical diagnosis, the normal components of an ECG (P, QRS, T waves), common intervals and their meanings (PR, QT), how depolarization spreads through the heart, and what different leads examine. The document is intended as an educational guide on understanding ECGs.
Cardiovascular System3
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in one heartbeat. It involves contraction of the myocardium which generates pressure changes, causing blood to flow from areas of high pressure to low pressure through the heart's valves. The cycle includes atrial systole where the atria contract and push blood into the ventricles, followed by isovolumetric contraction where the ventricles contract but their volume does not change as the valves close. Then rapid ejection occurs as the ventricle pressure rises above the arteries and the valves open, pushing blood out of the heart. Reduced ejection follows as blood flows more slowly out of the ventricles until the valves close, ending ventricular systole.
Cardiovascular System3
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in one heartbeat. It involves contraction of the myocardium which generates pressure changes, causing blood to flow from areas of high pressure to low pressure through the heart's valves. The cycle includes atrial systole where the atria contract and push blood into the ventricles, followed by isovolumetric contraction where the ventricles contract but their volume does not change as pressure builds, then rapid ejection when pressure rises enough for the valves to open and blood is ejected from the ventricles into the arteries. This is followed by reduced ejection as blood flow slows before the valves close, ending ventricular systole.
CARDIAC CYCLE-The cardiac cycle is the performance of the human heart from th...
The cardiac cycle refers to all of the events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next and can be divided into two parts: a period of relaxation known as diastole and a period of contraction known as systole.
Electrocardiogram
The document provides information about electrocardiograms (ECGs), including a brief history of ECG development, basic cardiac anatomy and the heart's conducting system, components of the ECG waveform, electrode placements, how to read ECG paper, and cardiac axis. It explains that the ECG is a tool that records electrical activity of the heart to assess cardiac function and identify abnormalities, traces its development back to Willem Einthoven in the 1890s, and provides details on heart structures involved in the cardiac cycle and what different parts of the ECG represent.
Essentials Of Ecg
The document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs), including their purpose, how they work, and what they can reveal about heart conditions. It discusses the basic anatomy and electrical conduction system of the heart. It then explains how ECGs are performed and interpreted, covering the different waves that are measured and what they indicate about heart rate, rhythm, and chambers of the heart. Abnormal findings are also briefly outlined.
Ecg
The document summarizes the mechanical and electrical events of the cardiac cycle. It describes:
1) The cardiac cycle involves electrical, pressure, and volume changes between heartbeats including systole when the myocardium contracts and diastole when it relaxes.
2) There are four mechanical events in a cardiac cycle: ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation.
3) An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the electrical activity and can detect abnormalities in heart rhythm or conduction.
ECG.ppt
M.sc part. 1 seme 2 . This is topic are biochemistry
ECG are electro cardio graph this full from of ECG
And this topic related a heart function in human body
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2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
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Cardiac cycle.pdf
- 2. CARDIAC CYCLE ➢The sequence of events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next beat is known as the cardiac cycle. ➢The period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it pumps blood into circulation is called systole. ➢The period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers fill with blood is called diastole.
- 3. DURATION OF CARDIAC CYCLE ➢ If normal Heart Rate is 75 beats/min ➢ Duration of one beat = 60/75 = 0.8 sec
- 4. STAGES OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE The cardiac cycle involves three stages, 1. Atrial Systole 2. Ventricular Systole 3. Relaxation period.
- 5. •Atrial systole includes depolarization of SA node, contraction of atria and flow of blood into ventricle. ➢ 75% flows directly from atria into ventricles through the open AV valve before the atria contracts. 25% of filling of ventricles – during atrial contraction. ➢ It lasts around 0.1 seconds. 1. Atrial Systole
- 6. r • Ventricular systole is the contraction of ventricles which lasts for 0.3 seconds • The atrial relaxation also takes place at this time. • Contraction of atrio-ventricular valves occurs for 0.05 seconds just before opening of semi lunar valves . • This helps in the rise of pressure inside the ventricles around 80-120 mmHg which forcibly open the semi lunar valves to push the blood into aorta and pulmonary trunk. • Ventricular ejection lasts for 0.25 seconds and around 70ml of blood is ejected by both ventricles. 2. Ventricular Systole
- 7. •This last for about 0.4 seconds and both atrium and ventricles are well relaxed. •This is known as complete cardiac diastole. •This also helps in atrial filling. 3. Relaxation Period
- 8. HEART SOUNDS •There are four heart sounds such as S1, S2, S3 and S4. But only S1 and S2 can be heard by stethoscope since the other sounds are too mild.
- 9. Cont.. •The first sound S1 can be described as a lubb sound which is louder and bit longer than the second sound. It is caused by the closure of AV Valve before ventricular systole begins. •The second sound S2 can be described as a dupp sound which is shorter and less louder than the first sound. It is caused by closure of SL Valve before ventricular diastole begins.
- 10. Cont.. •S4 is the sound of blood turbulence during atrial systole. •S3 is the sound of blood turbulence during ventricular filling.
- 11. Stroke Volume
- 14. Electrocardiogram An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple test that is used to check heart's rhythm and electrical activity. Sensors attached to the skin are used to detect the electrical signals produced by the heart each time it beats.
- 15. Normal ECG
- 16. P wave P wave - The P wave represents depolarization of the atria. Atrial depolarization spreads from the SA node towards the AV node, and from the right atrium to the left atrium.
- 17. PR interval PR interval - The PR interval is measured from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex. This interval reflects the time the electrical impulse takes to travel from the SA node through the AV node.
- 18. QRS complex QRS complex - The QRS complex represents the rapid depolarization of the right and left ventricles. The ventricles have a large muscle mass compared to the atria, so the QRS complex usually has a much larger amplitude than the P wave.
- 19. ST segment ST segment - The ST segment connects the QRS complex and the T wave; it represents the region between the end of ventricular depolarization and beginning of ventricular repolarization.
- 20. T wave T wave - The T wave represents the repolarization of the ventricles.
- 22. The 10 electrodes in a 12-lead ECG are listed below. Electrode name Electrode placement RA On the right arm, avoiding thick muscle. LA In the same location where RA was placed, but on the left arm. RL On the right leg, lower end of inner aspect of calf muscle. LL In the same location where RL was placed, but on the left leg. V1 In the fourth intercostal space (between ribs 4 and 5) just to the right of the sternum V2 In the fourth intercostal space (between ribs 4 and 5) just to the left of the sternum. V3 Between leads V2 and V4. V4 In the fifth intercostal space (between ribs 5 and 6) in the mid-clavicular line. V5 Horizontally even with V4, in the left anterior axillary line. V6 Horizontally even with V4 and V5 in the mid-axillary line.