The lymphatic system removes excess fluid from tissues, absorbs fat and transports white blood cells and antigens. It comprises a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph fluid towards the heart. Lymph is filtered through lymph nodes which contain lymphocytes and phagocytes that help fight infection and disease. The major components are lymph, lymph vessels, lymphoid tissues and lymphocytes.
This PPT covers the concepts of Lymphatic system and Immunity. This includes functions of Lymphatic system, components of Lymphatic system, Lymphatic organs and tissues, formation and flow of lymph and composition of Lymph
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cells and Tissues Sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1CellsTissues
he spleen is a fist-sized organ found in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It's an important part of your immune system but you can survive without it. This is because the liver can take over many of the spleen's functions
This PPT covers the concepts of Lymphatic system and Immunity. This includes functions of Lymphatic system, components of Lymphatic system, Lymphatic organs and tissues, formation and flow of lymph and composition of Lymph
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cells and Tissues Sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1CellsTissues
he spleen is a fist-sized organ found in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It's an important part of your immune system but you can survive without it. This is because the liver can take over many of the spleen's functions
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM// LYMPH CIRCULATION//LYMPH VESSELS// LYMPH ORGANS Wasim Ak
The lymphatic system is a sub-system of circulatory system and immune system.
It is a type of drainage system of human body which collects all the tissue fluids (constantly leaking out of the bloodstream) and takes back to the major veins through a network of lymph vessels.
The lymphatic system consists of -
Lymph – colourless tissue fluid
Lymphatic organs – Thymus, Bone Marrow, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils.
Lymph vessels – through which lymph circulation takes place.
It maintains balance between blood and tissues:
Blood volume : 5 – 6L
Interstitial fluid volume: 10 – 11L
Lymph volume: 2 – 3L.
It helps in Immunity.
It fascilitate absorption of fats and hormones:
Breakdown products of fat and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the central lacteals (lymphatic vessels) of the villi.
Normal blood circulation forces fluid out of the bloodstream and that leads in the increase in the interstitial fluid volume.
Due to osmotic pressure this interstitial fluid will be collected by the fine lymphatic capillaries.
Now this fluid is lymph and it has the same mineral distribution as that of blood plasma.
The lymph is transported to lymph nodes and organs where the pathogen will be killed by lymphocytes and lymph will be filtered.
The back flow of lymph is prevented by the valves present in lymph vessels.
Lymph moves from lymphatic vessels to lymphatic trunks, collecting ducts, and ultimately into the Subclavian veins.
Anatomy & Physiology - LYMPHATIC SYSTEM PPT By wincy Thirumuruganthiru murugan
lymphatic system:DEFINITION:
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs that regulates the amount of fluid in the human body and defends it against infections
Lymph
Lymph is a transudative fluid that is transparent and yellow. It is formed when fluid leaves the capillary bed in tissues due to hydrostatic pressure.
LYMPHATIC VESSELS :
THE TUBAL STRUCTURES CARRY THE LYMPH FLUID FROM THE TISSUE TO THE BLOOD STREAM.
TYPES OF VESSELS :
AFFERENT VS EFFERENT LYMPH VESSELS:
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries are the smallest lymphatic vessels that collect the interstitial fluid from the tissues. There are also special types of lymphatic capillaries called lacteals. These capillaries absorb nutrients from the small intestine.
COMPOSITION OF THE LYMPH FLUID:
(around 95%) comprised of water.
The remaining 5% is composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
VOLUME OF LYMPH : The average adult produces between 3-4 litres/ day.
Lymphatic pathway/circulation:
TYPES OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS
SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
LYMPHATIC TRUNKS: The efferent vessels empty into the lymphatic trunks. There are four pairs of trunks:
Lumbar,
Bronchomediastinal,
Subclavian and
Jugular.
LYMPHATIC DUCT:
The lymphatic trunks then converge into the two lymphatic ducts; the right lymph duct and thoracic duct. Lymphatic vessels vs. blood vessels
Lymphoid organs : The Lymphoid organs are the sites where the maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur and help carry out various immune functions.
Types of Lymphoid Organs
1. Primary Lymphoid Organs: bone marrow and thymus 2. Secondary Lymphoid Organs: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer’s patches of the small intestine, and Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT). 3. Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: These organs also play a prominent role in the immune response to cancer.
The Lymphoid Organs Functions
The functions of lymphoid organs are as follows:1. The main function of lymphoid organs is developing and providing immunity to the body.2. The primary lymphoid organs, i.e., the bone marrow and thymus, are the sites where the proliferation and maturation of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes take place.3. Bone marrow is involved in the production of blood cells, i.e., RBCs (or erythrocytes), WBCs (or leucocytes), and Platelets (or thrombocytes).4. The spleen helps in the removal of damaged red blood cells. In foetal conditions, this is also a haematopoietic organ.5. Lymph nodes and spleen helps in filtering out and destroying the unwanted lymphocytes. They also help in maintaining the population of mature lymphocytes to enable the adaptive immune response to begin.6. The tonsils prevent foreign materials and pathogens from entering the body.
Lymphocytes:
Lymphocytes are a type of WBC (leucocytes) that are the main components of our immune system.
Clinical Relevance:
lymphoma,
Lymphatic filariasis, Lymphadenopathy, Lymphedema
At the completion of this unit, learners will be able to: 1. Define lymph & the lymphatic system 2. Identify the organs of lymphatic system 3. Describe the general functions of the lymphatic system 4. Describe how lymph is formed 5. Describe the lymph vessels & how lymph is returned to the blood vessels 6. Describe the structure and functions of the lymph nodes, nodules, spleen and the thymus glands.
The histology of the lymphatic system
In this lecture the student will be able to recognize the histological layers of the lymphatic system parts such as lymph nodes, thymus and spleen and the characteristic feature of each organ
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Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
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According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
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Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...
lymphatic system.pdf
1.
2. •The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory
system and the immune system, comprising a
network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear
fluid called lymph unidirectionally towards the
heart.
3.
4. Removal of interstitial fluid from tissues
Absorption of Fat: Lymph
vessels called lacteals are present in the lining
of the small intestine. Which absorb fat.
Transportation of WBC
Immune function: Cells in the lymphatic
system react to antigens presented or found
by the cells.
5. The four components of lymphatic system are:
1. LYMPH
2. LYMPH VESSEL
3. LYMPHOID TISSUE/ LYMPHOID ORGAN
4. LYMPHOCYTES and PHAGOCYTES
6. A clear fluid composed mainly of water,
electrolytes and some plasma proteins.
Transported in lymphatic pathway from
lymphatic vessels to collecting ducts and at the
end, disposed into venous blood.
7. When blood circulates in high pressure, the
fluid (plasma) portion seeps through thin
capillary walls into surrounding tissue.
This interstitial fluid is returned to blood
through walls of venules.
The remainder enters a network of thin
walled tubes called lymphatic vessels and
now is called lymph.
8.
9. The flow of lymph in the thoracic duct
in an average resting person usually
approximates 100 ml/ hr.
The total lymph flow in the body is
about 2 to 3 litres per day.
10. Lymphatic capillary run parallel to blood
capillaries in all body tissues and allow
diffusion of fluid from interstitial spaces into
lymphatic pathway.
Structurally identical to veins- vessel wall
composed of 3 thin layers of tissue ( Tunica
intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventia), and
contain valves to prevent backflow.
11.
12. Afferent lymphatic vessels- the vessels that
enters the lymph node
Efferent lymphatic vessels- the vessels that
leaves the lymph node
13. Lymphatic vessels exit lymph nodes and unite to
form lymphatic trunks.
The major trunks are
Lumbar trunks (right and left lumbar trunks)
Intestinal trunk
Bronchomediastinal trunks (right and left)
Subclavian trunks (right and left)
Jugular trunks (right and left)
14.
15. The lumbar trunks drain lymph from the lower
limbs, the pelvis, the kidneys, the adrenal glands,
and the abdominal wall.
The intestinal trunk drains lymph from the
stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and part of
the liver.
The bronchomediastinal trunks drain lymph from
the thoracic wall, lung, and heart.
The subclavian trunks drain the upper limbs.
The jugular trunks drain the head and neck.
17. 1. Thoracic duct / Left lymphatic duct
Main duct for the return of lymph to blood.
38 – 45 cm length.
Begins at cisterna chyli (anterior to 2nd lumbar
vertebrae).
Cisterna chyli is an enlarged lymph sac which
receives lymph from right and left lumbar trunks
and intestinal trunk.
Receives lymph from cisterna chyli, left jugular, left
subclavian, and left bronchomediastinal trunks.
The thoracic duct drains lymph into venous blood
at the junction of the left internal jugular and left
subclavian veins.
18. 2. Right lymphatic duct
About 1.2 cm length.
Receives lymph from the right jugular, right
subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal
trunks.
Drains into venous blood at the junction of
the right internal jugular and right subclavian
veins.
19. The lymphatic vessels
form specialized
lymphatic organs called
lymph nodes which
store macrophages and
lymphocytes to
eliminate foreign
substance in the lymph.
20. Transport lymph away from tissues
Collect and filter lymph (at the nodes) as
it continues to move toward larger vessels
called collecting ducts.
21. Lymphatic organs are divided as primary lymphatic
organs and secondary lymphatic organs:
1. Primary Lymphatic Organs are red bone marrow
and thymus gland. The red bone marrow produce T-
cells in response to an antigen and they get matured
in thymus gland.
2. Secondary Lymphatic Organs are lymph nodes,
spleen, lymphatic nodules. These are the sites of
immune responses.
22. Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found
within the spongy portions of bones
It is the primary site of haematopoiesis.
It is composed of hematopoietic cells,
marrow adipose tissue, and
supportive stromal cells
23.
24. The thymus is an organ with two lobes that is
located anterior to the ascending aorta and
posterior to the sternum.
25. Each lobe surrounded by a capsule and
divided into lobules, which are separated
from each other by strans of connective
tissue called trabeculae.
26. Each lobule organized into 2 compartments: the
outer compartment cortex, and the inner
compartment medulla.
27. The maturation of T cells and monocytes
takes place in the medulla which is
supported by epithelial cells and
macrophages present in the thymus.
In addition it also secrete hormone such as
thymosin which stimulate the development
of antibodies.
28. Around 600 bean shaped lymph nodes are
located throughout the body.
Lymph nodes filter substances that travel
through the lymphatic fluid, and contain
lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help
the body fight infection and disease
29. Lymph node can be divided into 3 centric
regions: the Cortex, the Paracortex and the
Medulla.
The outer most cortex contains B
lymphocytes, macrophages and follicular
dendritic cells.
Beneath cortex, paracortex contains T
lymphocytes.
Medulla contains lymphoid cells, and plasma
cells which actively secrets antibodies.
30.
31. Filteration of lymph- lymph node filter and
purify the lymph (remove cell debris, virus,
fungi etc) before return to the venous
circulation
Trapping the antigen- traps the antigen and
presents infront of lymphocytes
Maturation of lymphocytes
Phagocytosis
32. The spleen is a fist-sized
organ in the upper left side of
abdomen, next to the stomach
and behind left ribs.
It is surrounded by a capsule
from which a number of
projections (trabeculae)
extend into interior to form
compartments.
33.
34. Compartments are of two types: the RED pulp and
the WHITE pulp, separated by a diffuse marginal
zone.
The white pulp surrounds the branches of splenic
artery, forming Periarterial Lymphatc Sheath
(PALS) which containsT lymphocytes.
Within the red pulp the following functions such
as removal of defective blood cells and platelets,
storage of platelets for emergency use, and
production of blood cells during fetal life etc.
35. Phagocytosis (destruction of RBC and
Platelets)
Storage of blood (approx 350 ml of blood is
stored which can be used in critical conditions)
Erythropoiesis (in fetus)
Immune response (spleenomegaly in case of any
infection due to activatedT and B lymphocytes)
36. They are egg shaped masses of lymphatic
tissues different from lymph nodes since they
do not have capsules.
They are located at the mucosal lining of GI,
urinary, respiratory and reproductive tracts and
also referred as MALT (mucosa-associated
lymphatic tissue)
The tonsils (in the throat) and the Peyer
patches (within the small intestine) are
examples of MALT.
37.
38.
39. Water and solutes continually filter out from
capillary into interstitial space. To balance this
outflow, fluid continually reenters blood through
lymphatic system.
Fluid (lymph) is filtered through lymph nodes to
remove bacteria, abnormal cells and other foreign
materials.
This fluid is then transported back into the
bloodstream via the lymph vessels.
Lymph only moves in one direction, toward the
heart.
40.
41. T CELLS- A type of white blood cell. T cells are
part of the immune system and develop from stem
cells in the bone marrow. They help protect the
body from infection and may help fight cancer.
Also calledT lymphocyte andThymocyte.
B CELLS- A type of white blood cell that makes
antibodies. B cells are part of the immune system
and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow.
Also called B lymphocyte.
42. MONOCYTES- A monocyte is a type of white
blood cell and a type of phagocyte. These are the
largest of leucocytes.
DENDRITIC CELLS: A dendritic cell is a type of
phagocyte and a type of antigen-presenting
cell (APC). It has long branched projections similar
to neurons.
GRANULOCYTIC CELLS: Neutrophil.
Eosinophil, Basophil
43. Lymphedema: It is a condition of
localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused
by blocked/ improper lymphatic system.
The main symptom is swelling in an arm or leg
that may be accompanied by pain or discomfort.
44. The condition can be inherited or can be caused
by an injury to lymph vessel or nodes as a result
of treatment of cancer such as radiation, surgery
or a parasitic infection called filariasis.
Lymphedema Filariasis
45. There's no cure for lymphedema.
Therapies for lymphadema:
Exercises. Gentle contraction of the muscles
in the arm or leg can help move the excess
fluid out of the swollen limb.
Manual lymph drainage
Compression bandages
Compression garments