structure of kidney.pdf
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The kidneys are located in the back of the abdomen and are bean-shaped organs that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The kidneys regulate blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolyte levels. They remove waste and toxins from the body. The kidneys receive blood through the renal artery and filter it through nephrons to remove waste, which is collected by minor and major calyces and exits through the ureters as urine.
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The document describes the four main layers that make up the walls of the alimentary canal (also known as the gastrointestinal tract): the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. The mucosa is the innermost layer that lines the canal and has functions like secreting mucus and enzymes, absorbing nutrients, and protecting against pathogens. It contains epithelial tissue, connective tissue, and smooth muscle. The submucosa lies just outside the mucosa and contains blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and connective tissue. The muscularis externa is responsible for movements like segmentation and peristalsis through its inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers. The outer
Anatomy of Nephron
Here are the answers:
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. D
Well done! You correctly answered all the questions. Let me know if you have any other questions.
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The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It describes the roles and locations of digestion and absorption in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. Key enzymes and substrates involved in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins and fats are identified at different stages along the GI tract. Hormonal regulation of digestion and motility is also summarized.
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The document discusses the structure and function of the urinary system. It describes how the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra work together to produce, store, and eliminate urine from the body. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine and also play an important role in maintaining water, salt, and pH balances in order to regulate blood pressure and volume. Urine is formed in microscopic tubules called nephrons through processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Structure and functions of nephron assignment
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine. There are approximately 1 million nephrons per kidney, each with vascular and tubular components. The vascular component includes a glomerulus of capillaries that filters blood. The tubular component is made up of a Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Together, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion in the nephron produce urine from the blood through complex transport processes along the nephron tubule.
URINE FORMATION
Each kidney contains over 1 million tiny structures called nephrons. Each nephron has a glomerulus, the site of blood filtration. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries surrounded by a cuplike structure, the glomerular capsule (or Bowman’s capsule). As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes from the capillaries into the capsule through a filtration membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation process.Inside the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes fluid from capillaries into the glomerular capsule through a specialized layer of cells. This layer, the filtration membrane, allows water and small solutes to pass but blocks blood cells and large proteins. Those components remain in the bloodstream. The filtrate (the fluid that has passed through the membrane) flows from the glomerular capsule further into the nephron.The glomerulus filters water and small solutes out of the bloodstream. The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose, amino acids, and smaller proteins. When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in the nephron called the renal tubule. As it moves, the needed substances and some water are reabsorbed through the tube wall into adjacent capillaries. This reabsorption of vital nutrients from the filtrate is the second step in urine creation.The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows through the renal tubule, where nutrients and water are reabsorbed into capillaries. At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called secretion. The secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate and become urine. The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney through the renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder.The nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine through a process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is about 95% water and 5% waste products. Nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine include urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid. Ions such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and calcium are also excreted
Functions of kidney
The kidneys perform several important functions:
1) They excrete wastes and toxins from the blood in the form of urine, removing substances such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
2) They help regulate blood pressure, pH, ion composition, glucose levels, and fluid balance by filtering the blood and adjusting urine output.
3) The kidneys also produce hormones like erythropoietin and calcitriol that influence red blood cell production and calcium absorption.
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Here are the answers:
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. D
Well done! You correctly answered all the questions. Let me know if you have any other questions.
Digestion and absorption
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It describes the roles and locations of digestion and absorption in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. Key enzymes and substrates involved in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins and fats are identified at different stages along the GI tract. Hormonal regulation of digestion and motility is also summarized.
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The document discusses the structure and function of the urinary system. It describes how the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra work together to produce, store, and eliminate urine from the body. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine and also play an important role in maintaining water, salt, and pH balances in order to regulate blood pressure and volume. Urine is formed in microscopic tubules called nephrons through processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Structure and functions of nephron assignment
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine. There are approximately 1 million nephrons per kidney, each with vascular and tubular components. The vascular component includes a glomerulus of capillaries that filters blood. The tubular component is made up of a Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Together, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion in the nephron produce urine from the blood through complex transport processes along the nephron tubule.
URINE FORMATION
Each kidney contains over 1 million tiny structures called nephrons. Each nephron has a glomerulus, the site of blood filtration. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries surrounded by a cuplike structure, the glomerular capsule (or Bowman’s capsule). As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes from the capillaries into the capsule through a filtration membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation process.Inside the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes fluid from capillaries into the glomerular capsule through a specialized layer of cells. This layer, the filtration membrane, allows water and small solutes to pass but blocks blood cells and large proteins. Those components remain in the bloodstream. The filtrate (the fluid that has passed through the membrane) flows from the glomerular capsule further into the nephron.The glomerulus filters water and small solutes out of the bloodstream. The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose, amino acids, and smaller proteins. When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in the nephron called the renal tubule. As it moves, the needed substances and some water are reabsorbed through the tube wall into adjacent capillaries. This reabsorption of vital nutrients from the filtrate is the second step in urine creation.The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows through the renal tubule, where nutrients and water are reabsorbed into capillaries. At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called secretion. The secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate and become urine. The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney through the renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder.The nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine through a process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is about 95% water and 5% waste products. Nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine include urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid. Ions such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and calcium are also excreted
Functions of kidney
The kidneys perform several important functions:
1) They excrete wastes and toxins from the blood in the form of urine, removing substances such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
2) They help regulate blood pressure, pH, ion composition, glucose levels, and fluid balance by filtering the blood and adjusting urine output.
3) The kidneys also produce hormones like erythropoietin and calcitriol that influence red blood cell production and calcium absorption.
ppt on Excretory system akki
The document discusses the key components and functions of the urinary system. It describes the kidneys, which filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters. The bladder stores urine temporarily before it is excreted through the urethra. In addition to excretion, the kidneys play an important role in regulating fluid balance and blood pressure in the body.
Parts, structure and functions of nephron
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney, composed of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, which filter the blood to form urine. The renal tubule, including the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, processes and carries away the filtered fluid.
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Digestive juice:
1. Saliva
2. Gastric juice
3. Intestinal juice
4. Pancreatic juice
5. Bile
Mechanism of formation of urine
Mechanism of Formation of Urine involves 4 key processes:
1. Glomerular filtration where plasma is filtered in the nephrons at a normal rate of 125 ml/min. Approximately 178 liters/day are reabsorbed in the renal tubules and only 1-2 liters/day are excreted as urine.
2. Tubular reabsorption where approximately 99% of the filtered load is reabsorbed, mainly through active transport of sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule.
3. Tubular secretion where certain substances like protons and drugs are actively secreted into the tubular fluid.
4. Concentration and acidification of urine where urine becomes concentrated through
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Urine formation Glomerular Filtration
Urine is formed via glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephron. Glomerular filtration is the initial process where plasma is filtered from the renal bloodstream into Bowman's capsule through small pores in the glomerular capillaries. The glomerular filtration rate measures the volume of filtrate produced per unit of time and is a key indicator of kidney function. Filtration occurs due to Starling forces and other factors that allow plasma and solutes but not cells to pass through the glomerular membrane into the filtrate.
Lymphatic System Notes
The lymphatic system functions to:
1) Transport clean fluids back to the blood from tissues;
2) Drain excess fluids from tissues; and
3) Remove debris from cells of the body.
Lymph is transported through lymphatic vessels in a passive, one-way system toward the heart, where it is returned to circulation. Along the way, lymph passes through lymph nodes which filter the lymph and provide an immune response. Other lymphoid organs like the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and Peyer's patches also contribute to lymphatic function and immune defense.
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This document provides an overview of urine formation (uropoeisis) through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the nephrons of the kidney. Key points include: ultrafiltration occurs due to differences in blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries, allowing filtration through fenestrations into Bowman's capsule. Tubular reabsorption selectively reabsorbs substances like glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and water. Tubular secretion actively transports waste products from the blood into the urine. The normal characteristics, composition, and daily output of urine in humans is also summarized.
Nephron (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Structural and Functional unit of kidney is called nephron.
There are about 1.3 million nephron in each kidney.
New nephrons can not be regenerated by kidneys.
Functioning nephrons decrease about 10 % every 10 years at the age of 40.
At the age of 80, there are 40 % of functioning nephrons as compared to 40 yrs.
It is formed by two parts.
1. GLOMERULUS
2. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
1- Glomerulus:
It consists of tuft of glomerular capillaries.
There is anastomosing & branching network of glomerular capillaries.
Glomerular capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure (nearly 60 mm Hg) as compared with other capillaries.
Glomerulus is surrounded by a membranous cover called Bowman’s capsule.
Each glomerulus is about 0.2 mm in diameter.
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together constitute renal corpuscle.
Each renal tubule is divided into various part as they have different functions.
i- Proximal convulated tubule.
It is continuation of Bowman’s capsule.
ii- Loop of Henle. It is continuation of prox. conv. tubule.
* Loop of Henle has three parts.
a- descending limb,
b- u turn or bend in medulla and
c- ascending limb.
Ascending limb has initial thin segment followed by thick segment.
At the end of thick ascending limb, there is short segment called macula densa, which plays important role in controlling functions of nephron.
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Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Phone: 9010705687
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1) The respiratory system is divided into an upper and lower portion. The upper portion includes the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx, while the lower portion includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
2) Gas exchange occurs in the lungs through diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide drive this diffusion.
3) Respiration is regulated by both nervous and chemical mechanisms. The brain stem contains centers that control automatic breathing, while voluntary control occurs in the cerebral cortex.
Kidney
Hello friends..you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you
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gastric juice
About 2 liters of gastric juice are secreted daily by the stomach and consists of water, minerals, mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and inactive enzyme precursors. The gastric juice helps further liquefy food, acidifies the food to stop salivary amylase, kills microbes, and provides an environment for pepsins to break down proteins. Secretion reaches its maximum about an hour after eating and declines to fasting levels around 4 hours later, occurring in cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. The functions of the stomach include temporary storage, chemical and mechanical digestion, limited absorption, defense against microbes, and regulating passage to the small intestine.
Pancreas anatomy and functions
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas secretes enzymes that help digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It releases around 1500-3000 mL of alkaline fluid per day containing enzymes like proteases, nucleases, amylase and lipase. The endocrine pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells to regulate metabolism. Diseases of the pancreas include pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis.
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BP201T. Human Anatomy And Physiology-II
Unit-III: - Urinary System.
Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and
nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,
micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney
and disorders of kidney.
The urinary system
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood and produce urine by removing waste and regulating fluid and electrolyte levels. The urine passes from the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters. The bladder stores urine until emptying through the urethra. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to form urine through glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Together, these components work to maintain homeostasis by regulating fluid balance and removing waste from the body.
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Parts, structure and functions of nephron
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney, composed of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, which filter the blood to form urine. The renal tubule, including the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, processes and carries away the filtered fluid.
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Secretory Function of Alimentary Tract
Digestive juice:
1. Saliva
2. Gastric juice
3. Intestinal juice
4. Pancreatic juice
5. Bile
Mechanism of formation of urine
Mechanism of Formation of Urine involves 4 key processes:
1. Glomerular filtration where plasma is filtered in the nephrons at a normal rate of 125 ml/min. Approximately 178 liters/day are reabsorbed in the renal tubules and only 1-2 liters/day are excreted as urine.
2. Tubular reabsorption where approximately 99% of the filtered load is reabsorbed, mainly through active transport of sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule.
3. Tubular secretion where certain substances like protons and drugs are actively secreted into the tubular fluid.
4. Concentration and acidification of urine where urine becomes concentrated through
Pancreatic juice...
The pancreatic juice is a transparent, isotonic fluid secreted by the pancreas. It has both endocrine and exocrine functions. The exocrine secretions contain digestive enzymes like amylase, lipase, and proteases that aid in digestion. Bicarbonate ions secreted in pancreatic juice neutralize the acidic chime from the stomach and provide an optimal pH for the enzymes. The secretions occur in three phases regulated by both the autonomic nervous system and hormones like secretin and cholecystokinin. Secretin increases the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid while cholecystokinin stimulates enzyme secretion after eating. Disorders like pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis can impair pancreatic function and digestion.
Functions,Secretion and Regulation of Bile
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids in digestion by emulsifying fats in the small intestine. Bile is secreted from the liver into bile canaliculi and stored in the gallbladder. Upon eating, bile is discharged from the gallbladder through the bile duct into the duodenum where it helps to digest lipids. Bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum through enterohepatic circulation and returned to the liver to be reused.
Urine formation Glomerular Filtration
Urine is formed via glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephron. Glomerular filtration is the initial process where plasma is filtered from the renal bloodstream into Bowman's capsule through small pores in the glomerular capillaries. The glomerular filtration rate measures the volume of filtrate produced per unit of time and is a key indicator of kidney function. Filtration occurs due to Starling forces and other factors that allow plasma and solutes but not cells to pass through the glomerular membrane into the filtrate.
Lymphatic System Notes
The lymphatic system functions to:
1) Transport clean fluids back to the blood from tissues;
2) Drain excess fluids from tissues; and
3) Remove debris from cells of the body.
Lymph is transported through lymphatic vessels in a passive, one-way system toward the heart, where it is returned to circulation. Along the way, lymph passes through lymph nodes which filter the lymph and provide an immune response. Other lymphoid organs like the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and Peyer's patches also contribute to lymphatic function and immune defense.
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The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and immune system. It is composed of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph fluid towards the heart. Lymph contains plasma constituents too large to pass through blood capillaries, such as macroparticles from damaged areas. Lymphatic vessels originate as blind-ended tubes and contain valves to prevent backflow. They join to form larger vessels and ducts that drain into veins. Lymph nodes filter lymph and activate immune cells. Key lymphatic organs include the spleen, bone marrow, thymus gland and tonsils, which help generate and select lymphocytes.
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This document provides an overview of urine formation (uropoeisis) through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the nephrons of the kidney. Key points include: ultrafiltration occurs due to differences in blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries, allowing filtration through fenestrations into Bowman's capsule. Tubular reabsorption selectively reabsorbs substances like glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and water. Tubular secretion actively transports waste products from the blood into the urine. The normal characteristics, composition, and daily output of urine in humans is also summarized.
Nephron (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Structural and Functional unit of kidney is called nephron.
There are about 1.3 million nephron in each kidney.
New nephrons can not be regenerated by kidneys.
Functioning nephrons decrease about 10 % every 10 years at the age of 40.
At the age of 80, there are 40 % of functioning nephrons as compared to 40 yrs.
It is formed by two parts.
1. GLOMERULUS
2. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
1- Glomerulus:
It consists of tuft of glomerular capillaries.
There is anastomosing & branching network of glomerular capillaries.
Glomerular capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure (nearly 60 mm Hg) as compared with other capillaries.
Glomerulus is surrounded by a membranous cover called Bowman’s capsule.
Each glomerulus is about 0.2 mm in diameter.
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together constitute renal corpuscle.
Each renal tubule is divided into various part as they have different functions.
i- Proximal convulated tubule.
It is continuation of Bowman’s capsule.
ii- Loop of Henle. It is continuation of prox. conv. tubule.
* Loop of Henle has three parts.
a- descending limb,
b- u turn or bend in medulla and
c- ascending limb.
Ascending limb has initial thin segment followed by thick segment.
At the end of thick ascending limb, there is short segment called macula densa, which plays important role in controlling functions of nephron.
Bile
Bile is a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion. It contains bile salts that emulsify and solubilize lipids, allowing for absorption. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released in response to hormones like cholecystokinin during a meal. Disruptions to bile composition can lead to gallstones or malabsorption issues like steatorrhea.
Anatomy and Physiology of Urinary System
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The urine passes from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters. The bladder stores urine until micturition. The urethra then carries urine out of the body. The urinary system regulates water balance and the levels of electrolytes, acids, and bases in the blood to maintain homeostasis. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys that filter blood and form urine through processes like filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Urine formation
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Phone: 9010705687
Structure of nephron and functions of its parts
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine. It consists of a renal corpuscle containing the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, and renal tubules. The glomerulus filters blood to form filtrate, which passes through three segments of the tubules - the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule. These tubule segments reabsorb essential substances and further concentrate the filtrate through selective reabsorption and secretion to produce urine and maintain electrolyte and pH balance.
Respiratory system (Structure).pptx
The document discusses the structure and function of the respiratory system. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The respiratory system is divided into an upper and lower portion. The upper portion includes the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx, while the lower portion includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
2) Gas exchange occurs in the lungs through diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide drive this diffusion.
3) Respiration is regulated by both nervous and chemical mechanisms. The brain stem contains centers that control automatic breathing, while voluntary control occurs in the cerebral cortex.
Kidney
Hello friends..you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you
Large intestine
The large intestine comes after the small intestine and measures approximately 1.5 meters. It absorbs water and nutrients from waste and protects the body from infections. The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections), rectum, and anal canal. It removes remaining water from digested food and stores waste until defecation through contractions that move waste to the rectum for elimination.
gastric juice
About 2 liters of gastric juice are secreted daily by the stomach and consists of water, minerals, mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and inactive enzyme precursors. The gastric juice helps further liquefy food, acidifies the food to stop salivary amylase, kills microbes, and provides an environment for pepsins to break down proteins. Secretion reaches its maximum about an hour after eating and declines to fasting levels around 4 hours later, occurring in cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. The functions of the stomach include temporary storage, chemical and mechanical digestion, limited absorption, defense against microbes, and regulating passage to the small intestine.
Pancreas anatomy and functions
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas secretes enzymes that help digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It releases around 1500-3000 mL of alkaline fluid per day containing enzymes like proteases, nucleases, amylase and lipase. The endocrine pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells to regulate metabolism. Diseases of the pancreas include pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis.
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The document summarizes salivary secretion and regulation. It discusses that saliva is secreted by three major salivary glands and contains water, electrolytes, and enzymes. Salivary secretion is regulated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The functions of saliva include lubrication, taste perception, digestion of starch, and maintenance of oral health. Disorders of salivation can include hypo-salivation, hyper-salivation, and xerostomia.
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Digestive system (Digestive juice)/Function/Composition
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Similar to structure of kidney.pdf
Urinary System.pptx
BP201T. Human Anatomy And Physiology-II
Unit-III: - Urinary System.
Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and
nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,
micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney
and disorders of kidney.
The urinary system
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood and produce urine by removing waste and regulating fluid and electrolyte levels. The urine passes from the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters. The bladder stores urine until emptying through the urethra. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to form urine through glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Together, these components work to maintain homeostasis by regulating fluid balance and removing waste from the body.
Excretory system mmp presentation
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the back that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. They maintain homeostasis by regulating water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood in the cortex and reabsorb useful substances in the medulla before urine is emptied to the bladder. The kidneys also release hormones like erythropoietin, renin, and calcitriol to regulate blood pressure and red blood cell production. Kidney function is vital for fluid balance, electrolyte regulation, and acid-base homeostasis in the body.
The Excretory system
The Excretory system is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by homeostasis.
There are several parts of the body that are involved in this process, such as sweat glands, the liver, the lungs and the kidney system. ... From there, urine is expelled through the urethra and out of the body.
Renal Pathophysiology
The renal system functions to filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid balance and electrolyte levels. It consists of two kidneys which contain nephrons that filter blood to form urine, and ureters, bladder, and urethra which transport urine from the kidneys out of the body. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood and reabsorb useful substances, forming urine that is collected and stored in the bladder before exiting. Various diseases and disorders can impact renal function including infections, vascular diseases, cancers, and injuries which may require dialysis treatment if renal failure occurs.
Kidney anatomy, physiology and disorders
The kidneys are essential excretory organs that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The kidneys contain over 1 million tiny filtering units called nephrons. Blood enters nephrons via the glomerulus and is filtered, then most water and nutrients are reabsorbed. The loop of Henle and countercurrent mechanism allow concentration of urine. Hormones regulate water and electrolyte balance. The kidneys maintain acid-base balance and blood pressure while filtering wastes and drugs for excretion. Kidney disorders occur if filtration, reabsorption or other functions are disrupted.
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The human excretory system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters into the urinary bladder, where it is stored until excretion through the urethra. Together, these organs work to remove waste from the body and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.
Urinary system
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to form urine, regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance, and produce hormones. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb and secrete substances to form urine, which passes through the ureters to the bladder and then exits through the urethra. Precise regulation of urine production, water and electrolyte levels is controlled by hormones including antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone.
Structure and funtion of kidney
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located in the back of the abdominal cavity that filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. They are vital for maintaining homeostasis and removing waste such as urea and uric acid. The kidneys also help regulate blood pressure and pH levels through processes like reabsorbing and excreting bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. They release important compounds like erythropoietin and renin and can be damaged over time by factors that increase blood pressure like smoking, obesity, and excessive alcohol.
Nephrology
general nephrology, disorders of the male reproductive system, disorders of the female reproductive system
Physiology of kidney
The document provides an overview of the urinary system and kidney physiology. It discusses the key components of the urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It then focuses on the structure and functions of the nephron, the basic functional unit of the kidney, which filters blood to form urine and regulates water and electrolyte balance. Key concepts covered include glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion, and the roles of hormones like aldosterone, ADH, renin, and parathyroid hormone in urinary system functions.
urinary system
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to produce urine, regulating electrolytes and clearing waste. Each kidney contains over 1 million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood in the glomeruli and reabsorb needed substances through the tubules. Urine is stored in the bladder and emptied via the urethra under control of sphincter muscles. The lecture discusses the anatomy and physiology of each component and their roles in homeostasis, acid-base balance, and excretion.
Genito-urinary system disorders-1.pptx
Brief description of genitourinary system-related disorders with their nursing management. This presentation involves glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acute renal failure, and renal calculi.
Kidney-in-general,L6.pptx
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located behind the abdominal cavity that filter the blood and produce urine to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. Each kidney contains approximately one million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood. Urine is formed through a three step process - filtration in the glomerulus, reabsorption of nutrients and water in the renal tubules, and secretion of waste products. The kidneys maintain electrolyte and acid-base balance, produce hormones, and regulate blood pressure. Kidney diseases can damage the nephrons and impair waste removal, leading to a buildup of toxins.
Anatomy of kidney By M.Adil
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally in the abdomen on either side of the spine. Each kidney is approximately 11cm long, 6cm wide, and 3cm thick. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. Internally, each kidney contains an outer cortical layer and inner medullary pyramids separated by renal columns. Blood enters via the renal artery and drains via the renal vein, while urine exits through the ureter. The kidneys are surrounded by protective layers including the renal capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia. Coronavirus can directly damage the kidneys by binding to ACE2 receptors found in renal cells.
Unit 4 urinary system
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. They regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure, red blood cell production, and acid-base balance. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional units that filter the blood and reabsorb useful substances back into circulation. Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, where glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients are actively transported back into the bloodstream along with sodium, water, and other electrolytes.
Urinary system
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid balance and electrolyte levels. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination. The urethra then carries urine out of the body. The urinary system maintains blood pressure, produces erythropoietin and vitamin D, and removes wastes and toxins from the blood. Diseases can include acute renal failure, glomerulonephritis, and kidney stones.
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- 1. RENAL SYSTEM
- 2. Organs of Renal System ▪ 2 Kidneys ▪ 2 Ureters ▪ Urinary bladder ▪ Urethra
- 3. KIDNEY
- 4. LOCATION ▪ The kidneys are located behind the peritoneum, and so are called retroperitoneal organs. ▪ They lie in the back of the abdomen between the levels of theT12 and L3 vertebrae. ▪ The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney to accommodate the liver. ▪ Both kidneys are bean-shaped and about the size of an adult fist.
- 6. COLOR & SHAPE ▪ Reddish brown in colour and bean shaped HEIGHT & WEIGHT ▪ Each kidney is 11 cm (4-5”) long, 6 cm (2-3”) broad and 3 cm (1”) thick, ▪ Weight 150 grams in males and 135 g in females.
- 7. Cont.. ▪ The kidney is a bean-shaped structure with a convex and a concave border. A recessed area on the concave border is the renal hilum, where the renal artery enters the kidney and the renal vein and ureter leave. ▪ The kidney is surrounded by tough fibrous tissue, the renal (fibrous) capsule, perirenal fat, renal fascia, and pararenal fat.
- 8. COVERINGS
- 9. ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS ▪ Superiorly- Adrenal Glands ▪ Anteriorly- right lobe of liver, duodenum & hepatic flexture of colon ▪ Posteriorly- muscles of posterior abdominal wall
- 16. ▪ The base of each pyramid faces the renal cortex and its apex called renal papilla. ▪ Portions of renal cortex that extends between renal pyramids are called renal columns.
- 17. ▪ Each kidney have 2-3 major calyx & 8-18 minor calyx. ▪ Urine formed in the kidney passes through papilla at the apex of the pyramid into minor calyx then into major calyx before passing through the pelvis into the ureter. ▪ The walls of the pelvis contains smooth muscle and are lined with transitional epithelium ▪ Peristalsis of smooth muscle in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis, ureters to the bladder.
- 18. Blood Flow in the Kidneys
- 20. FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEYS ▪ Regulation of blood ionic composition: The kidneys help regulate the blood levels of several ions, most importantly sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ions, chloride ions and phosphate ions. ▪ Regulation of blood pH: The kidneys excrete a variable amount of hydrogen ions into the urine and conserve bicarbonate ions, which are an important buffer of H+ in the blood. Both of these activities help regulate blood pH.
- 21. Cont.. ▪ Regulation of blood volume: The kidneys adjust blood volume by conserving or eliminating water in urine. ▪ Regulation of blood pressure: The kidneys also help regulate blood pressure by secreting enzyme renin, which activates renin-angiotensin- aldosterone pathway.
- 22. Cont.. ▪ Maintainance of blood osmolarity: By separately regulating loss of water and loss of solutes in the urine, the kidneys maintain a relatively constant blood osmolarity close to 300 milli-osmoles per liter. ▪ Production of hormones: The kidneys produce two hormones. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, helps regulate calcium homeostasis, and Erythropoietin stimulates the production of red blood cells.
- 23. Cont.. ▪ Excretion of waste and foreign substances: the kidneys excrete a number of end products of metabolism in urine. In addition to the metabolic wastes, the kidneys also excrete foreign substances from the body, such as drugs, pesticides, and other chemicals ingested in food.
- 25. RAS OR RAAS ▪ It is a hormone system which regulates blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balance. ▪ When renal blood flow is reduced juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys convert the precursor prorenin into renin and secrete it directly into circulation. ▪ Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen released by liver to angiotensin-I.
- 26. ▪ Angiotensin-I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin- converting enzyme found on the surface of vascular endothelial cells. ▪ Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide that causes blood vessels to narrow, resulting in increased blood pressure. ▪ Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. ▪ Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood, and causing the excretion of potassium.
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