Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is determined by stroke volume, heart rate, preload, afterload, and peripheral resistance. Normal cardiac output is approximately 5 liters per minute. It can increase up to 600% in athletes due to enhanced cardiac reserve. Factors such as venous return, force of contraction, heart rate, and peripheral resistance maintain cardiac output within the body.
“Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.”
Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
STROKE VOLUME:
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
Heart Rate
The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.
“Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.”
Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume.
STROKE VOLUME:
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
Heart Rate
The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute is called cardiac output
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
Normal value = 5 Liters /Minute
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
The factors which regulate stroke volume and Heart rate are basically regulating Cardiac output
Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in single systole; Normal Value = 70 ml/beat
Stroke Volume = End diastolic Volume – End Systolic Volume
So stroke volume is mainly controlled by
EDV
ESV
VENOUS RETURN: What ever blood volume returns to the heart, same is pumped forward through the Frank’s Starlings Law. According to this law 13- 15 liters of blood volume can be pumped out without cardiac stimulation.
DURATION OF DIASTOLE OR FILLING TIME: ventricular filling occurs during diastole, so there must be adequate ventricular filling time.
DISTENSIBILITY OF THE VENTRICLES: Normally ventricles are distensible to accommodate adequate blood volume. Infarction decreases the distensibility which decreases the EDV.
ATRIAL CONTRACTION: There must be adequate atrial contraction to have adequate EDV. If atrial function is not adequate then EDV will decrease.
E.S.V is basically CONTROLLED BY MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION
FORCE OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION: It depends upon the initial length of muscle fibers according to frank’s starlings law.
PRELOAD: The effect of EDV on initial length is called preload. So EDV also effects the ESV.
AFTER LOAD: Force of contraction is also dependant upon the resistance against which the ventricles have to pump
CONDITION OF THE MYOCARDIUM : It also effects the force of contraction.
AUTONOMIC NERVES : Sympathetic stimulation increases and parasympathetic stimulation decreases force of contraction
HORMONES: Catecholamines, thyroxine, glucagon, digitalis, calcium, increased temp, caffeine, theophyline increase the force.
Force decreases by hypoxia, acidosis, barniturates, procainamide and quinidine decrease the force of contraction.
Cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat.
Cardiac events that occur from –
beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called the cardiac cycle.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
Here's a Presentation made by GROUP F on CORONARY CIRCULATION. This slide was created for Problem Based Learning (PBL) wrap up session Held At Kathmandu University- Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital (BMCTH).
feel free to Download and share this slide. You can leave comments for further improvement on other presentations. Thankyou. Cheers!
Right Atrium of human heart
This PPT help to understand the external and internal structures of right atrium.
sulcus terminalis on external surface of rt atrium,
crista terminalis on internal side of rt. atrium,
interior is divided into rough anterior part and smooth posterior part ( sinus venarum)
superior and inferior venae cavae drains deoxygenated blood into rt. atrim
there is Eustachian valve to guard the opening of IVC and Thebesian valve to guard the opening of coronary sinus
septal wall presents fossa ovalis with its border limbus fossa ovalis
This presentation is an overview of the description of the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle (atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole) as well as explaining the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute is called cardiac output
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
Normal value = 5 Liters /Minute
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
The factors which regulate stroke volume and Heart rate are basically regulating Cardiac output
Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in single systole; Normal Value = 70 ml/beat
Stroke Volume = End diastolic Volume – End Systolic Volume
So stroke volume is mainly controlled by
EDV
ESV
VENOUS RETURN: What ever blood volume returns to the heart, same is pumped forward through the Frank’s Starlings Law. According to this law 13- 15 liters of blood volume can be pumped out without cardiac stimulation.
DURATION OF DIASTOLE OR FILLING TIME: ventricular filling occurs during diastole, so there must be adequate ventricular filling time.
DISTENSIBILITY OF THE VENTRICLES: Normally ventricles are distensible to accommodate adequate blood volume. Infarction decreases the distensibility which decreases the EDV.
ATRIAL CONTRACTION: There must be adequate atrial contraction to have adequate EDV. If atrial function is not adequate then EDV will decrease.
E.S.V is basically CONTROLLED BY MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION
FORCE OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION: It depends upon the initial length of muscle fibers according to frank’s starlings law.
PRELOAD: The effect of EDV on initial length is called preload. So EDV also effects the ESV.
AFTER LOAD: Force of contraction is also dependant upon the resistance against which the ventricles have to pump
CONDITION OF THE MYOCARDIUM : It also effects the force of contraction.
AUTONOMIC NERVES : Sympathetic stimulation increases and parasympathetic stimulation decreases force of contraction
HORMONES: Catecholamines, thyroxine, glucagon, digitalis, calcium, increased temp, caffeine, theophyline increase the force.
Force decreases by hypoxia, acidosis, barniturates, procainamide and quinidine decrease the force of contraction.
Cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat.
Cardiac events that occur from –
beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called the cardiac cycle.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
Here's a Presentation made by GROUP F on CORONARY CIRCULATION. This slide was created for Problem Based Learning (PBL) wrap up session Held At Kathmandu University- Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital (BMCTH).
feel free to Download and share this slide. You can leave comments for further improvement on other presentations. Thankyou. Cheers!
Right Atrium of human heart
This PPT help to understand the external and internal structures of right atrium.
sulcus terminalis on external surface of rt atrium,
crista terminalis on internal side of rt. atrium,
interior is divided into rough anterior part and smooth posterior part ( sinus venarum)
superior and inferior venae cavae drains deoxygenated blood into rt. atrim
there is Eustachian valve to guard the opening of IVC and Thebesian valve to guard the opening of coronary sinus
septal wall presents fossa ovalis with its border limbus fossa ovalis
This presentation is an overview of the description of the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle (atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole) as well as explaining the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
CVS physiology, all details with explanation easy to recall physiology of cardiovascular system. based on Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. all the high-yield facts are there.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. INTRODUCTION
• Cardiac output is the amount of blood
pumped from each ventricle.
• Usually, it refers to left ventricular output
through aorta.
• Cardiac output is the most important factor in
cardiovascular system, because rate of blood
flow through different parts of the body
depends upon cardiac output.
3. DEFINITIONS AND NORMAL VALUES
• Usually, cardiac output is expressed in three
ways:
1. Stroke volume
2. Minute volume
3. Cardiac index.
4. STROKE VOLUME
• Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped
out by each ventricle during each beat.
• Normal value: 70 mL (60 to 80 mL) when the
heart rate is normal (72/minute).
5. MINUTE VOLUME
• Minute volume is the amount of blood
pumped out by each ventricle in one minute.
• It is the product of stroke volume and heart
rate:
Minute volume = Stroke volume × Heart rate
• Normal value: 5 L/ventricle/minute.
6. CARDIAC INDEX
• Cardiac index is the minute volume expressed
in relation to square meter of body surface
area.
• It is defined as the amount of blood pumped
out per ventricle/minute/ square meter of the
body surface area.
• Normal value: 2.8 ± 0.3 L/square meter of
body surface area/minute
7. EJECTION FRACTION
• Ejection fraction is the fraction of end diastolic
volume that is ejected out by each ventricle.
• Normal ejection fraction is 60% to 65%
8. CARDIAC RESERVE
• Cardiac reserve is the maximum amount of
blood that can be pumped out by heart above
the normal value.
• Cardiac reserve plays an important role in
increasing the cardiac output during the
conditions like exercise.
• It is essential to withstand the stress of
exercise.
9. • Cardiac reserve is usually expressed in
percentage. In a normal young healthy adult,
the cardiac reserve is 300% to 400%.
• In old age, it is about 200% to 250%.
• It increases to 500% to 600% in athletes.
• In cardiac diseases, the cardiac reserve is
minimum or nil.
10. DISTRIBUTION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT
• The whole amount of blood pumped out by
the right ventricle goes to lungs.
• But, the blood pumped by the left ventricle is
distributed to different parts of the body.
• Fraction of cardiac output distributed to a
particular region or organ depends upon the
metabolic activities of that region or organ.
11. Distribution of Blood Pumped out of
Left Ventricle
• Heart, which pumps the blood to all other
organs, receives the least amount of blood.
• Liver receives maximum amount of blood.
12. FACTORS MAINTAINING CARDIAC
OUTPUT
• Cardiac output is maintained (determined) by
four factors:
1. Venous return
2. Force of contraction
3. Heart rate
4. Peripheral resistance.
13. 1. VENOUS RETURN
• Venous return is the amount of blood which is
returned to heart from different parts of the
body. When it increases, the ventricular filling
and cardiac output are increased.
• Thus, cardiac output is directly proportional to
venous return, provided the other factors
(force of contraction, heart rate and
peripheral resistance) remain constant.
14. • Venous return in turn, depends upon five
factors:
i. Respiratory pump
ii. Muscle pump
iii. Gravity
iv. Venous pressure
v. Sympathetic tone.
15. i. Respiratory Pump
• Respiratory pump is the respiratory activity
that helps the return of blood, to heart
during inspiration. It is also called
abdominothoracic pump.
• During inspiration, thoracic cavity expands
and makes the intrathoracic pressure more
negative.
• It increases the diameter of inferior vena
cava, resulting in increased venous return.
16. • At the same time, descent of diaphragm
increases the intra-abdominal pressure, which
compresses abdominal veins and pushes the
blood upward towards the heart and thereby
the venous return is increased. Respiratory
pump is much stronger in forced respiration
and in severe muscular exercise.
17.
18. ii. Muscle Pump
• Muscle pump is the muscular activity that
helps in return of the blood to heart. During
muscular activities, the veins are compressed
or squeezed. Due to the presence of valves in
veins, during compression the blood is moved
towards the heart. When muscular activity
increases, the venous return is more.
• When the skeletal muscles contract, the vein
located in between the muscles is
compressed.
19. • Valve of the vein proximal to the contracting
muscles is opened and the blood is propelled
towards the heart. Valve of the vein distal to
the muscles is closed by the back flow of
blood.
• During relaxation of the muscles, the valve
proximal to muscles closes and prevents the
back flow of blood. The valve distal to the
muscles opens and allows the blood to flow
upwards.
20.
21. iii. Gravity
• Gravitational force reduces the venous return.
When a person stands for a long period,
gravity causes pooling of blood in the legs,
which is called venous pooling.
• Because of venous pooling, the amount of
blood returning to heart decreases.
22. iv. Venous Pressure
• Venous pressure also affects the venous return.
Pressure in the venules is 12 to 18 mm Hg. In the
smaller and larger veins, the pressure gradually
decreases. In the great veins, i.e. inferior vena
cava and superior vena cava, the pressure falls to
about 5.5 mm Hg. At the junction of venae cavae
and right atrium, it is about 4.6 mm Hg.
• Pressure in the right atrium is still low and it
alters during cardiac action. It falls to zero during
atrial diastole. This pressure gradient at every
part of venous tree helps as a driving force for
venous return.
23. v. Sympathetic Tone
• Venous return is aided by sympathetic or
vasomotor tone, which causes constriction of
venules.
• Venoconstriction pushes the blood towards
heart.
24. 2. FORCE OF CONTRACTION
• Cardiac output is directly proportional to the
force of contraction, provided the other three
factors remain constant. According to Frank-
Starling law, force of contraction of heart is
directly proportional to the initial length of
muscle fibers, before the onset of contraction.
Force of contraction depends upon preload
and afterload.
25. Preload
• Preload is the stretching of the cardiac muscle
fibers at the end of diastole, just before
contraction.
• It is due to increase in ventricular pressure
caused by filling of blood during diastole.
• Stretching of muscle fibers increases their
length, which increases the force of
contraction and cardiac output.
26. Afterload
• Afterload is the force against which ventricles must
contract and eject the blood. Force is determined by
the arterial pressure. At the end of isometric
contraction period, semilunar valves are opened and
blood is ejected into the aorta and pulmonary
artery. So, the pressure increases in these two
vessels.
• Now, the ventricles have to work against this
pressure for further ejection. Thus, the afterload for
left ventricle is determined by aortic pressure and
afterload for right ventricular pressure is determined
by pressure in pulmonary artery. Force of
contraction of heart and cardiac output are inversely
proportional to afterload.
27. 3. HEART RATE
• Cardiac output is directly proportional to
heart rate provided, the other three factors
remain constant.
• Moderate change in heart rate does not alter
the cardiac output.
• If there is a marked increase in heart rate,
cardiac output is increased.
• If there is marked decrease in heart rate,
cardiac output is decreased.
28. 4. PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
• Peripheral resistance is the resistance offered to
blood flow at the peripheral blood vessels.
• Peripheral resistance is the resistance or load
against which the heart has to pump the blood.
• So, the cardiac output is inversely proportional to
peripheral resistance.
• Resistance is offered at arterioles so, the
arterioles are called resistant vessels. In the body,
maximum peripheral resistance is offered at the
splanchnic region.