2. INTRODUCTION
Joint is a junction between two or more
bones or cartilages. It is a device to
permit movement.
With the exception of the hyoid bone,
every bone in the body is connected to
or forms a joint.
There are 230 joints in the body
3. Definition
“It is the site at which any two or
more bone articulated is called
Joint”
4. Functions of joints
1. Hold the skeletal bones together.
2. Allow the skeleton some
flexibility so gross movement can
occur.
3. Make bone growth possible.
5. Types Of Joints
1. Fibrous or fixed joints
(Immovable).
2. Cartilaginous or Slightly moveable
joints
3. Synovial or Freely moveable joints
6. 1.Fibrous or fixed joints (Immovable)
Bones are joined by fibrous
tissue/dense connective tissue,
consisting mainly of collagen.
Examples - Cranium.
7. 2.Cartilaginous or Slightly moveable
joints
In this type of joint the bones are joined
by cartilage. Movement is allowed only to
a certain point
Example: The vertebral column, and
Symphysis pubis
8. 3.Synovial or Freely moveable joints
These joints possess a cavity and the
articular ends of bones forming the joint
are enclosed in a fibrous capsule.
As a result they are seperated by a
narrow cavity, the articular cavity, which
is filled with a fluid called synovial fluid.
9.
10. Synovial Fluid
This fluid lubricates the joint and enables
all parts of the joint to move against
each other smoothly.
There is a synovial capsule which holds
the fluid in place.
The synovial membrane lies inside the
capsule where the fluid is produced.
11. Function of Synovial Fluid
1. Provides nutrients for the structure
with in the joint cavity.
2. Contain phagocytes which remove
microbes
3. Act as a lubricant
4. Maintain joint stability.
12. Components of Synovial joint
1. Articular cartilage/Hyaline
cartilage-The part of bone are
covered with cartilage which provides a
smooth articular surface
2. Capsule: The joint is surrounded &
enclosed by a layer of fibrous tissue
which hold the bone together. It is
sufficient loose to allow freedom of
movement.
13. Cont..
3. Synovial membrane- This is
composed of epithilial cell & lines the
capsule.
4. Synovial fluid-This is the thick sticky
fluid of egg-white consistency secreted
by synovial membrane in to synovial
cavity.
14. Types of Synovial Joints
1. Ball and Socket Joint
2. Hinge Joint
3. Pivot Joint
4. Gliding Joint
5. Saddle Joint
6. Condyloid Joint
15.
16. 1. Ball and Socket Joint
It allows the greatest range of
movement
In this type of joint, head of bone is
fitted into a socket of another bone.
Bones are held together by ligaments
and tendons
Eg. Shoulder and hip joints
17. 2. Hinge Joints
It allow movement only in one plane.
Only flexion and extension of joint is
possible.
Eg. Elbow, knee joint
18. 3. Pivot Joint
It permits only rotational movement
around a single axis.
Eg. Movement of neck and wrist
19. 4. Gliding Joints
In this joint the articular surface of
bone looks flat & move on the another
bone in sliping movement.
Eg Sternoclavicular, joint between
thoracic vertebrae
20. 5. Saddle Joints
The saddle joints allow the movement
of the joint forward and backwards, and
right to left.
Eg. Carpometacarple joint of the thumb
21. 6. Condyloid Joints
This allows for movement in only two
axis.
Eg. Metacarpophalangeal joint, Metatarsal
phalangeal joint
