Case-1: ECG with Normal axis ; Case-2: ECG with left axis deviation Case-3: ECG with extreme right axis deviation Case-4: ECG with right axis deviation Clinical significance of cardiac axis What is Electrical Axis? Types of electrical axis What are the Methods of ECG Axis Interpretation? How ECG axis can be determined? How Ventricular (QRS) Axis is determined in Bundle Branch Blocks ? What is Undetermined axis/ Indeterminate axis? What are the causes of abnormal heart axis? What are the causes of Right Axis Deviation(RAD)? What are the causes of Left Axis Deviation? What are the causes of Extreme Axis Deviation (indeterminate axis/ northwest axis)?