This document discusses the properties and applications of chitosan. Chitosan is a polyaminosaccharide obtained from the deacetylation of chitin from fungi and crustaceans. Its degree of acetylation and molecular weight characterize it. Chitosan has biocompatibility, is nontoxic, and can improve wound healing. It is cationic, undergoes reactions like amines, and has varying solubility based on its degree of deacetylation. The document lists applications of chitosan in biomedical uses like drug delivery, wound healing, dentistry, and bone regeneration as well as in cosmetics, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals.
This document provides information on various cellulose derivatives used in pharmaceutical formulations. It begins with an introduction to cellulose derivatives and how they are obtained from cellulose. It then discusses the history and classification of various derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose. The document outlines the properties, applications, and advantages of derivatives like microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, and hydroxyethyl cellulose. It concludes by discussing the various uses of cellulose and providing references.
It's our group presentation.... As usual I say that a presentation should never be elaborated and whenever we add some unknown or tough word we should explain it by ourselves and we have to be careful that audience never get bored by our presentation.... All the group member worked really hard to their parts and we get the highest mark...... Yahoooo!!!!
This document discusses various surfactants, solubilizers, and stabilizers used in pharmaceutical formulations. It describes the key properties and uses of cetrimide, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbitan esters, lecithin, and poloxamer. Specifically, it provides details on their classification, mechanisms of action, physicochemical properties like critical micelle concentration and HLB values, compatibility, stability, safety, and regulatory status. The document is an informative reference on the functions and characteristics of common excipients used in drug delivery systems.
Chitosan (2-amino-2deoxy-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranan), a polyaminosaccharide, normally obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin is the principal component of living organisms such as fungi and crustacea.
This document discusses the properties and applications of chitosan. Chitosan is a polyaminosaccharide obtained from the deacetylation of chitin from fungi and crustaceans. Its degree of acetylation and molecular weight characterize it. Chitosan has biocompatibility, is nontoxic, and can improve wound healing. It is cationic, undergoes reactions like amines, and has varying solubility based on its degree of deacetylation. The document lists applications of chitosan in biomedical uses like drug delivery, wound healing, dentistry, and bone regeneration as well as in cosmetics, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals.
This document provides information on various cellulose derivatives used in pharmaceutical formulations. It begins with an introduction to cellulose derivatives and how they are obtained from cellulose. It then discusses the history and classification of various derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose. The document outlines the properties, applications, and advantages of derivatives like microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, and hydroxyethyl cellulose. It concludes by discussing the various uses of cellulose and providing references.
It's our group presentation.... As usual I say that a presentation should never be elaborated and whenever we add some unknown or tough word we should explain it by ourselves and we have to be careful that audience never get bored by our presentation.... All the group member worked really hard to their parts and we get the highest mark...... Yahoooo!!!!
This document discusses various surfactants, solubilizers, and stabilizers used in pharmaceutical formulations. It describes the key properties and uses of cetrimide, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbitan esters, lecithin, and poloxamer. Specifically, it provides details on their classification, mechanisms of action, physicochemical properties like critical micelle concentration and HLB values, compatibility, stability, safety, and regulatory status. The document is an informative reference on the functions and characteristics of common excipients used in drug delivery systems.
Chitosan (2-amino-2deoxy-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranan), a polyaminosaccharide, normally obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin is the principal component of living organisms such as fungi and crustacea.
This document discusses sugar coating technology for tablet cores. Sugar coating is a multi-step process that involves coating the tablet core with sucrose syrup and evaporating the solvent to leave a sugar coating. The advantages of sugar coating include using widely accepted raw materials and not requiring complex equipment. The sugar coating process involves sealing the core, applying sub coatings using sucrose solution and calcium carbonate or talc, smoothing layers, coloring, polishing, and printing. Common faults are cracking, splitting, inversion causing stickiness.
Critical micelle concentration refers to the minimum concentration of surfactant above which micelles start to form spontaneously in a solution. It is an important characteristic of surfactants that can be determined through measuring changes in properties like surface tension, conductivity, and turbidity at varying concentrations. Several factors influence the critical micelle concentration, including the structure of the surfactant's hydrophobic group and the presence of electrolytes in the solution.
This document discusses mechanisms of emulsion instability and strategies for emulsion stabilization. It describes five mechanisms by which emulsions can break down: creaming, sedimentation, flocculation, coalescence, and phase inversion. It also explains the electrostatic and van der Waals forces that affect emulsion stability, including the electrical double layer and DLVO theory. Finally, it outlines various methods to stabilize emulsions, such as using emulsifiers, matching densities, reducing droplet size, modifying viscosity, and testing stability over time.
Introduction of fats, Reaction of fatty acids, Reaction of fats or oil- Hydrolysis, Hydrogenation, Halogenation, saponification, Drying of oil, Rancidity, Determination of acid value, saponification value, iodine value, acetyl value,
The document discusses caramelization, the process by which sugars are heated and undergo chemical reactions to produce caramel. There are two methods for making caramel - wet, by heating sugar and water, and dry, by heating sugar alone. As the sugar is heated to temperatures between 110-160°C, it undergoes reactions that produce aromas and colors while removing water. Polymerization reactions result in large molecules that contribute to caramel's dark brown color and sticky texture. Caramel has various uses including as a candy, in desserts like crème brûlée and flan, and in candies like pralines and caramel apples.
Emulsifiers are substances that reduce surface tension and allow immiscible liquids like oil and water to mix into an emulsion. They have both a hydrophilic polar head and a hydrophobic nonpolar tail. This structure allows emulsifiers to position themselves at the interface between oil and water phases, lowering interfacial tension. Emulsifiers stabilize emulsions by forming a protective monomolecular film at droplet surfaces and creating steric or electrical barriers that prevent coalescence. They are important for controlling properties of foods containing fats.
This document discusses micro-emulsions and multiple emulsions. Micro-emulsions are thermodynamically stable, transparent dispersions of aqueous and hydrocarbon liquids stabilized by surfactants. They have advantages for drug delivery such as improved bioavailability. Multiple emulsions, also called double or liquid membrane emulsions, contain smaller droplets of one phase dispersed in another phase that matches the external phase. They can be formulated as water-in-oil-in-water or oil-in-water-in-oil systems. Micro-emulsions and multiple emulsions show potential for various drug delivery applications such as oral, topical, parenteral administration and have been studied for delivery of proteins, peptides, and other act
This document presents information about sorbitol, a sugar alcohol. It discusses that sorbitol is poorly digestible and less sweet than sucrose. Sorbitol has properties such as being hygroscopic, acting as a humectant, and having a melting point of 97°C. It provides nutrition facts about sorbitol having fewer calories and a low glycemic index of 9. Examples of foods containing sorbitol include various fruits and sugar-free candies. Benefits of sorbitol are that it does not promote tooth decay or significantly raise blood sugar levels. Short term side effects can include intestinal pain, bloating, and diarrhea.
Gelatin is a protein extracted from animal collagen through partial hydrolysis. It is insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water, where it forms a jelly on cooling. Gelatin is used to make hard and soft capsules, as well as suppositories, pastes and pastilles. It is also used as an absorbable sponge to control bleeding. Gelatin's properties are determined by its bloom strength, which measures its ability to form a gel.
In this slide contains Determination of Acid value, Saponification value and Ester value.
Presented by: P.NARESH (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
This document summarizes various extraction methods for recovering lipophilic ingredients from plant materials. Traditional methods include expeller pressing, mechanical pressing, and solvent extraction. Modern methods discussed include ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction. Each method is described in one or two paragraphs outlining its operating principles and advantages.
The document summarizes various sterilization methods used for parenterals including dry heat, moist heat, filtration, radiation, and gas sterilization. Dry heat is used to sterilize glassware and some metals by heating to temperatures between 160-180°C. Moist heat sterilization with steam under pressure is commonly used for liquids and porous materials in an autoclave. Filtration through sterile membranes can sterilize heat-labile solutions. Radiation methods include UV, gamma rays, and electrons. Gaseous methods use ethylene oxide or formaldehyde gas.
This document defines gums and mucilage, and discusses several common plant gums - tragacanth, acacia, sodium alginate, agar, and pectin. It provides information on the biological source, description, preparation method, chemical constituents, and uses of each gum. Tragacanth is obtained from Astragalus shrubs and is used as a suspending agent. Acacia gum comes from Acacia trees and is used as an emulsifier. Sodium alginate is derived from brown seaweed and is a thickening and stabilizing agent. Agar is obtained from red algae and is used in microbiology and food applications. Pectin comes from cit
Surface active agents, also known as surfactants, are amphipathic molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. They can interact with both polar and non-polar substances, increasing the solubility of insoluble substances. In water, surfactant molecules form spherical clusters called micelles with the non-polar ends on the inside and polar ends on the outside. Surfactants are classified as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, or amphoteric based on their charge, and can be used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, and other products.
Size reduction is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles using external forces. The key mechanisms of size reduction are cutting, compression, impact, attrition, and a combination of impact and attrition. Different types of mills use these mechanisms, including hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills. Factors like hardness, toughness, stickiness, softening temperature, and moisture content affect how easily a material can undergo size reduction. Laws of Rittinger, Kick, and Bond govern the energy requirements for size reduction.
The document discusses various aspects of filtration including definitions, applications, factors affecting filtration, theories of filtration such as Darcy's law and Kozeny-Carman equation. It also describes different types of filtration equipment used in the pharmaceutical industry such as filter presses, membrane filters, filter candles and sintered filters. Continuous filters are also discussed which involve continual washing of filter media.
This document discusses different types of detergents used in shampoo manufacturing. It describes the principle groups of synthetic detergents as having hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. Surfactants are then classified as anionic, cationic, amphoteric, or non-ionic. The document focuses on the manufacturing processes for anionic detergents and non-ionic surfactants. It also provides an overview of the raw materials used in shampoo production and the functions of various detergent compounds.
Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds that lower the surface tension of water and form micelles. They are classified as anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, or nonionic based on their charge. Surfactants exhibit properties like wetting, emulsification, detergency, solubilization, and micellization. Above a critical micelle concentration, surfactant molecules will self-assemble into spherical or rod-like micellar structures in order to minimize the disruption of water molecules. The shape of the micelle depends on the critical packing parameter which is influenced by the surfactant head group size and chain length.
Fluidized bed drying is widely used for drying pharmaceutical powders and granules. It allows for direct contact between particles and heated air or gas, resulting in uniform and efficient drying. Hot air is passed through the granules in a perforated container, lifting the granules and suspending them in the air stream. This exposes all surfaces of the granules to the hot air, drying them quickly and uniformly. Fluidized bed drying requires less time than other methods, avoids hot spots, and allows for drying of heat-sensitive materials.
This document discusses the uses of various cellulose ether products produced by Shijiazhuang Hehui Chemicals Co., Ltd. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can be used in paints, ceramics, papermaking, mining, and oil drilling. It provides benefits such as dispersion, viscosity control, binding, and inhibition. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) can be used in building materials as a thickener and to provide workability. It has various properties depending on its methoxy and hydroxypropoxy content. CMC and HPMC are offered in different grades tailored to specific applications and industries.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a widely used thermoplastic with applications in construction, packaging, wire insulation, and more. It is produced through suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. Key properties include resistance to chemicals and moisture, as well as being lightweight and inexpensive. PVC requires additives like plasticizers and stabilizers to achieve desired material properties for different applications. Common processing methods for PVC include injection molding, extrusion, and calendaring.
This document discusses sugar coating technology for tablet cores. Sugar coating is a multi-step process that involves coating the tablet core with sucrose syrup and evaporating the solvent to leave a sugar coating. The advantages of sugar coating include using widely accepted raw materials and not requiring complex equipment. The sugar coating process involves sealing the core, applying sub coatings using sucrose solution and calcium carbonate or talc, smoothing layers, coloring, polishing, and printing. Common faults are cracking, splitting, inversion causing stickiness.
Critical micelle concentration refers to the minimum concentration of surfactant above which micelles start to form spontaneously in a solution. It is an important characteristic of surfactants that can be determined through measuring changes in properties like surface tension, conductivity, and turbidity at varying concentrations. Several factors influence the critical micelle concentration, including the structure of the surfactant's hydrophobic group and the presence of electrolytes in the solution.
This document discusses mechanisms of emulsion instability and strategies for emulsion stabilization. It describes five mechanisms by which emulsions can break down: creaming, sedimentation, flocculation, coalescence, and phase inversion. It also explains the electrostatic and van der Waals forces that affect emulsion stability, including the electrical double layer and DLVO theory. Finally, it outlines various methods to stabilize emulsions, such as using emulsifiers, matching densities, reducing droplet size, modifying viscosity, and testing stability over time.
Introduction of fats, Reaction of fatty acids, Reaction of fats or oil- Hydrolysis, Hydrogenation, Halogenation, saponification, Drying of oil, Rancidity, Determination of acid value, saponification value, iodine value, acetyl value,
The document discusses caramelization, the process by which sugars are heated and undergo chemical reactions to produce caramel. There are two methods for making caramel - wet, by heating sugar and water, and dry, by heating sugar alone. As the sugar is heated to temperatures between 110-160°C, it undergoes reactions that produce aromas and colors while removing water. Polymerization reactions result in large molecules that contribute to caramel's dark brown color and sticky texture. Caramel has various uses including as a candy, in desserts like crème brûlée and flan, and in candies like pralines and caramel apples.
Emulsifiers are substances that reduce surface tension and allow immiscible liquids like oil and water to mix into an emulsion. They have both a hydrophilic polar head and a hydrophobic nonpolar tail. This structure allows emulsifiers to position themselves at the interface between oil and water phases, lowering interfacial tension. Emulsifiers stabilize emulsions by forming a protective monomolecular film at droplet surfaces and creating steric or electrical barriers that prevent coalescence. They are important for controlling properties of foods containing fats.
This document discusses micro-emulsions and multiple emulsions. Micro-emulsions are thermodynamically stable, transparent dispersions of aqueous and hydrocarbon liquids stabilized by surfactants. They have advantages for drug delivery such as improved bioavailability. Multiple emulsions, also called double or liquid membrane emulsions, contain smaller droplets of one phase dispersed in another phase that matches the external phase. They can be formulated as water-in-oil-in-water or oil-in-water-in-oil systems. Micro-emulsions and multiple emulsions show potential for various drug delivery applications such as oral, topical, parenteral administration and have been studied for delivery of proteins, peptides, and other act
This document presents information about sorbitol, a sugar alcohol. It discusses that sorbitol is poorly digestible and less sweet than sucrose. Sorbitol has properties such as being hygroscopic, acting as a humectant, and having a melting point of 97°C. It provides nutrition facts about sorbitol having fewer calories and a low glycemic index of 9. Examples of foods containing sorbitol include various fruits and sugar-free candies. Benefits of sorbitol are that it does not promote tooth decay or significantly raise blood sugar levels. Short term side effects can include intestinal pain, bloating, and diarrhea.
Gelatin is a protein extracted from animal collagen through partial hydrolysis. It is insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water, where it forms a jelly on cooling. Gelatin is used to make hard and soft capsules, as well as suppositories, pastes and pastilles. It is also used as an absorbable sponge to control bleeding. Gelatin's properties are determined by its bloom strength, which measures its ability to form a gel.
In this slide contains Determination of Acid value, Saponification value and Ester value.
Presented by: P.NARESH (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
This document summarizes various extraction methods for recovering lipophilic ingredients from plant materials. Traditional methods include expeller pressing, mechanical pressing, and solvent extraction. Modern methods discussed include ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction. Each method is described in one or two paragraphs outlining its operating principles and advantages.
The document summarizes various sterilization methods used for parenterals including dry heat, moist heat, filtration, radiation, and gas sterilization. Dry heat is used to sterilize glassware and some metals by heating to temperatures between 160-180°C. Moist heat sterilization with steam under pressure is commonly used for liquids and porous materials in an autoclave. Filtration through sterile membranes can sterilize heat-labile solutions. Radiation methods include UV, gamma rays, and electrons. Gaseous methods use ethylene oxide or formaldehyde gas.
This document defines gums and mucilage, and discusses several common plant gums - tragacanth, acacia, sodium alginate, agar, and pectin. It provides information on the biological source, description, preparation method, chemical constituents, and uses of each gum. Tragacanth is obtained from Astragalus shrubs and is used as a suspending agent. Acacia gum comes from Acacia trees and is used as an emulsifier. Sodium alginate is derived from brown seaweed and is a thickening and stabilizing agent. Agar is obtained from red algae and is used in microbiology and food applications. Pectin comes from cit
Surface active agents, also known as surfactants, are amphipathic molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. They can interact with both polar and non-polar substances, increasing the solubility of insoluble substances. In water, surfactant molecules form spherical clusters called micelles with the non-polar ends on the inside and polar ends on the outside. Surfactants are classified as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, or amphoteric based on their charge, and can be used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, and other products.
Size reduction is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles using external forces. The key mechanisms of size reduction are cutting, compression, impact, attrition, and a combination of impact and attrition. Different types of mills use these mechanisms, including hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills. Factors like hardness, toughness, stickiness, softening temperature, and moisture content affect how easily a material can undergo size reduction. Laws of Rittinger, Kick, and Bond govern the energy requirements for size reduction.
The document discusses various aspects of filtration including definitions, applications, factors affecting filtration, theories of filtration such as Darcy's law and Kozeny-Carman equation. It also describes different types of filtration equipment used in the pharmaceutical industry such as filter presses, membrane filters, filter candles and sintered filters. Continuous filters are also discussed which involve continual washing of filter media.
This document discusses different types of detergents used in shampoo manufacturing. It describes the principle groups of synthetic detergents as having hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. Surfactants are then classified as anionic, cationic, amphoteric, or non-ionic. The document focuses on the manufacturing processes for anionic detergents and non-ionic surfactants. It also provides an overview of the raw materials used in shampoo production and the functions of various detergent compounds.
Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds that lower the surface tension of water and form micelles. They are classified as anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, or nonionic based on their charge. Surfactants exhibit properties like wetting, emulsification, detergency, solubilization, and micellization. Above a critical micelle concentration, surfactant molecules will self-assemble into spherical or rod-like micellar structures in order to minimize the disruption of water molecules. The shape of the micelle depends on the critical packing parameter which is influenced by the surfactant head group size and chain length.
Fluidized bed drying is widely used for drying pharmaceutical powders and granules. It allows for direct contact between particles and heated air or gas, resulting in uniform and efficient drying. Hot air is passed through the granules in a perforated container, lifting the granules and suspending them in the air stream. This exposes all surfaces of the granules to the hot air, drying them quickly and uniformly. Fluidized bed drying requires less time than other methods, avoids hot spots, and allows for drying of heat-sensitive materials.
This document discusses the uses of various cellulose ether products produced by Shijiazhuang Hehui Chemicals Co., Ltd. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can be used in paints, ceramics, papermaking, mining, and oil drilling. It provides benefits such as dispersion, viscosity control, binding, and inhibition. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) can be used in building materials as a thickener and to provide workability. It has various properties depending on its methoxy and hydroxypropoxy content. CMC and HPMC are offered in different grades tailored to specific applications and industries.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a widely used thermoplastic with applications in construction, packaging, wire insulation, and more. It is produced through suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. Key properties include resistance to chemicals and moisture, as well as being lightweight and inexpensive. PVC requires additives like plasticizers and stabilizers to achieve desired material properties for different applications. Common processing methods for PVC include injection molding, extrusion, and calendaring.
This document provides details on the process for producing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at a plant. It first introduces CMC and how it is produced through a reaction of monochloroacetic acid with cellulose. It then describes the various process units involved, including a tank farm for storing raw materials, a cellulose preparation area for grinding cellulose, and production lines for technical and purified CMC. Each production line involves various steps like reaction, washing, drying, and packaging. Utilities are also described for supplying materials like steam and water to the various process units.
WATERMAN ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA does concepts to commissioning turn key projects for caustic recovery plant for textile effluent, mining ore caustic mixed streams.
SBR is a synthetic rubber produced from styrene and butadiene monomers. It has good abrasion resistance and crack resistance and is widely used in automobile and truck tires. SBR can be produced via emulsion or solution polymerization processes.
ACM is a synthetic rubber produced from acrylate monomers like ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and methoxyethyl acrylate. It has good oil and temperature resistance properties. ACM is commonly used in automotive transmissions, hoses, seals, and mounts. It is produced via an emulsion polymerization process involving the addition of monomers and a chain transfer agent into a reactor over time.
Acrylics are a family of transparent plastics that include polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). PMMA was first synthesized in 1877 and commercialized in the 1930s for uses like aircraft canopies. It is produced through radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate. PMMA has good clarity, weatherability, and scratch resistance but limited chemical resistance. It finds wide use in glazing, lighting, medical devices, and coatings. Other acrylics include polyacrylamide, used as a flocculant and soil conditioner, and sodium polyacrylate, a super absorbent polymer used in diapers and water-retention products.
Guidechem is a chemical B2B network which provides worldwide chemical information, global chemical selling leads and updating chemical buying requests. Guidechem endeavors to boost your chemical trading.
The document describes Aquaeco-SRORS, a patented technology that removes suspended solids and recovers residual oil from palm oil mill raw sludge. It consists of Aquaeco reactors, a three-phase decanter, and tanks. The raw sludge is separated into filtrate with negligible oil and solids, and concentrated slurry containing all the oil and solids. The slurry is further processed to separate oil, which is CPO, from solids. The filtrate can be discharged to effluent ponds with only 30% of the original COD-BOD. This technology generates revenue by recovering oil, prevents pond sludging, and allows mills to comply with regulations on efflu
1. The document discusses textile auxiliaries used in preparation and finishing processes like scouring and desizing. It focuses on the chemistry of products used rather than technology.
2. Scouring removes fats, waxes, oils and dirt using surfactants and builders like alkalis to improve absorbency. It is important for natural fibers which contain more impurities.
3. Desizing removes sizes which are applied during weaving to reduce breaks and aid weaving efficiency. The sizes must be removable for subsequent dyeing and finishing.
Chemcon Speciality Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. is one of the global leading specialty firms that produce a range of specialty chemicals: pharma intermediates. Amongst which, HMDS and CMIC are important products provided by Chemcon.
Polymers are commonly used to coat pharmaceutical tablets and dosage forms. There are various types of coatings including conventional and enteric coatings. Conventional coatings can improve aesthetics, mask tastes, and modify drug release. Enteric coatings only dissolve in the intestines above pH 5.5-7 to protect acid-sensitive drugs. Common polymers for coatings include cellulose derivatives, acrylates, and polyvinyl derivatives. New techniques like hot melt extrusion can be used to produce enteric coatings. Coatings can provide benefits like targeted drug release and protection of actives or gastric mucosa.
Cellulose Based -Biodegradable Polymers.pptxSYAMDAVULURI
This document discusses types of biodegradable polymers. It describes several categories of biodegradable polymers including starch-based polymers, cellulose-based polymers, bacterial polyesters, and synthetic biodegradable polymers. Starch-based polymers include thermoplastic starch, starch blended with synthetic aliphatic polyesters, starch blended with PBS or PBSA, and starch blended with PVOH. Cellulose-based polymers include cellulose esters and celluloid. Examples of bacterial polyesters discussed are PHA, PHB, PHB/HV, and PCL. The document also provides details on popular synthetic biodegradable polymers including PLA, PCL, PGA, P
Qingdao Unionchem Co., Ltd. produces sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) which is a cellulose ether derived from wood or cotton cellulose. CMC is available in a wide range of grades with different viscosities, molecular weights, degrees of substitution, and particle sizes. It functions as a thickener, emulsifier, and texture builder and can be used in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, toothpaste, oil drilling, paper making, textiles, ceramics, and other industries. CMC has high viscosity, clarifies solutions, controls rheology, and improves adherence, salt resistance, and acid resistance.
1. Desizing is done to remove sizing agents like starch that were applied to warp yarns during weaving to facilitate the weaving process.
2. There are several methods of desizing including enzymatic, acid, and oxidative methods. Enzymatic desizing uses enzymes like amylase to break down starch into soluble sugars.
3. Proper control of factors like temperature, pH, and fabric speed are important for effective desizing when using the enzymatic method.
1. The document discusses different methods of desizing fabrics, which is the process of removing starch coatings called "size" that are applied during weaving.
2. Enzymatic desizing using amylase enzymes is the most common method as it can break down starch without damaging cellulose fibers.
3. Other oxidative methods can also be used to desize fabrics by oxidizing and breaking down starch into soluble products using oxidizing agents like sodium bromite.
Study of waste water, discharged from tannery (3)Abhishek Rajput
The document discusses the process of tannery industry and waste generation points. It describes the various stages of hide/skin preparation including soaking, liming, unhairing, splitting, and deliming. The tanning and crusting stages chemically treat the hide to make it stable and flexible. Surface coatings may be applied for finishing. Maximum waste is generated during soaking, unhairing, fleshing, splitting, trimming, bleaching, and bating. The waste water characteristics are provided and treatment schemes discussed including activated sludge and trickling filters. New innovative technologies can more effectively and efficiently treat tannery effluent with lower costs.
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing removes added starches used in sizing, while scouring removes natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins using alkaline solutions. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation reactions. These processes are commonly performed using batch and continuous equipment like kiers, jiggers and J-boxes. The preparatory stages aim to clean and treat cotton fibers before dyeing or finishing to improve absorbency and uniformity.
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing removes added starches used in sizing, while scouring removes natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins using alkaline solutions. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation reactions. These processes are commonly performed using batch and continuous equipment like kiers, jiggers and J-boxes. The preparatory stages aim to clean and treat cotton fibers before dyeing or finishing to improve absorbency and uniformity.
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
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The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
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The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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2. CMC
Introduction:
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or cellulose gum is a cellulose
derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some
of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make
up the cellulose backbone. It is often used as its sodium salt, sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulose
3. PREPARATION
Produced by reaction between monochloroacetic-
acid(MCA) (about 70% solution of ehanol) with alkali
cellulose.
Alkalization of the cellulose and etherification of the
alkali-cellulose with MCA takes place in the
presence of an organic solvent.
4. PROCESS DESCRIPTION:
Tank Form:
Here all the liquid raw materials introduced into the process are stored and prepared.
Likewise the dosing is effected from here according to the respective formula.
Cellulose preparation:
Here the cellulose raw material delivered in sheets is ground, stored and dosed.
Production line for technical CMC:
(a) Reaction and stripping unit.
(b) Drying unit.
(c) Milling and screening unit.
(d) Blending unit.
(e) Weighing and Packing unit.
5. Production line for purified CMC:
(a)Reaction unit
(b)Washing and extraction unit.
(c)Alcohol stripping and recovery unit.
(d)Drying unit.
(e)Milling and screening unit.
(f) Blending unit.
(g)Weighing and packing unit.
Utilities:
Here, the supply of steam, cooling water (32◦C), chilled water(5
◦C), compressed air and process water are prepared and kept
ready for operation of the production of CMC.
6. Applications of the CMC:
Construction Industry -
CMC is used in most of the compositions of cement and building materials because it
acts as a stabilizer and hydrophilic agent.
Detergents –
The detergent industry is the largest consumer of CMC. Technical grade CMC
compositions are most often used for soaps and detergents. CMC acts as an inhibitor of
the redeposition of grease in the fabric after it has been removed by the detergent.
Plastics –
The main use of CMC in the plastics industry is to help increase the viscosity of plastics
such as latex.
Medicine –
CMC solutions are used to form gels that are used in heart, thoracic and cornea
surgery.
7. Other Applications –
Paper Industry as a coating agent to reduce wax, Agriculture act
As a glue for insecticides, Adhesives -CMC is added to various compositions of glues
and adhesives that are used for almost any material, Paint- CMC is used in oil paints
and varnishes. It acts as a thickener and suspends the pigment in the fluid,
8. Denature Protiens
A polymer which has lost secondary or tertiary structure.
Denaturation of proteins involves the disruption and
possible destruction of both the secondary and tertiary
structures.