Evald Maceno is a graduate student at UPR writing an outline for a class on coastal environments. The document outlines carbon as an element and its physical and chemical properties. It describes carbon as part of a global cycle, moving between the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. This carbon cycle is impacted by human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which increase CO2 levels and acidify the oceans. Rising ocean temperatures and acidification threaten marine life and food systems.
Carbon is an essential element for all life forms on Earth. Whether these life forms
take in carbon to help manufacture food or release carbon as part of respiration, the
intake and output of carbon is a component of all plant and animal life.
The carbon cycle is vital to life on Earth. Nature tends to keep carbon levels balanced,
meaning that the amount of carbon naturally released from reservoirs is equal to the
amount that is naturally absorbed by reservoirs. Maintaining this carbon balance
allows the planet to remain hospitable for life. Scientists believe that humans have
upset this balance by burning fossil fuels, which has added more carbon to
the atmosphere than usual and led to climate change and global warming.
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
Chemical Oceanography is fundamentally interdisciplinary. The chemistry of the ocean is closely tied to ocean circulation, climate, the plants and animals that live in the ocean, and the exchange of material with the atmosphere, cryosphere, continents, and mantle
Oceans also contain a huge amount of mineral resources. Deep ocean basins are the zones of continuous sedimentation. The oceans are the final destination for many of all the sediments to be deposited. About 200 million years of earth history are available in the fossiliferous sediments deposited within the ocean basins. This module explains the characteristics of marine sediments.
Carbon is an essential element for all life forms on Earth. Whether these life forms
take in carbon to help manufacture food or release carbon as part of respiration, the
intake and output of carbon is a component of all plant and animal life.
The carbon cycle is vital to life on Earth. Nature tends to keep carbon levels balanced,
meaning that the amount of carbon naturally released from reservoirs is equal to the
amount that is naturally absorbed by reservoirs. Maintaining this carbon balance
allows the planet to remain hospitable for life. Scientists believe that humans have
upset this balance by burning fossil fuels, which has added more carbon to
the atmosphere than usual and led to climate change and global warming.
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
Chemical Oceanography is fundamentally interdisciplinary. The chemistry of the ocean is closely tied to ocean circulation, climate, the plants and animals that live in the ocean, and the exchange of material with the atmosphere, cryosphere, continents, and mantle
Oceans also contain a huge amount of mineral resources. Deep ocean basins are the zones of continuous sedimentation. The oceans are the final destination for many of all the sediments to be deposited. About 200 million years of earth history are available in the fossiliferous sediments deposited within the ocean basins. This module explains the characteristics of marine sediments.
seawater is life to many organisms and plants.
it consists of various nutrients which help in the growth and developments of flora and fauna present in the seawater
A harmful algal bloom (HAB) is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms via production of natural toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are often associated with large-scale marine mortality events and have been associated with various types of shellfish poisonings.
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
Ocean Acidification: Cause, Impact and mitigationIIT Kanpur
Ocean Acidification and the battle for Carbonate.
In this presentation the points covered are detailed briefing of ocean acidification, its causes, its impact on marine ecosystems and measures to mitigate this.
A presentation on Marine Bio-Deterioration, which covers basic concepts & almost all aspects related to it... It can be use for understanding it in a much elaborative level...
Classification of marine environment pptAshish sahu
The main divisions of the marine environment. The two primary divisions of the sea are the benthic and the pelagic. The former includes all of the ocean floor, while the latter includes the whole mass of water. ... The deep-sea system is divided into an upper (archibenthic) and a lower (abyssal-benthic) zone.
seawater is life to many organisms and plants.
it consists of various nutrients which help in the growth and developments of flora and fauna present in the seawater
A harmful algal bloom (HAB) is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms via production of natural toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are often associated with large-scale marine mortality events and have been associated with various types of shellfish poisonings.
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
Ocean Acidification: Cause, Impact and mitigationIIT Kanpur
Ocean Acidification and the battle for Carbonate.
In this presentation the points covered are detailed briefing of ocean acidification, its causes, its impact on marine ecosystems and measures to mitigate this.
A presentation on Marine Bio-Deterioration, which covers basic concepts & almost all aspects related to it... It can be use for understanding it in a much elaborative level...
Classification of marine environment pptAshish sahu
The main divisions of the marine environment. The two primary divisions of the sea are the benthic and the pelagic. The former includes all of the ocean floor, while the latter includes the whole mass of water. ... The deep-sea system is divided into an upper (archibenthic) and a lower (abyssal-benthic) zone.
El Niño is a naturally occurring event in the equatorial region which causes temporary changes in the world climate.
Originally, El Niño was the name used for warmer than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America.
Now, El Niño has come to refer to a whole complex of Pacific Ocean sea-surface temperature changes and global weather events.
The ocean warming off South America is just one of these events.
This is a power point presentation on The Oxygen Carbon Dioxide cycle which will give you too much of Information on The cycle and please like , share , download and love my power point p
describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump u.pdfarrowmobile
describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump using the pools of carbon
(DIC, PIC, POC, DOC) and the processes. how are the two linked? where does the ocean \"take
up\" C and where is it released from the ocean?
Solution
The oceans play an important role in regulating the amount of fever to in atmosphere because 02
can move quickly into and out of the oceans. It is estimated that approximately 93% of Co2is
found in oceans.
In oceans the solubility pump is physicochemical process which transports dissolved inorganic
carbon to the interior.
The solubility pump is driven by to principal factors. First one 4more C02 can dissolve into cold
polar waters thane warm waters. As major ocean currents more from tropics to the poles they are
cold and take more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere secondly the higher latitude zones also
places where deep waters are formed as the water gets cold they become denser and sink into
oceans interior absoring the Co2 accumulated on the surface.
Bioloical pump: in this process carbon dioxide moves away from the surface ocean.
Microscopic Marine animals called zooplankyon eat the phytoplankton and provide the basis for
the food web for all animal life in the ocean.
Although most of the fever to taken up by phytoplankton is recycled near the surface 30% sinks
into the deeper waters before converted by Marine bacteria only 0.1 % reaches the sea floor as
sediment.
Carbon is cycled through the ocean biological processes of photosynthesis respiration and
decomposition of aquatic plants. As the oceanic plants don\'t have large Woody stems the
decomposition after quickly then on land Judo this very little carbon is stored in the ocean prove
biological processes the total amount of carbonn update and carbon loss from the ocean depends
on the balance of organic and inorganic processes.
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water it reacts with water to form several ionic and nonionic
compounds called dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) for example aquous carbon dioxide ,carbonic
acid, bicarbonate and carbonate.
Carbon enters the ocean by dissolving in the water it also enters through rivers and other water
bodies it is converted by organisms into organic carbon by photosynthesis and the food chain
also helps in this process if circulates in the layout for longer periods before getting deposited as
sediments.
Oceanic absorption of Co2 is considered as very important form of carbon sequestration limiting
the rate of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Dissolved organic carbon DOC in Marine systems is one of the cycled reservoir of organic
matter on earth and it makes up 20% of all organic carbon in general these compounds are
formed do the decomposition processes of organisms in the Marine system. It is defined as the
organic matter that is able to pass through a filter range in size between 0.7 and 0.22 um.
Particulate organic carbon POC is the carbon that is too large and is tilted out of your sample.
Dissolved and parti.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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2. Outline
What is carbon?
Physical and chemical properties
Carbon as cycle
Major reservoirs of carbon on the earth
Components of carbon cycle
Carbon distribution
How carbon gets in the ocean
Exchange process between the ocean and the atmosphre
Mechanisms of carbon into the ocean
Sequestration of carbon in the ocean
Unexpected impact of human in the carbon cycle
Effect of changing the carbon cycle
Consequences and acidification of the ocean
Discussion
References
3. What is carbon?
An element
It has 6 as atomic number and 12.01115 as atomic mass
It’s a latin word « carbo » meaning coal or charcoal
Natural abundant non-metallic element that occurs in
many inorganic and all organic coumpounds
4. Physical and chemical properties of
carbon
Melting Point: 3500.0 °C (3773.15 K, 6332.0 °F)
Boiling point : 4827.0 °C (5100.15 K, 8720.6 °F)
Density: 2.26 gram per cubic centimeter
C as chemical formula
Oxidation when it combines with 02 to produce CO2 and
CO
Reactiviy
Compounds: several million of compounds are known
Ability to make long strings, or chains of atoms
5. Carbon as a cycle
Carbon is transported through different component in our
environment
Carbon is transported between living and non-living
components during the cycle
Carbon cycle is considered as a biogeochemical cycle
when carbon is moving different components involve like:
biological interactions, geological activities and chemical
reactions
Carbon is a vital nutients: fat, carbohydrates, proteins and
nucleic acid.
6. Reservoirs of carbon on the earth
Carbon is found in several areas:
Atmosphere ( CH4 and CO2)
Biosphere (living and dead organisms)
Lithosphere ( soil an rocks)
Hydrosphere( oceans, rivers and lakes)
7. Major stores of carbon on the earth
Sink Amount in billons of Metric tons
Atmosphere 578 (as of 1700)- 766(as of 1999)
Soil organic matter 1500 to 1600
Ocean 38,000 to 40,000
Marine sediments and sedimentary
Rocks
66,000,000 to 100,000,000
Terrestrial Plants 540 to 610
Fossil Fuel Deposits 4000
: caserc.carleton.edu
8. Atmosphere
Surface Ocean
Deep Ocean
Sediments
CO2
CO2
CO2
∆pCO2 > 0
(primarily upwelling
regions)
∆pCO2 < 0
(primarily high latitudes)
CO2 + CO3
2- + H2O 2HCO3
-
Upwelling
and vertical mixing
Sinking particulate
organic matter
(“biological pump”)
CO2 + H2O Organic Matter + O2
CO2 + CO3
2- + H2O 2HCO3
-
CO2 + H2O Organic Matter + O2
Ca2+ + 2HCO3
2- CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
CO2
HCO3
-
Bottom water formation
(high latitudes)
(“solubility pump”)
Ca2+ + 2HCO3
2- CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
CO2 + H2O Organic Matter + O2
Oceans are largest “active” reservoir in the carbon cycle – primarily DIC
10. carbon distribution in the ocean
The ocean carbon cycle. Image credit: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
11. How carbon gets in the ocean
First ,CO2 gets in the
ocean by diffusing into
the sea surface waters
and dissolving
Chemical process
the process depends on
variables: wind,
temperature of the
water, sea surface mixing
and co2 concentration AaAverage monthly co2 flux
http://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/carbon/6a.html
12. Atmosphere – Ocean Exchange Processes
12
When CO2 enters sea water, the following chemical reactions take place:
CO2 dissolves in water
Carbonic acid
dissociates into ions
Bicarbonate dissociates
Net Reaction
Carbon thus occurs as several species in seawater:
CO2 gas, H2CO3, HCO3
-, and CO3
2-
)(3222 aqCOHOHCO
acidcarbonicliquidgas
332 HCOHCOH
ebicarbonationhydrogenacidcarbonic
3
2
3 HCOHCO
ebicarbonationhydrogencarbonate
3
2
3)(22 2HCOCOCOOH gas
13. Carbon gets into the ocean in three
mechanisms
The Physical carbon pump
Biological carbon pump
The Carbonate pump
14. The physical carbon pump
Downwelling current
occur in cold and water
sink and bring dissolved
CO2 into deep ocean
Upwelling bring deep cold
ocean water to the surface
Dessolved can be released
to the atmosphere
http://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/carbon/6a.html
15. Biological carbon pump
Transforming carbon
compound into news
forms of carbon
compounds
Moving carbon
throughout the ocean
Source of oxygen
Simplified oceanic biological pump. Credit: TERC
16. The carbonate pump
Transport carbon down to
deep ocean sediments.
Facilitate shell-building by
organisms.
Ocean carbonate chemistry system
http://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/carbon/6a.html
17. Sequestration of carbon in the ocean
Three mains process to capture atmospheric carbon
dioxide (CO2) such as:
Biological process
Physical process
Chemical process
18. Biological sequestration of carbon
in the ocean
Phytoplankton Biological pump
International weekly journal of science
19. How the process is happened
Biological pump
Phytoplankton as marine plant float in the photic zone for
photosyntesis
They use photosynthesis to create their own food
Some species of fish and zooplankton eat phytoplanktons
Those organisms release carbon dioxide back to the water
and the atmosphere
Dead phytoplankton go into sediment
20. Chemical sequestration of
carbon in the ocean
The process is done in form of mineral carbonation or
mineral sequestration.
Calcite crystal from the sweetwater, Mine Vilburnum
Trend District
21. Unexpected impact of human on the
carbon cycle
According to the scientific resaerch made by Earth
Observatory/NASA, people have a serious impact in the
carbon cycle.
Burning fossil fuels
Land use
Deforestation
22. Effect of changing the carbon cycle
Ocean and plants have taken up 55% of the extra carbon
people put into the atmosphere
The rest of 45% stays in the atmosphere
Impact each reservoir
Warm the planet
Make the ocean more acid putting marine life in danger
24. Consequences according to NASA
article
Earth temperature will increase at least another 0.6
degrees celicius( degree fahrenheit)
Since 1750, the pH of the ocean’s surface is dropped to
0.1 to 30 percent change to in acidity.
Warmer oceans
Marine animals will have trouble to build their shell.
Effects of Changing the Carbon Cycle/
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov
26. Discussion questions
Why is the ocean carbon cycle important to study? What is the
response time?
How is the ocean carbon cycle affected by the climate change?
How do anthropogenic activities affect the whole global carbon
cycle?
How does the ocean carbon cycle compare with the terrestrial
carbon cycle?
Do we think CO2 emission is significant in Porto Rico today?
Will local changes in anthropogenic inputs impact the global
carbon cycle? Is there a local cycle?
Who is responsible for doing this important work - individuals,
businesses, research institutions, governments, or........all of us?