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The seasonal distribution of the major components of the zooplankton community, protozooplankton, copepods and cladocerans, along a eutrophication gradient were examined in order to establish if eutrophication through increases in phytoplankton biomass and productivity has an impact on biomass and composition of the zooplankton community
Classification of marine environment pptAshish sahu
The main divisions of the marine environment. The two primary divisions of the sea are the benthic and the pelagic. The former includes all of the ocean floor, while the latter includes the whole mass of water. ... The deep-sea system is divided into an upper (archibenthic) and a lower (abyssal-benthic) zone.
Zooplankton distribution and seasonal successionAl Nahian Avro
The seasonal distribution of the major components of the zooplankton community, protozooplankton, copepods and cladocerans, along a eutrophication gradient were examined in order to establish if eutrophication through increases in phytoplankton biomass and productivity has an impact on biomass and composition of the zooplankton community
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biotechnology and its applications
application s of biotechnology, bt.cotton, cloning, dna, dna fingerprinting, dna isolation, gene manipulation, genetic engineering, goldenrice., r dnatechnology, recombinant vaccines, transgenic, vectors
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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2. INTRODUCTION
In nature food chains are not isolated. Most
ecosystem contain several inter connected
food chains which forms a food web.
Food web is the feeding relationship in an
ecosystem.
Food chain is a linear sequence of feeding
relationship, where as food web is the
complex relation between different food chain
2
3. TROPHIC LEVEL
A position in a food chain or Ecological Pyramid occupied
by a group of organisms with similar feeding mode.
3
4. ENERGY FLOW
Sun is the all source of energy. Producer take light
energy from the sun and converted it into the
chemical energy. When primary consumer feed on the
producer energy transfer occur.
4
5. CONNECTANCE
The complexity of food web can vary greatly & express
this complexity by a measure called connectance of
the food web.
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
If there is species no. is ‘n’, the potential no. of
interspecific interactions
=
𝑛 𝑛 − 1
2
5
6. TYPES OF FOOD WEB
Food webs are of three types-
a.Connectedness or topological or static
food web
b.Energy flow or biogenetic food web
c.Functional or interactional food web
6
7. DIFFERENT TROPHIC LEVELS OF
MARINE PLANKTONIC FOOD WEB
Producer – The primary producer are mainly
phytoplankton. They include single cell dinoflagellates,
diatoms, cyanobacteria and some algae.
They absorb the light energy from the sun and
converted into the chemical energy in the form of
carbohydrate
They account for the 95% of the oceanic productivity
and the half of the earth productivity.
7
8. Zooplankton – They are primary consumer.
Phytoplankton are eaten by the primary consumer.
They include-
o single cell ciliates
o Copepods
o Shrimp
o Larvae of mollusk, etc.
Small predators - They are the secondary consumers.
They are feed on the zooplanktons. They includes-
o Krill
o Some small fish such as herring,
sardine, etc.
8
9. Top Predators - They are eat both secondary predators
and zooplanktons.They includes-
o Cephalods(octopus)
o Large fish such as tuna, shark etc.
o Marine mammals such as Whales, seals,
dolphins etc.
9
11. 11
Types of Marine Food Chain
According to John Ryther 3 types of food chain
found in marine ecosystem …
I. Oceanic type
II.Continental shelf type
III.Upwelling zone type
14. 14
Upwelling Zone Type
This type has only two trophic levels. Upwelling provided
higher and more continuous nutrient supply leading to a
primary production of about 300 g C m-2y-1.
15. 15
EFFECT OF HUMAN IN MARINE
ECOSYSTEM AND FOOD WEB
o Extreme fisheries
o Ocean pollution
o Acidification
16. 16
CONCLUSION
Marine phytoplankton produced half of the world
primary productivity. The different variation of
the marine food web shows the wide diversity of
marine ecosystem. Due to the extreme fisheries,
pollution the marine ecosystem very much
affected. Many species are extinct due to this
which destroy the equilibrium of the food web.
17. 17
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT….
T, K, Saha. Ecology and Environmental Biology
Jeffrey S. Levinton, Marine Biology
Ivan Valiela, Marine Ecological process
Wikipedia
