The document discusses capsule endoscopy, a medical procedure where a patient swallows a small capsule containing a camera to provide internal images of the gastrointestinal tract. Specifically, it focuses on the PillCam ESO capsule used to examine the esophagus. It describes how the capsule works, capturing images as it passes through the esophagus. It also outlines the procedure, including swallowing the capsule, wearing an external recorder, and physicians reviewing the images afterwards.
pill camera/ capsule endoscopy used inn medical field to find out the abnormalities of small intestine. This replaced the convectional endoscopy method.
Capsule endoscopy is a procedure that uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of your digestive tract. Mainly it observes the 20feet long small intestine.
pill camera/ capsule endoscopy used inn medical field to find out the abnormalities of small intestine. This replaced the convectional endoscopy method.
Capsule endoscopy is a procedure that uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of your digestive tract. Mainly it observes the 20feet long small intestine.
Pill Camera is a vitamin pill-sized capsule that travels through the human body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which previously would have been found only through surgery
What is Endoscopy?
What are the complications of Endoscopy?
How Capsule endoscopy overcomes those problems?
What are the components of the capsule?
How does it works ?
Pill camera is an application of nanotechnology used in medicine to diagnose the disease particularly the small intestine and it is an alternative to endoscopy.
Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery.
Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery.
The technology used to achieve manufacturing the product at molecular level is “NANOTECHNOLOGY”.
Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, devices and system through manipulation of such miniscule matter (nanometer).
Trillions of assemblers will be needed to develop products in viable time
frame.
Pill Camera is a vitamin pill-sized capsule that travels through the human body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which previously would have been found only through surgery
What is Endoscopy?
What are the complications of Endoscopy?
How Capsule endoscopy overcomes those problems?
What are the components of the capsule?
How does it works ?
Pill camera is an application of nanotechnology used in medicine to diagnose the disease particularly the small intestine and it is an alternative to endoscopy.
Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery.
Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery.
The technology used to achieve manufacturing the product at molecular level is “NANOTECHNOLOGY”.
Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, devices and system through manipulation of such miniscule matter (nanometer).
Trillions of assemblers will be needed to develop products in viable time
frame.
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Capsule endoscopy leads the doctors examine the lining of the middle part of one’s gastrointestinal tract,which include the three portion of the small intestine(duodenum , jejunum , ileum).
Doctor will give a pill sized video camera for a patient to swallow.
This camera has its own light source and takes picture of small intestine as it passess through .These pictures are send to a small recording device patient have to wear on this body.
Capsule endoscopy is a noninvasive diagnostic procedure to visualize the inside of your digestive tract. You swallow a capsule that contains a tiny camera, a transmitter and a light. As it passes through your stomach, intestines, colon and rectum, the capsule takes thousands of pictures and transmits them to a recorder that you wear outside of your body.
Your doctor uploads the data from the recorder using a system that combines pictures into a video. These visualizations help identify problems in the digestive tract and formulate a diagnosis.
It is a procedure that uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of your digestive tract. The camera sits inside a vitamin-sized capsule you swallow. As the capsule travels through your digestive tract, the camera takes thousands of pictures that are transmitted to a recorder you wear on a belt around your waist.
Pill camera in medicine .
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Abstract
An embedded system is some combination of computer
hardware and software; either fixed in capability or
programmable that is specifically designed for a particular kind
of application device.
Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment,
cameras, as well as the more obvious cellular phone are among
the myriad possible hosts of an embedded system.
3. In the past, doctors who needed to diagnose digestive
problems would either use X-rays or endoscopy.
Endoscopy is the examination of the inside of the body using a
lighted, flexible instrument called an endoscope.
Capsule endoscopy allows us to see places inside the small
bowel where other methods cannot reach.
4. The most common endoscopic procedures evaluate the
esophagus (swallowing tube), stomach, and portions of the
intestine, colon.
The video capsule is specifically designed to view the inner
lining of the Esophagus.
The Imaging Capsule contains a miniature camera, battery,
light, computer chip and wireless transmitter. The target
destination for the device is the small bowel, where the
miniature camera may help physicians detect sources of bleeding
or diagnose disease.
5. The PillCam™ ESO travels through the esophagus by normal
peristaltic waves, flashing 14 times per second, each time
capturing images of the inner lining of the esophagus.
As it continues down the esophagus, the images captured may
identify potential abnormalities, such as Esophagitis
Images captured by the PillCam™ ESO may also identify
symptoms of Barrett's Esophagus, which occurs as a result of
abnormal cell growth in the lower esophagus.
6. DESCRIPTION
capsule itself is larger than an aspirin, about 11 mm x 26 mm in size and
about 4grams in weight. Besides the miniature color video camera, the
capsule contains a light source, batteries, a transmitter, and an antenna.
7. Once swallowed this capsule/camera travels easily through the
digestive tract and is naturally excreted. It is never absorbed in
the body. The patient wears a wireless Given Data Recorder on a
belt around his or her waist, much like a portable “Walkman.”
This device receives and records signals transmitted by the
camera to an array of sensors placed on the patient’s body.
These signals can also track the physical course of the capsule’s
progress.
8. During this procedure, users feel no pain or discomfort and are
able to continue their regular activities as the camera works
inside the body and the sensors and belt work outside. The
entire process takes about eight hours.
9. Once all equipment is removed from the patient, the
portable DataRecorder™ downloads the video images to a
designated workstation, from which the physician views and
assesses the results in order to recommend next steps in
the patient’s treatment.
Doctors can then view, edit, and save both individual
images and the streaming video. The images produced are
of an especially high quality.
12. How it Works
•PillCam™ ESO is equipped with two miniature color video cameras
(one on each end), battery and flashing light source
•Cameras transmit 14 color images per second as capsule moves
through the esophagus
•Transmits about 2,600 images of the esophagus to a recording
device worn by the patient
•Data is transferred from the recorder belt to the RAPID®
Workstation (used for viewing, editing, archiving and e-mailing video
images. Saves individual images and short video clips)
13. Procedure
Patients fast for two hours before swallowing the PillCam™
ESO
Smooth plastic capsule is easily swallowed with water while
patient lies on his/her back
After swallowing PillCam™ ESO, patients are raised by 30
degree angles every two minutes over a six minute ingestion
period until they are sitting upright
PillCam™ ESO makes its way through the esophagus in about
three minutes
14. Transmits images to recorder belt worn around the patient’s
waist
Total procedure takes approximately 20 minutes in the
doctor’s office, hospital or clinic
Natural digestive contractions help propel the disposable
PillCam™ ESO through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and is
passed naturally and painlessly from the body, usually within 24
hours
15. CONTROLABLE CAPSULE CAMERA WITH LEGS
Metin Sitti, director of the NanoRobotics Lab, is
developing a set of legs that could be incorporated into the
swallowable camera-in-a-pill that has become available in
the past four years for diagnosing gastrointestinal disorders
in the small intestine.
The capsule camera snaps thousands of pictures as it
makes its way slowly through the narrow tract, carried by
the wave-like peristaltic motion that moves all contents
through the intestines.
16. Metin Sitti, director of Carnegie Mellon University's Nanorobotics Lab,
with his six-legged intestinal robot.
17. A more elaborate, telescoping capsule, featuring a set of three
legs on either end, would enable it to crawl as if it were
inchworm.
The capsule could thus go rapidly to a point of interest or, if
sufficient power was available, move upstream to give doctors a
second look at a suspicious lesion.
18. A number of problems remain to be solved. For instance, the
small intestine is typically collapsed, so maneuvering through it
might be difficult for a legged robot.
And power already is limited for the capsule cameras; precious
little additional power may be available for locomotion.
19. CONCLUSION
In clinical trials, the Given Imaging System seemed to be
more effective than surgical techniques in detecting
suspected physical abnormalities in the small intestines. To
date, there have been no side effects associated with this
procedure.
Given Imaging believes their system will be cost effective and is
planning to work with insurers to see that this procedure is
included in reimbursement policies.