The document discusses the pill camera, which is a capsule-sized endoscopy device used to non-invasively examine the esophagus and small intestine. The pill camera contains a camera, light source, transmitter and batteries. It is swallowed and passes naturally through the digestive tract, transmitting over 50,000 images to an external recorder. Compared to conventional endoscopy, the pill camera offers a painless procedure without sedation that provides images of the entire small intestine. However, it cannot stop to examine areas of interest and cannot perform biopsies. The document reviews the capsule components, procedure, advantages of providing detailed images without risks of other methods, and applications in diagnosing gastrointestinal conditions.

1. Seminar Topic: PILL CAMERA
Presented By:
LENORA MICHAEL
THE OXFORD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bommanahalli, Bangalore-560068
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2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Conventional Method
 What is Pill camera?
 Capsule architecture
 Endoscopy procedure
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Applications
 Conclusion
 References
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3. INTRODUCTION
 The pill camera in the size of a large vitamin pill is used in a
procedure known as capsule endoscopy
 It is a non-invasive and painless way of diagnosing the esophagus
and small intestine
 Once swallowed, the capsule is propelled through the small
intestine by peristalsis, transmits pictures to a sensor array
attached to the patient’s abdomen, through a recording device
worn on a belt stores the images, to be examined and reviewed.
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5. CONVENTIONAL METHOD
 To diagnose and examine the conditions of the
gastrointestinal tract of the patients upper/lower
endoscopy is used.
 Inserts an 8mm tube through the mouth, with a camera
at one end, and images are shown on nearby monitor,
allowing the medics to carefully guide it down to the
stomach.
 DISADVANTAGE: Pain stacking process, costly(4000$)
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6. WHAT IS PILL CAMERA ?
 Capsule Endoscopy lets the doctor to examine the
lining of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the
three portion of the small intestine(duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum).
 A pill sized video camera is given to swallow. This camera
has its own light source and takes picture of small
intestine as it passes through.
 It produces two frames per second with an approximate
of 56,000 high quality images. These pictures are send to
recording device, which has to wear on the body.
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7. 7
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Optical Dome
Lens holder
Lens
Illuminating Led’s CMOS Image Sensor
Battery
ASIC Transmitter
Antenna
CAPSULE ARCHITECHURE

8.  Optical Dome
 This shape results in easy orientation of the capsule
axis along the central axis of small intestine and so
helps propel the capsule forward easily.
 The Optical Dome contains the Light Receiving
Window
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 Lens Holder
 The Lens Holder is that part of the capsule
which accommodates the lens. The lens is
tightly fixed to the holder so that it doesn’t get
dislocated anytime.
Optical Dome
Lens Holder

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 Lens
 The Lens is an integral component of the
capsule.
 It is arranged behind the Light Receiving Window. Lens
 Illuminating LED’s
 Around the Lens & CMOS Image Sensor, four LED’s
(Light Emitting Diodes) are present. These plural
lighting devices are arranged in donut shape. Illuminating Led’s

10. 10
 CMOS Image Sensor
 CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
Image Sensor is the most important part of the
capsule.
 It is highly sensitive and produces very high quality
images.
 It has 150º field of view and can detect objects as
small as possible
CMOS Image Sensor

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 Battery
 CMOS Battery used in the capsule is button shaped
and are two in number as shown. The batteries are
arranged together just behind the CMOS Image Sensor.
 Silver Oxide primary batteries are used (Zinc/Alkaline
Electrolyte/Silver Oxide). Such a battery has a even
discharge voltage, disposable and doesn’t cause harm
to the body.
Battery

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 ASIC Transmitter
 The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit)
Transmitter is arranged behind the Batteries as
shown. Two Transmitting Electrodes are connected to
the outlines of the ASIC Transmitter.
 These electrodes are electrically isolated from each
other.
ASIC Transmitter
 Antenna
 Antennae is arranged at the end of the capsule. It is
enclosed in a dome shaped chamber.
Antenna

13. ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURE
 Capsule is swallowed by the patient like a conventional pill.
 It takes images as it is propelled forward by peristalsis.
 A wireless recorder, worn on belt, receives images
transmitted by the pill.
 A computer workstation processes data and produces a
continuous still images
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15. ADVANTAGES
 Painless, no side effects.
 Miniature size.
 Accurate, precise (view of 150 degree).
 High quality images.
 Harmless material.
 Simple procedure.
 High sensitivity and specificity.
 Avoids risk in sedation.
 Efficient than X-ray CT-scan, normal endoscopy.
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16. DISADVANTAGES
 Gastrointestinal obstructions prevent the free flow of
capsule.
 Patients with pacemakers, pregnant women face difficulties.
 It is very expensive(500$) and not reusable.
 Capsule endoscopy does not replace standard GI diagnostic
endoscopy.
 It cannot be controlled once it has been ingested, cannot be
stopped or steered to collect close-up details.
 It cannot be used to take biopsies, apply therapy or mark
abnormalities for surgery
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17. APPLICATIONS
 Pill cam ESO can detect esophageal diseases,
gastrointestinal reflex diseases, and barreff’s esophagus.
 Pill cam SB can detect Crohn’s disease, small bowel
tumors, small bowel injury, celiac disease, ulcerative
colitis etc.
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18. CONCLUSION
 The Given Endoscopy capsule is a pioneering concept for
Medical Technology of the 21st century.
 The endoscopy system is the first of its kind to be able to
provide non-invasive imaging of the entire small intestine.
 It has revolutionized the field of diagnostic imaging to a
great extent and has proved to be of great help to
physicians all over the world.
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19. REFERENCES
[1] Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 2009. BioCAS 2009.
IEEE.
[2] Intelligent Systems, 2006 3rd International IEEE Conference on
capsule endoscopy.
[3] Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on Dec. 2008.
[4] Sidhu, Reena, et al. " Gastrointestinal capsule endoscopy: from
tertiary centers to primary care". BMJ, March 4 2006. 332:528-531.
doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7540.528.
[5] "Capsule Endoscopy in Gastroenterology". Mayo Clinic. Accessed
October 5 2007.
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20. THANK YOU
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