Cancer of Prostate- Easy PPT for Nursing Students Definition & picture Risk factors Clinical manifestations Assessment & diagnostic methods Medical management Surgical Management -Radical prostatectomy Radiation therapy Hormone therapy Other therapies Thank you

1. Cancer of the Prostate
SWATILEKHA DAS, RN
B.Sc (H)Nursing, M.Sc (MSN)
ASST. PROFESSOR

2. Cancer of Prostate
• Cancer of the prostate is the most common
cancer in men (other than non-melanoma skin
cancer) and is the second most common cause
of cancer deaths in American men.
• African American men are twice as likely than
men of any other racial or ethnic group to die
of prostate cancer.

3. Cancer of prostate

4. Risk factors
• Risk factors include increasing age, a family
history, and possibly a high-fat diet.
Endogenous hormones, such as androgens
and estrogens, also may be associated with
the development of prostate cancer.

5. Clinical Manifestations
• Usually asymptomatic in early stage
• Nodule felt within the substance of the gland or
extensive hardening in the posterior lobe
Advanced Stage
• Lesion is stony hard and fixed.
• Obstructive symptoms occur late in the disease:
difficulty and frequency of urination, urinary
retention, decreased size and force of urinary
stream.

6. Cont.
• Blood in urine or semen; painful ejaculation.
• Cancer can spread to lymph nodes and bone.
• Symptoms of metastases include backache,
hip pain, per rectal discomfort, anemia,
weight loss, weakness, nausea, oliguria, and
spontaneous pathologic fractures; hematuria
may result from urethral or bladder invasion.
• Sexual dysfunction.

7. Assessment and Diagnostic
Methods
• Digital rectal examination (DRE; preferably by the same
examiner).
• The diagnosis is confirmed by a histologic examination
of tissue removed surgically by transurethral resection
of the prostate (TURP), open prostatectomy,
ultrasound-guided transrectal needle biopsy, or fine-
needle aspira-tion.
• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level; transrectal ultra-
sound; bone scans, skeletal x-rays, and MRI; pelvic CT
scans; or monoclonal antibody-based imaging may also
be used.

8. Medical Management
• Treatment is based on the patient’s life
expectancy, symptoms, risk of recurrence after
definitive treatment, size of the tumor,
Gleason score, PSA level, likelihood of
complications, and patient preference.
Management can range from nonsurgical
methods that involve “watchful waiting” to
surgery (eg, prostatectomy).

9. Radical Prostatectomy
• Removal of the prostate, seminal vesicles, tips of the
vas deferens, and often the surrounding fat, nerves,
and blood vessels through suprapubic approach
(greater blood loss), perineal approach (easily
contaminated, incontinence, impotence, and rectal
injury common), or retropubic approach (infection can
readily start).
• This procedure is used with patients whose tumor is
con-fined to the prostate.
• Sexual impotency and various degrees of urinary
incontinence commonly follow radical prostatectomy.

10. Radiation Therapy
• Teletherapy (external beam radiation
therapy [EBRT]): treatment option for patients
with low risk prostate cancer
• Brachytherapy (internal implants): commonly
used mono- therapy treatment option for
early, clinically organ-confined prostate cancer

11. Hormone Therapy
• Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT):
accomplished either by surgical castration
(bilateral orchiectomy, removal of the testes)
or by medical castration with the
administration of medications, such as
luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone
(LHRH) agonists.

12. Other Therapies
• Chemotherapy
• Cryosurgery for those who cannot physically
tolerate surgery or for recurrence
• Repeated TURPs to keep urethra patent;
suprapubic or transurethral catheter drainage
when repeated TUR is impractical
• Opioid or nonopioid medications to control pain
with metastasis to bone
• Blood transfusions to maintain adequate
hemoglobin levels