This document provides information about cervical cancer, including its incidence, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, effects during pregnancy, prevention, and management. Some key points:
- Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes most cases.
- Risk factors include multiple sexual partners, early sexual activity, sexually transmitted infections, smoking, and a weakened immune system.
- Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer may include abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge.
- Diagnosis involves tests like Pap smears, HPV tests, colposcopy, and biopsies. Management includes surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy depending on the cancer stage.
cancer of breast , this slide cointains detailed information about the breast cancer that is definition, causes and risk factor, sign and symptoms, management of patient with cancer , giving psychological support .treatment
Endometrial cancer is a type of uterine cancer that starts in the inner lining of the uterus. This lining is called the endometrium.
According to the National Cancer Institute, approximately 3 in 100 women will be diagnosed with uterine cancer at some point in their lives. More than 80 percent of people with uterine cancer survive for five years or longer after receiving the diagnosis.
If you have endometrial cancer, early diagnosis and treatment increases your chances of remission.
Cancer is a life-threatening disease. 80% to 90% of all cancers are the result of the things we do to ourselves. Among women, breast cancer is the second most common cancer.
Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. Breast cancer can occur in both men and women, but it's far more common in women.
cancer of breast , this slide cointains detailed information about the breast cancer that is definition, causes and risk factor, sign and symptoms, management of patient with cancer , giving psychological support .treatment
Endometrial cancer is a type of uterine cancer that starts in the inner lining of the uterus. This lining is called the endometrium.
According to the National Cancer Institute, approximately 3 in 100 women will be diagnosed with uterine cancer at some point in their lives. More than 80 percent of people with uterine cancer survive for five years or longer after receiving the diagnosis.
If you have endometrial cancer, early diagnosis and treatment increases your chances of remission.
Cancer is a life-threatening disease. 80% to 90% of all cancers are the result of the things we do to ourselves. Among women, breast cancer is the second most common cancer.
Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. Breast cancer can occur in both men and women, but it's far more common in women.
Ovarian cancer is when abnormal cells in the ovary begin to multiply out of control and form a tumor. If left untreated, the tumor can spread to other parts of the body. This is called metastatic ovarian cancer.
The ovaries are two female reproductive glands that produce ova, or eggs. They also produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Ovarian cancer often goes undetected until it has spread within the pelvis and stomach. At this late stage, ovarian cancer is more difficult to treat and can be fatal.
Ovarian cancer often has no symptoms in the early stages. Later stages are associated with symptoms, but they can be non-specific, such as loss of appetite and weight loss.
Blood test to measure cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels. This is a biomarker that is used to assess treatment response for ovarian cancer and other reproductive organ cancers. However, menstruation, uterine fibroids, and uterine cancer can also affect levels of CA-125 in the blood.
Biopsy. This involves removing a small sample of tissue from the ovary and analyzing the sample under a microscope. A biopsy is the only way your doctor can confirm whether you have ovarian cancer.
Surgery and chemotherapy are generally used to treat ovarian cancer.
There are many types of cancer treatment. The types of treatment that patient receive will depend on the type of cancer, stage of cancer and how advanced it is.
Some people with cancer will have only one treatment. But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
CERVICAL CANCER
By
Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer,BGSBU
outline
Definition
Causes
Types
Stages
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnostic investigations
Management
Complication
DEFINITION
Cervical cancer is a disease that develops quite slowly and begins with a precancerous lesion known as dysplasia .It is a malignant tumor deriving from the cells of the cervix.
incidence
Types of cervical cancer
STAGING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to various causes
Human papilloma virus enter into cervix
HPV Exposure(million /yr)
CONDYLOMA CERVICAL
DYSPLASIA
High grade cervical dysplasia
Invasive cancer
Metastasis
Clinical manifestations
Leg pain
Edema of the extremities.
Anaemic
Hematuria
Rectal pain
Diarrhoea
Blood per rectum
Uremia in late stage
Foul smelling urine
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS
Medical management
Medical management
CHEMOTHERAPY
Drug: Cisplatin
RADIATION THERAPY
External beam radiation therapy
HVD BBKHT7T6TGSERTYUIJKNBCFXHG
Surgical management
Laser surgery
LEEP
Hysterectomy
Bilateral pelvic adenectomy
Pelvic exenteration
Radical trachelectomy.
complications
Early menopause
Narrowing of the vagina
Bleeding
Lymphedema
conclusion
Modified Sweat gland
Lies in the deep pectoral
fascia
Boundaries:
clavicle superiorly,
the lateral border of the latissimus muscle laterally,
the sternum medially
inframammary fold inferiorly
Includes exercises that has to be followed by women after post mastectomy. This will make their condition better and increase the body movements easily. Exercise are under in 3 sections based on the duration after surgery.
Prostate cancer or tumor is the most common cancer in men other than non-melanoma skin cancer.
The majority (more than 75%) of cases occur in men over age 65.
Risk factors for prostate cancer including increasing age, the incidence of prostate cancer increase rapidly after the age of 50 years. And more than 70% cases occur in men older than 65 year of age.
Ovarian cancer is when abnormal cells in the ovary begin to multiply out of control and form a tumor. If left untreated, the tumor can spread to other parts of the body. This is called metastatic ovarian cancer.
The ovaries are two female reproductive glands that produce ova, or eggs. They also produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Ovarian cancer often goes undetected until it has spread within the pelvis and stomach. At this late stage, ovarian cancer is more difficult to treat and can be fatal.
Ovarian cancer often has no symptoms in the early stages. Later stages are associated with symptoms, but they can be non-specific, such as loss of appetite and weight loss.
Blood test to measure cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels. This is a biomarker that is used to assess treatment response for ovarian cancer and other reproductive organ cancers. However, menstruation, uterine fibroids, and uterine cancer can also affect levels of CA-125 in the blood.
Biopsy. This involves removing a small sample of tissue from the ovary and analyzing the sample under a microscope. A biopsy is the only way your doctor can confirm whether you have ovarian cancer.
Surgery and chemotherapy are generally used to treat ovarian cancer.
There are many types of cancer treatment. The types of treatment that patient receive will depend on the type of cancer, stage of cancer and how advanced it is.
Some people with cancer will have only one treatment. But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
CERVICAL CANCER
By
Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer,BGSBU
outline
Definition
Causes
Types
Stages
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnostic investigations
Management
Complication
DEFINITION
Cervical cancer is a disease that develops quite slowly and begins with a precancerous lesion known as dysplasia .It is a malignant tumor deriving from the cells of the cervix.
incidence
Types of cervical cancer
STAGING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to various causes
Human papilloma virus enter into cervix
HPV Exposure(million /yr)
CONDYLOMA CERVICAL
DYSPLASIA
High grade cervical dysplasia
Invasive cancer
Metastasis
Clinical manifestations
Leg pain
Edema of the extremities.
Anaemic
Hematuria
Rectal pain
Diarrhoea
Blood per rectum
Uremia in late stage
Foul smelling urine
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS
Medical management
Medical management
CHEMOTHERAPY
Drug: Cisplatin
RADIATION THERAPY
External beam radiation therapy
HVD BBKHT7T6TGSERTYUIJKNBCFXHG
Surgical management
Laser surgery
LEEP
Hysterectomy
Bilateral pelvic adenectomy
Pelvic exenteration
Radical trachelectomy.
complications
Early menopause
Narrowing of the vagina
Bleeding
Lymphedema
conclusion
Modified Sweat gland
Lies in the deep pectoral
fascia
Boundaries:
clavicle superiorly,
the lateral border of the latissimus muscle laterally,
the sternum medially
inframammary fold inferiorly
Includes exercises that has to be followed by women after post mastectomy. This will make their condition better and increase the body movements easily. Exercise are under in 3 sections based on the duration after surgery.
Prostate cancer or tumor is the most common cancer in men other than non-melanoma skin cancer.
The majority (more than 75%) of cases occur in men over age 65.
Risk factors for prostate cancer including increasing age, the incidence of prostate cancer increase rapidly after the age of 50 years. And more than 70% cases occur in men older than 65 year of age.
A cervical biopsy is a procedure to remove tissue from the cervix to test for abnormal or precancerous conditions, or cervical cancer. The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the uterus. It forms a canal that opens into the vagina. Cervical biopsies can be done in several ways.
Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer death in women after lung cancer.
According to the American Cancer Society, more than 193,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year, with an estimated 40,000 deaths.
About 1% of these cancers occur in men.
This includes introduction its classification,etiology,clinical manifestations,diagnostic criteria,management.
GALLBLADDER CANCER UNDERSTANDING THE DISEASE AND TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE....Lovina Kapoor
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Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
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How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
the IUA Administrative Board and General Assembly meeting
Cancer of cervix and its management
1. CANCER OF CERVIX
AND ITS MANAGEMENT
PRESENTED BY
KANCHAN MEHRA
M.SC NURSING 2ND YEAR
2. INTRODUCTION
• Cervical cancer constitute 13% of all cancers in women globally.
• It is the second most common cancer in women worldwide but the
most common cancer in India and other developing countries.
• Human papilloma virus (HPV) has been identified as the causative
agent in most cases.
• The disease is preventable by screening, early diagnosis and
treatment .
3. DEFINITION
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the
cervix mostly the lower part of the uterus that connects to the
vagina.
4. INCIDENCE
• 1 in 6000 live births.
• Most frequently diagnosed cancer in pregnancy
• Some 80% of cases detected in pregnancy are diagnosed in the
first or second trimester.
• The disease usually squamous cell carcinoma although upto
40% of cases now reported are adenoma carcinomas
5. RISK FACTORS
• Multiple sexual partners: The greater number of sexual
partners — and the greater partner's number of sexual partners
— the greater chance of acquiring HPV.
• Early sexual activity.
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• A weakened immune system
6. • Smoking. Smoking is associated with squamous cell cervical cancer.
• Exposure to miscarriage prevention drug. If mother took a drug
called diethylstilbestrol (DES) while pregnant in the 1950s, person
may have an increased risk of a certain type of cervical cancer called
clear cell adenocarcinoma.
• Prior history of human papilloma virus
• Family history of cervical cancer
7. PATHOGENESIS OF CERVICAL
CANCER BY STAGING
Stage I a : Preclinical invasive carcinoma that can be diagnosed only by
means of microscopy
-Stage Ib : A clinically visible lesion that is confined to the cervix uteri
-Stage Ib1: Primary tumor not greater than 4 cm in diameter.
-Stage Ib2: Primary tumor greater than 4 cm in diameter.
8. • Stage IIa : Spread into the upper two thirds of the vagina
without parametrial invasion
-Stage IIb : Extension into the parametrium but not into the
pelvic sidewall
9. • Stage IIIa : Extension into lower one third of the vagina,
without spread to the pelvic sidewall
-Stage IIIb : Extension into the pelvic sidewall and/or invasion of
the ureter
10. • Stage IVa : Extension of the tumor into the mucosa of the
bladder or rectum
• Stage IVb : Spread of the tumor beyond the true pelvis and/or
by metastasis into distant organs
11. SYMPTOMS OF CERVICAL CANCER
• Early-stage there is no signs or symptoms.
• Advanced cervical cancer Signs and symptoms include:
-Vaginal bleeding after intercourse
-Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and
have a foul odor
-Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
12. DIAGNOSIS
• ASYMPTOMATIC CASES
- Cytologic screening of all pregnant mothers is a routine during
antenatal checkup.
- Cases showing dyskaryotic smear are subjected to colposcopic directed
biopsy.
13. • SYMPTOMATIC CASES:
- In cases of bleeding during pregnancy or early months simulating
threatened abortion
- Or in the later months causes APH, the cervix should be inspected
through a speculum at the earliest. If doubt arises, a biopsy from
the site of lesion confirms the diagnosis
14. Exfoliative cytology
• Pap test: The Papanicolaou test is a method of cervical screening used to
detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix or
colon.
• Cells scraped from the opening of the cervix are examined under a
microscope
15.
16. Endocervical scrape cytology by endocervical brush or curettage:
cytology became the standard screening test for cervical cancer and
premalignant cervical lesions with the introduction of the Papanicolaou
(Pap) smear
17. Liquid-based cytology: Smeared plastic (not wooden) spatula is
placed in a liquid fixative (buffered methanol solution) instead of
smearing on a slide. Liquid Based Cytology (LBC) is a new
technique for collecting cytological samples in order to detect
cervical cancer.
18. • Speculoscopy: Uses a special disposable low-intensity blue-white
magnifying device or loupe (Speculite) is used to examine the cervix
for cancerous or pre-cancerous lesions.
19. • Spectroscopy: Cervical impedance or fluorescence spec-
troscopy is specific and sensitive, and provides instant results
unlike Pap smears. It is a noninvasive technique which probes
the tissue morphology and biochemical composition.
20. • Magnoscope has a magnifying lens built in source. It magnifies
cells five times and enables visualization of punctuation and
mosaics. It is portable and useful in rural areas. Therefore, it is
introduced in a few centres in India.
22. Colposcopy: Colposcopy is a medical diagnostic procedure to
examine an illuminated, magnified view of the cervix as well as
the vagina and vulva
.
23. Cervicography: It is useful when a colposcopist is not available for
spot evaluation. A photograph of the entire external os is taken with a
35-mm camera after application of 5% acetic acid and sent to the
colposcopist for selecting areas for biopsy. Because of 50%
specificity and sensitivity, this technique is not cost-effective.
24. Cone biopsy
Cervical conization refers to an excision of a cone-shaped sample of
tissue from the mucous membrane of the cervix. Conization may be used
either for diagnostic purposes as part of a biopsy, or for therapeutic
purposes to remove pre-cancerous cells.
25. Tests that may be performed to determine whether cancer has spread
include:
Cystoscopy or proctoscopy to check to see if cancer has spread to the
urethra or bladder and rectum
.
26. • Computed tomography scan (CT), which combines multiple
X-rays to provide three-dimensional clarity and show various
types of tissue, including blood vessels
27. • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), using magnets and radio
waves provide three-dimensional body images. It may also be used
to determine if a tumor is benign or malignant.
• Positron emission tomography scan (PET), called a PET scan. A
PET scan is an imaging test that can help reveal how your tissues
and organs are functioning. A small amount of radioactive material
is necessary to show this activity.
28. EFFECTS OF PREGNANCY ON
CARCINOMA CERVIX
The malignant process remains unaffected. There may be a rapid
spread following vaginal delivery and induced abortion.
EFFECTS OF CARCINOMA ON PREGNANCY:
• There is increased incidence of:
(1) Abortion
(2) Premature labor
29. (3) Secondary cervical dystocia
(4) Injury to the cervix and lower segment leading to traumatic PPH.
(5) Uterine sepsis.
30. PREVENTION
To reduce the risk of cervical cancer:
• Administering HPV vaccine
• Routine Pap test - Most medical organizations suggest
beginning routine Pap tests at age 21 and repeating them
every few years.
32. MANAGEMENT OF CA CERVIX
• Different types of management are available for patients
with cervical cancer.
• Some management are standard (the currently used treatment), and
some are being tested in clinical trials.
• When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the
standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard
treatment.
33. Standard treatment are used
A. Surgery: Surgery (removing the cancer in an operation) is
sometimes used to treat cervical cancer. The following surgical
procedures may be used:
34. • Conization: A procedure to remove a cone-shaped piece
of tissue from the cervix and cervical canal. A pathologist views the
tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells. Conization may be
used to diagnose or treat a cervical condition. This procedure is also
called a cone biopsy.
35. Conization may be done using one of the following procedures:
• Cold-knife conization: A surgical procedure that uses a scalpel (sharp
knife) to remove abnormal tissue or cancer.
• Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP): A surgical procedure
that uses electrical current passed through a thin wire loop as a knife to
remove abnormal tissue or cancer.
• Laser surgery: A surgical procedure that uses a laser beam (a narrow
beam of intense light) as a knife to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to
remove a surface lesion such as a tumor.
36. B) Total hysterectomy:
Surgery to remove the uterus, including the cervix. If the uterus and
cervix are taken out through the vagina, the operation is called
a vaginal hysterectomy.
• If the uterus and cervix are taken out through a large incision (cut) in
the abdomen, the operation is called a total abdominal hysterectomy.
• If the uterus and cervix are taken out through a small incision in the
abdomen using a laparoscope, the operation is called a
total laparoscopic hysterectomy.
37.
38. • Radical hysterectomy: Surgery to remove the uterus, cervix,
part of the vagina, and a wide area of ligaments and tissues
around these organs. The ovaries, fallopian tubes, or
nearby lymph nodes may also be removed.
• Radical trachelectomy: Surgery to remove the cervix, nearby tissue
and lymph nodes, and the upper part of the vagina. The uterus and
ovaries are not removed.
40. Pelvic exenteration: Surgery to remove the lower colon, rectum,
and bladder. The cervix, vagina, ovaries, and nearby lymph nodes are also
removed. Artificial openings (stoma) are made for urine and stool to flow
from the body to a collection bag. Plastic surgery may be needed to make
an artificial vagina after this operation.
41. Radiation therapy adjuvant with
chemotherapy by staging
Radiation theray is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or
other types of radiation to kill cancer cells.There are two types of
radiation therapy:
• External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send
radiation toward the cancer. Certain ways of giving radiation therapy
can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue.
• Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in
needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near
the cancer.
42. Stage I
• A simple hysterectomy may be an option if the cancer shows no
lymphovascular invasion and the edges of the biopsy have no cancer
cells.
• If the cancer has grown into blood or lymph vessels, patient might
need external beam radiation to the pelvis followed by brachytherapy
is used.
43. Stage II
• External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) to the pelvis plus
brachytherapy
• Radical hysterectomy with removal of pelvic lymph nodes
• - If lymph nodes have cancer cells, radiation may still be an option if
the tumor is large.
44. Stages III
Treatment options
• Chemoradiation: The chemo may be cisplatin, carboplatin, or
cisplatin plus fluorouracil. The radiation therapy includes both
external beam radiation and brachytherapy.
45. Stage IV
At this stage, the cancer has spread out of the pelvis to other areas of the
body. Stage IV cervical cancer is not usually considered curable.
-Treatment options include radiation therapy with or without chemo to try
to slow the growth of the cancer or help relieve symptoms .
46. Most standard chemo regimens include –
• Cisplatin or carboplatin) along with another drug such as paclitaxel
(Taxol), gemcitabine (Gemzar), or topotecan.
• The targeted drug bevacizumab (Avastin) may be added to
chemotherapy
47. SUMMARY
At the end of the Presentation CA Cervix and its management can
be helpful for students to know the problem of CA Cervix and its
management and understand the definition, incidence, etiology,
risk factors, pathogenesis, types, symptoms, diagnosis, effects,
prevention, and management of CA Cervix.
48. ABSTRACT
G Narayana, Suchitra Jyothi, 2017 was conducted a cross-sectional study on
Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward cervical cancer among women
attending Obstetrics and Gynecology Department in South India. 403 women
were included as sample by convenient sampling method and using interview,
pre-validated Knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire on cervical
cancer. The result showed that most of (74.6%) the respondents had heard about
cervical cancer and majority of them are heard from media (41.6%) and friends
(20.5%). Most women knew symptoms (64.2%), risk factors (62.7%),
screening methods (76.9%), and preventive measures (61.7%) for cervical
cancer. More than half of the women (252; 62.5%) having positive attitude
toward screening.Thus the study concluded that although women are having
good knowledge, positive attitude toward cervical cancer screening and
prevention still there is a gap to transform it into practice. There is a need for
more educational programs to connect identified knowledge slits and uplift of
regular practice of cervical cancer screening.
49. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Freaser Diane M., Cooper Margaret A. Myles Textbook for Midwives. 15th Edition India, Churchill Livingstone
Elsevier Publisher : 2009.Pp- 323-325
• Seshadri lakshmi. Essentials of gynecology.1st Edition India. Wolters kluwer Publisher Pvt. Ltd: 2011.Pp- 387-
390
• Littleton Lynna Y., Engebbretson Joan C. Maternity nursing care. 1st Edition India.Thomson Delmar Learning
corporation .Pp- 154-155
• Bhaskar Nima. Midwifery and Obstetrical Nursing. 2nd .Edition. India. EMMESS Medical Publisher: 2017. .Pp
-408
• G Narayana, Suchitra Jyothi , Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward cervical cancer among women
attending Obstetrics and Gynecology Department: A cross-sectional, hospital-based survey in South India ,
Indian Journal of Cancer[Internet]Volume 54 | Issue 2 | April–June 2017, Pp- 481-487 [cited on 28 feb 2020].
Online available at http://www.indianjcancer.com
50.
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SED
LOREM IPSUM
DOLOR SIT
AMET
02
LOREM IPSUM
DOLOR SIT
AMET MASA
03