early detection helps ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Prostate cancer or tumor is the most common cancer in men other than non-melanoma skin cancer.
The majority (more than 75%) of cases occur in men over age 65.
Risk factors for prostate cancer including increasing age, the incidence of prostate cancer increase rapidly after the age of 50 years. And more than 70% cases occur in men older than 65 year of age.
A basic approach towards carcinoma of prostate , symptoms, investigations , diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow up along with recent advances in surgeries, vaccines and immunotherapy.
The prostate is the gland below a man's bladder
that produces fluid for semen. Prostate cancer is common among older men. It is
rare in men younger than 40. Risk factors for developing prostate cancer
include being over 65 years of age, family history, being African-American, and
some genetic changes.
Symptoms of prostate cancer may include:
-- Problems passing urine, such as pain,
difficulty starting or stopping the stream, or dribbling
-- Low back pain
-- Pain with ejaculation
Your doctor will diagnose prostate cancer
by feeling the prostate through the wall of the rectum or doing a blood test
for prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Other tests include ultrasound, x-rays, or
a biopsy.
Treatment often depends on the stage of the
cancer. How fast the cancer grows and how different it is from surrounding
tissue helps determine the stage. Men with prostate cancer have many treatment
options. The treatment that's best for one man may not be best for another. The
options include watchful waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy,
and chemotherapy. You may have a combination of treatments.
Prostate cancer or tumor is the most common cancer in men other than non-melanoma skin cancer.
The majority (more than 75%) of cases occur in men over age 65.
Risk factors for prostate cancer including increasing age, the incidence of prostate cancer increase rapidly after the age of 50 years. And more than 70% cases occur in men older than 65 year of age.
A basic approach towards carcinoma of prostate , symptoms, investigations , diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow up along with recent advances in surgeries, vaccines and immunotherapy.
The prostate is the gland below a man's bladder
that produces fluid for semen. Prostate cancer is common among older men. It is
rare in men younger than 40. Risk factors for developing prostate cancer
include being over 65 years of age, family history, being African-American, and
some genetic changes.
Symptoms of prostate cancer may include:
-- Problems passing urine, such as pain,
difficulty starting or stopping the stream, or dribbling
-- Low back pain
-- Pain with ejaculation
Your doctor will diagnose prostate cancer
by feeling the prostate through the wall of the rectum or doing a blood test
for prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Other tests include ultrasound, x-rays, or
a biopsy.
Treatment often depends on the stage of the
cancer. How fast the cancer grows and how different it is from surrounding
tissue helps determine the stage. Men with prostate cancer have many treatment
options. The treatment that's best for one man may not be best for another. The
options include watchful waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy,
and chemotherapy. You may have a combination of treatments.
This slide deck is about Prostate cancer. It is amongst the leading cause of cancer deaths in adult males. This slide deck will provide you with necessary information regarding the symptoms, risk, diagnosis, and possible treatment of prostate cancer. I hope the readers find this slide deck useful & informative
Screening for Prostate cancer has had many different opinions and much research has been conducted in the last 20 years. In this presentation we will discuss the current guidelines for proper screening and gain more insight into men’s health.
This slide deck is about Prostate cancer. It is amongst the leading cause of cancer deaths in adult males. This slide deck will provide you with necessary information regarding the symptoms, risk, diagnosis, and possible treatment of prostate cancer. I hope the readers find this slide deck useful & informative
Screening for Prostate cancer has had many different opinions and much research has been conducted in the last 20 years. In this presentation we will discuss the current guidelines for proper screening and gain more insight into men’s health.
Prostate Cancer: Understanding The Basics And Facts You Need To KnowSaket Narnoli
Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the prostate gland, which is a part of the male reproductive system. It is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Prostate cancer typically grows slowly and may not cause symptoms until it has progressed. Regular screening can help detect prostate cancer early when treatment is most effective.
Prostate cancer is a common cancer affecting the prostate gland in men. Risk factors include age, family history, ethnicity, and diet. Symptoms may include difficulty urinating, blood in the urine, and pelvic pain. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Dr. Lalit Banswal offers best treatment with comprehensive care for all types of Genito Urinary Cancer. He is the best Genito-Urinary Cancer Specialist in Pune. To know more about the cancer & it's treatment consult Dr. Lalit Banswal now!!!
this power point presentation has complete detailed about hepatic carcinoma including statistics data intro definition cause rick factor pathophysiology sig and symptoms managements nursing management surgical chemotherapy radiotherapy and referable. that will be very helpful for BSc as well as MSc students specially oncology students . this content is prepared from American cancer society website. authentic content it is.
A brief intro of cancer, what is benign & malignant cancer, how it begins, how it spreads. Different stages of cancer. what is the pathophysiology. Different types of cancer their etiology,pathophysiology and diagnosis.
Prostate cancer or tumor is the most common cancer in men other than non-melanoma skin cancer.
The majority (more than 75%) of cases occur in men over age 65.
Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor of the prostate gland.
Cancer of Prostate- Easy PPT for Nursing StudentsSwatilekha Das
Cancer of Prostate- Easy PPT for Nursing Students
Definition & picture
Risk factors
Clinical manifestations
Assessment & diagnostic methods
Medical management
Surgical Management
-Radical prostatectomy
Radiation therapy
Hormone therapy
Other therapies
Thank you
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. The Function of the Prostate
• The prostate is a walnut-sized
gland located behind the base of
the penis, in front of the rectum
and below the bladder
• It surrounds the urethra, the tube-
like channel that carries urine and
semen through the penis
• The primary function of the
prostate is to produce seminal
fluid, the liquid in semen that
protects, supports, and helps
transport sperm
3. What is Prostate Cancer?
• The most common type of cancer in men
and second most frequent cause of cancer-
related death in men
• A malignant (cancerous) tumor that
begins in the prostate gland
• Some prostate cancers grow very slowly
and may not cause problems for years
• Prostate cancer is somewhat unusual in
that many men with advanced cancer
respond to treatment
• The region of prostate gland where the
adenocarcinoma is most common is the
peripheral zone.
• Initially, small clumps of cancer cells
remain confined to otherwise normal
prostate glands, a condition known as
carcinoma in situ or prostatic
intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN).
4. Epidemiology
• More than 1.1 million cases of prostate cancer were
recorded in 2012, accounting for around 8 per cent of all
new cancer cases and 15 per cent in men.
• Martinique had the highest rate of prostate cancer,
followed by Norway and France.
• About 68 per cent of prostate cancer cases occurred in
more developed countries.
• The highest incidence of prostate cancer was in Oceania
and Northern America; and the lowest incidence in Asia
and Africa.
5.
6. Risk FactorsRisk Factors
•Older age: Your risk of prostate cancer increases as you age.
•Race & ethnicity : black men have a greater risk of prostate cancer
than do men of other races. In black men, prostate cancer is also more
likely to be aggressive or advanced. It's not clear why this is.
•Family history of prostate or breast cancer : If men in your
family have had prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. Also, if you
have a family history of genes that increase the risk of breast cancer
(BRCA1 or BRCA2) or a very strong family history of breast cancer, your
risk of prostate cancer may be higher.
•Obesity : Obese men diagnosed with prostate cancer may be more
likely to have advanced disease that's more difficult to treat.
•Dietary: lower blood levels of vitamin D may increase the risk of
developing prostate cancer.
•Hormonal: elevated blood levels of testosterone may increase the risk
for prostate cancer
7. Prostate Cancer and
Early Detection
• Prostate-specific
antigen (PSA) test
• Digital rectal
examination (DRE)
• Discuss screening
with your doctor
8. Symptoms of Prostate
Cancer• Frequent urination, or weak or interrupted urine flow
• Pain or burning during urination or blood in the urine
• The urge to urinate frequently during the night
• Different symptoms if the cancer has spread: pain in the back, weight loss,
fatigue
• Sometimes, people with prostate cancer do not show any of these
symptoms, or these symptoms may be similar to symptoms of other
medical conditions
9. Prostate Cancer
Evaluation
• PSA test
• DRE
• Diagnosis is confirmed with a biopsy
• Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
• Imaging tests can determine if the cancer has spread
10. Prostate Cancer
Staging• Staging is a way of describing a cancer, such as the depth of the tumor and
where it has spread
• Staging is the most important tool doctors have to determine a patient’s
prognosis
• Staging is described by the TNM system: the size of the Tumor, whether
cancer has spread to nearby lymph Nodes, and whether the cancer has
Metastasized (spread to organs such as the liver or lungs)
• Another staging system assigns letters (A,B,C,D) to describe the cancer
• The type of treatment a person receives depends on the stage of the cancer
11. Prostate Cancer
Grading
• Grade describes how much cancer cells look like
normal cells (for example, do the cells look
almost normal or very abnormal?)
• The grade of the cancer can help the doctor
predict how quickly the cancer will spread
• The Gleason System is the most common
grading system and describes the cell patterns
seen under the microscope
12.
13. Stage I or Stage A
Prostate Cancer
• Stage I cancer is found only in
the prostate and usually grows
slowly
14. Stage II or Stage B
Prostate Cancer
• Stage II cancer has not spread
beyond the prostate gland, but
involves more than one part of
the prostate, and may tend to
grow more quickly
15. Stage III or Stage CStage III or Stage C
Prostate CancerProstate Cancer
• Stage III cancer has spread
beyond the outer layer of the
prostate into nearby tissues or
to the seminal vesicles, the
glands that help produce
semen
16. Stage IV or Stage D
Prostate Cancer
• Stage IV cancer has spread to other areas of the body
such as the bladder, rectum, bone, liver, lungs, or lymph
nodes
17. Treatment
• Treatment depends on stage of cancer
• More than one treatment may be used
• Surveillance (watchful waiting) for some early stage cancers
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Hormone therapy
• Chemotherapy
18. Cancer Treatment: Watchful
Waiting
• A way to monitor early stage, slow-growing, prostate cancer
• Appropriate when treating cancer would cause more discomfort
than the disease itself
• Mostly used in older men or men who are unwell from other
illnesses
• Treatment begins when the tumor shows signs of growing or
spreading
19. Cancer Treatment:Cancer Treatment:
SurgerySurgery
• Used to try to cure cancer before it
spreads outside the prostate
• Usually the prostate and nearby
lymph nodes are removed
• Urinary incontinence and sexual
side effects may result from
surgery. These side effects are
treatable
• Cryosurgery (destroying cancer
cells by freezing) is still
experimental
20. Cancer Treatment: Radiation
Therapy• The use of high-energy x-rays or other
particles to destroy cancer cells
• Used to try to cure disease or control
symptoms
• External-beam: outside the body
• Brachytherapy: the insertion of radioactive
pellets into the prostate
• Intensity-modulated radiation therapy
(IMRT): small beams of radiation are aimed
at a tumor from many angles
• Side effects may include rash and dry,
reddened, or discolored skin
21. Cancer Treatment: Hormone
Therapy
• Reduces level of male sex
hormones to slow growth of
cancer
• Used to treat prostate cancer
that has grown after surgery
and radiation therapy or to
shrink large tumors before
surgery and radiation therapy
• Can be done surgically or
through medication
• Hormone therapy may cause a
variety of side effects
22. Cancer Treatment:
Chemotherapy• Drugs used to kill cancer cells
• No standard chemotherapy for
prostate cancer
• Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) and
docetaxel (Taxotere) are both
used in men with prostate cancer
that is resistant to hormone
therapy
• Paclitaxel (Taxol), estramustine
(Estracyte), doxorubicin
(Adriamycin), and
cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan,
Neosar) have shown promise in
treating advanced prostate cancer