This document provides an overview of surface cleaning techniques and their role in reducing solvent emissions. It introduces improved cleaning technologies that can abate solvent use, such as enclosed cleaning machines and solvent recovery systems. Enclosed cleaning systems can reduce direct solvent emissions by over 90% compared to open systems, and solvent consumption by 60-80%. The latest generation of closed loop systems with vacuum technology achieve very low VOC emissions of under 0.1 kg/h. Adopting best practices like solvent recycling and recovery through distillation can recover up to 99.9% of solvents.
Tài liệu GMP được chia sẻ bởi GMPc Việt Nam - Nhà tư vấn Sáng tạo, Chuyên nghiệp, Toàn diện Dự án Nhà máy GMP (EU, PIC/S, WHO, ASEAN), ISO 13485:2012, ISO/IEC 17025:2005, ISO 15189:2012, ISO 15378:2011, ISO 9001:2008
Tài liệu GMP được chia sẻ bởi GMPc Việt Nam - Nhà tư vấn Sáng tạo, Chuyên nghiệp, Toàn diện Dự án Nhà máy GMP (EU, PIC/S, WHO, ASEAN), ISO 13485:2012, ISO/IEC 17025:2005, ISO 15189:2012, ISO 15378:2011, ISO 9001:2008
Tài liệu GMP được chia sẻ bởi GMPc Việt Nam - Nhà tư vấn Sáng tạo, Chuyên nghiệp, Toàn diện Dự án Nhà máy GMP (EU, PIC/S, WHO, ASEAN), ISO 13485:2012, ISO/IEC 17025:2005, ISO 15189:2012, ISO 15378:2011, ISO 9001:2008
Neologic Engineers, Clean-in-place (CIP) is an automated method of cleaning the interior surfaces of pipes, tanks, lines, process equipment.(CIP) Systems Reduce Cleaning Time and Costs. CIP Controls of all important parameters like time, temperature, flow, concentration.
Tài liệu GMP được chia sẻ bởi GMPc Việt Nam - Nhà tư vấn Sáng tạo, Chuyên nghiệp, Toàn diện Dự án Nhà máy GMP (EU, PIC/S, WHO, ASEAN), ISO 13485:2012, ISO/IEC 17025:2005, ISO 15189:2012, ISO 15378:2011, ISO 9001:2008
Water system , IMPORTANCE OF WATER & Water Treatment ICHAPPS
Water system, IMPORTANCE OF WATER.Water is widely used as a raw material, ingredient and solvent in the processing formulation and in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, Active pharmaceutical ingredients and in intermediates.Water is widely used as a raw material, ingredient and solvent in the processing formulation and in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, Active pharmaceutical ingredients and in intermediates.
What is likely to go into the revised Annex 1, including:
Terminal sterilisation vs aseptic processing
WFI produced by reverse osmosis
Guidance for media simulation trials
This remains speculative
BioARC -TREATMENT STRATEGY:
The process adapted is purely biological with aerobic attached growth method, combined OBJECTIVE
• The ultimate goal of the proposed sewage treatment plant is achieve the standards stipulated by Pollution Control Board.
• Ensure cost effectiveness, easy to operate and reduce the O & M Cost.
with Anaerobic + Anoxic + Aerobic and AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process).
The design of a sewage treatment system offer by eliminating the BOD, COD & health risk hazardous organic matters from the waste water and make suitable for the PCB Norms.
The system design as well as consider reuse optional for the green belt development and gardening, toilet flushing & fire fighting , etc.
Tài liệu GMP được chia sẻ bởi GMPc Việt Nam - Nhà tư vấn Sáng tạo, Chuyên nghiệp, Toàn diện Dự án Nhà máy GMP (EU, PIC/S, WHO, ASEAN), ISO 13485:2012, ISO/IEC 17025:2005, ISO 15189:2012, ISO 15378:2011, ISO 9001:2008
Neologic Engineers, Clean-in-place (CIP) is an automated method of cleaning the interior surfaces of pipes, tanks, lines, process equipment.(CIP) Systems Reduce Cleaning Time and Costs. CIP Controls of all important parameters like time, temperature, flow, concentration.
Tài liệu GMP được chia sẻ bởi GMPc Việt Nam - Nhà tư vấn Sáng tạo, Chuyên nghiệp, Toàn diện Dự án Nhà máy GMP (EU, PIC/S, WHO, ASEAN), ISO 13485:2012, ISO/IEC 17025:2005, ISO 15189:2012, ISO 15378:2011, ISO 9001:2008
Water system , IMPORTANCE OF WATER & Water Treatment ICHAPPS
Water system, IMPORTANCE OF WATER.Water is widely used as a raw material, ingredient and solvent in the processing formulation and in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, Active pharmaceutical ingredients and in intermediates.Water is widely used as a raw material, ingredient and solvent in the processing formulation and in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, Active pharmaceutical ingredients and in intermediates.
What is likely to go into the revised Annex 1, including:
Terminal sterilisation vs aseptic processing
WFI produced by reverse osmosis
Guidance for media simulation trials
This remains speculative
BioARC -TREATMENT STRATEGY:
The process adapted is purely biological with aerobic attached growth method, combined OBJECTIVE
• The ultimate goal of the proposed sewage treatment plant is achieve the standards stipulated by Pollution Control Board.
• Ensure cost effectiveness, easy to operate and reduce the O & M Cost.
with Anaerobic + Anoxic + Aerobic and AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process).
The design of a sewage treatment system offer by eliminating the BOD, COD & health risk hazardous organic matters from the waste water and make suitable for the PCB Norms.
The system design as well as consider reuse optional for the green belt development and gardening, toilet flushing & fire fighting , etc.
Webinar on greener water and oil repellents in the textile industry: Recommen...OECD Environment
On 30 October 2018, Eeva Leinala of the OECD Environment Directorate; Ruth Garcia, Gemma Janer and Marc Torrentellé from LEITAT Technological Center; and Julio Fierro of the Centro Tecnológico de Investigación Multisectorial (CETIM) presented the MIDWOR-LIFE project that aims to mitigate the environmental, health and safety impacts of current Durable Water and Oil Repellents and available alternatives by looking at their environmental impact and technical performance.
Global Product Innovation Award for the WETTASK* System with Self-Closing Lid and Modular Aperture Project targeting solvent and VOC reduction. Designed and launched a new dispensing system for aerospace customers, reducing their solvent use by up to 20% and helping customers achieve greater efficiency and a reduction in costs.
Quick and effective cleaning is the need of the hour for rapid industrial development and for creating an echo-friendly atmosphere. This is mainly influenced by the process of automation and the selection of cleaning chemicals/methods.
Similar to C22 1 voc abatement techniques _final-web (20)
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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1. TRP 1
VOC Emission Abatement
Techniques – Surface Cleaning
IAMC Toolkit
Innovative Approaches for the Sound
Management of Chemicals and Chemical Waste
2. 2
This presentation gives an overview of surface
cleaning techniques, methods and requirements
in the chemical industry with a particular focus on
the role of solvents.
It introduces the reader to the potential of
abatement of solvent use due to the introduction
of improved cleaning technologies, including
solvent recovery systems.
Introduction
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3. 3
1. Solvent use, emissions and environmental
impact
2. Surface cleaning: VOC abatement techniques
Use of cleaning machines
Enclosed cleaning machines
Solvent-based cleaning forms
Best practices and further process improvements
3. Good practice examples
Contents
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4. Solvent Use, Emissions and
Environmental Impact
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transmitted or manipulated
4
5. 5
Cleaning is mandatory, it is directly related to production
efficiency and quality.
Importance of Cleaning Substances and Costs
Large amounts of
energy, time and
personnel resources are
allocated to cleaning
activities.
Cleaning procedures are
often delicate (associated
with risks for staff).
The company image is
improved when using
less harmful substances
or methods.
.UNIDO│IAMC Toolkit | Images may not be copied, transmitted or manipulated
6. 6
Solvent Use: VOCs With Specific R-Phrases
(GHS: H-Phrases)
The use of CMR substances (carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to
reproduction) or halogenated solvents is subject to specific
requirements
Halogenated solvents:
Excellent cleaning properties
High solvency power for a large variety of substances
Low surface tension
Non-flammability
Rapid and residue-free evaporation
Good recyclability
Suitable for a wide range of materials
Examples of halogenated solvents:
Perchloroethylene (PER): used for industrial surface cleaning of aluminium, magnesium, zinc, brass, etc.
Dichloromethane: used for paint stripping
Trichloromethane: used for vapour and cold cleaning
N-propyl bromide: used to remove solder flux, wax, oil, grease from electronic parts, metals and other materials
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7. 7
Solvent Use: VOCs Without Specific R-Phrases
Solvents used for surface cleaning:
Alkanes (isododecane, iso-paraffins, kerosene)
Alicyclics (cyclohexane)
Alcohols (isopropanol, 1-butoxypropan-2-ol)
Polar aprotics (N-methylpyrrolidon)
Ketones (acetone, diketone)
Esters (N-butyl acetate)
Ethers (glycol ether)
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8. 8
Solvent Consumption and Emission Levels
Chlorinated solvent consumption has declined over recent
years in Europe due to the following reasons:
Increased number of closed systems and improved process
management (emission control, solvent recycling systems,
better management of waste)
Legal restrictions
Shift from chlorinated solvents to alternative solvents
More stringent carcinogenicity classification of
trichloroethylene
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9. 9
Key Environmental and Health Issues
VOC with specific R-phrases
Main environmental and health issues with CMR labelled solvents:
carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic to reproduction
Perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene are toxic/harmful to aquatic
organisms
Halogenated solvents are toxic to the aquatic environment
VOC without specific R-phrases
1-butoxypropan-2-ol, isopropanol, cyclohexane, N-methylpyrrolidon,
acetone: harmful and may cause irritation to eyes and skin
Cyclohexane: highly toxic to the aquatic environment
Most organic solvents are highly flammable
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10. 10
Key Environmental and Health Issues
VOC emissions to air, water, soil and groundwater occur during:
Storage of solvents
Cleaning processes
Spills and leakages
Waste generated by the processes containing solvents needs to be
disposed of in a way that prevents the emissions of VOC to air, water
and soil.
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11. Surface Cleaning
VOC Abatement Techniques
Use of cleaning machines
Enclosed cleaning machines
Solvent-based cleaning forms
Best practices and further process improvements
UNIDO│IAMC Toolkit│Images may not be copied,
transmitted or manipulated
11
12. 12
A: Use of Cleaning Machines
Applications
Cleaning machines are used in many industries to avoid
health and environmental hazards arising from production
processes and to maintain the production line.
Examples:
Printing industry
Degreasing metal parts
Brewing industry
Polymer industry
Paints manufacturing
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13. 13
A: Why are Cleaning Machines Important?
Flammability
Explosivity
Tissue damage
Hazardous air pollutants
By using cleaning machines, hazards can be controlled and
prevented.
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14. 14
A: Use of Cleaning Machines
Open, solvent not heated
Open-top, solvent heated, using
vapour degreasers
Airless, enclosed degreasers at an
ambient pressure
Vacuum, reduction of boiling point by
reducing the pressure
Cosolvent, twin solvent aggregation
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Different types of cleaning machines:
Open and open-top systems do
not allow controlling the outgoing
vapours/gases.
Enclosed systems prevent the
release of vapours/gases and
operate at ambient pressure.
Closed systems prevent the
release of vapours or gases and
allow the adjustment of pressure
(sealed).
Note: The definition of “closed/enclosed “can vary
by country or industrial sector.
15. Surface Cleaning
VOC Abatement Techniques
Use of cleaning machines
Enclosed cleaning machines
Solvent-based cleaning forms
Best practices and further process improvements
UNIDO│IAMC Toolkit│Images may not be copied,
transmitted or manipulated
15
16. 16
B. Enclosed Cleaning Systems
Using enclosed/closed systems is a highly effective way of
reducing VOC emissions.
Example: results achieved by using sealed chamber
systems:
Reduction in direct solvent emissions by over 90% compared to open
systems
Reduction in solvent consumption by 60-80%
The reduction in solvent consumption depends on the
solvent content of the waste conveyed to external
recycling.
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17. 17
B. Enclosed and Closed Cleaning Systems
Differences between technologies for surface cleaning
Technology
generation
Construction
type
Closed loop
drying with
refrigeration
Solvent
recycling
Vapour
extraction
Activated
carbon
Type I Open top No External No No
Type II Enclosed No External Yes No/Yes
Type III
Closed
(sealed)
Yes Integrated Yes Yes
Type IV
Closed
(sealed)
Yes Integrated No Yes
Open systems Closed systems Source: based on European Commission
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18. 18
B. Differences Between Open and Closed Systems
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1 2 3 4
Emissionstoair[kg/h]
Type I
(Open system)
Type II
(Enclosed system)
Type III
(Closed system)
Type IV
(Closed system)
1 – 16 kg/h
~ 2 kg/h ~ 0.1 kg/h
< 0.1 kg/h
The types of open/closed systems illustrated in this graph are presented in
more detail in the next slide.
Source: based on European Commission
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19. 19
B. Closed Systems – Technology Generations
Type I:
Open installations with no specific VOC control measures
Use in industry declined due to environmental and health concerns
Very high solvent consumption with associated costs
Type II:
Installations similar to type I but enclosed
Widely used type of installation
Type III:
Closed loop systems with integrated solvent recycling
VOC emissions significantly reduced (approx. 0.1-0.2 kg/h)
Type IV:
Closed loop systems with vacuum technology
Significant reduction in VOC emissions (min. 0.001 kg/h)
The latest generation of closed systems (types III and IV) achieve high reductions in
VOC consumption and air emissions.
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20. 20
B. Introduction to Cleaning Processes
An appropriate process has to be selected for a
given machine type!
Cleaning processes are selected sequences of steps: immersion in
liquid/vapour contact/liquid spray under pressure
Source: based on Durkee J.
Example of a 3 steps degreasing cleaning process
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21. Surface Cleaning
VOC Abatement Techniques
Use of cleaning machines
Enclosed cleaning machines
Solvent-based cleaning forms
Best practices and further process improvements
UNIDO│IAMC Toolkit│Images may not be copied,
transmitted or manipulated
21
22. 22
C. Solvent-Based Forms of Cleaning
Vapour phase
cleaning or
degreasing
Liquid phase
cleaning
Manual cleaning
Solvent vapours
condense on the
surfaces of the product.
Example: chamber
systems
Contaminants are
soaked/immersed in
solvent.
Example: cold cleaning
Liquid or aerosol
solvents are applied
using wipes and
brushes.
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23. 23
C. Vapour Phase Cleaning: Chamber Systems
Chamber system with vacuum
Working
chamber
RefrigerationActivated carbon
Drying cycle
- System offering the highest
standards of surface
cleaning and emission
reduction
- All processes where solvent
emissions may occur are
enclosed in a sealed casing
- System working with
chlorinated solvents and
hydrocarbon solvents with a
flash point higher than 55 °C
Source: based on European Commission
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24. 24
C. Vapour Phase Cleaning: Chamber Systems
Chamber system without vacuum - Technique preventing the
direct emission of solvents by
a series of interlocks combined
with a vapour extraction and/or
refrigeration system
- Vapour is recycled back into
the solvent tank
- System evacuates gas
- Very high degree of solvent
containment and reduction in
emissions
- System works with chlorinated
and non-flammable solvents
Working
chamber
RefrigerationActivated carbon
Drying cycle
Vent
Source: based on European Commission
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25. 25
C. Vapour Phase Cleaning: Open-Top Vapour
System
Typical open-top vapour degreaser:
Sump containing a heater to generate solvent vapour
Parts to be cleaned are immersed in the vapour zone, vapour condenses on the work
piece until heated up to vapour temperature
Immersion of the parts to be cleaned in liquid solvent baths is often used to
supplement the cleaning action
Reducing VOC emissions and protecting workers:
Open-top systems should be enclosed.
Vapour should be captured and treated (e.g. activated carbon).
SolventSolvent
Bath 1 Bath 2Vapour
Vent Activated
carbon
Source: based on European Commission
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Sump
26. 26
C. Liquid Phase Cleaning – Cold Cleaners
Cold cleaners:
Commonly used for maintenance and manufacturing activities
Batch loaded and solvent degreasers with higher boiling point used
Cleaning efficiency is often increased by manual pre-cleaning
(spraying) before soaking the parts in the tank.
After cleaning, the parts are hung up to drain over the tank.
The drained solvent is reused.
VOC emissions arise from the open tank and from the cleaning
process.
Solution: Use a tightly fitting cover to close the unit.
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27. 27
C. Manual Cleaning – Paint Stripping
Procedures used for paint stripping: dipping process or spraying
Solvent bath temperature: 80-90 °C
Choice of stripping chemical depends on the material to be
treated:
Pure solvents for light and non-ferrous metals
Mixture of solvents or aqueous solutions for steel
UNIDO│IAMC Toolkit | Images may not be copied, transmitted or manipulated
28. Surface Cleaning
VOC Abatement Techniques
Use of cleaning machines
Enclosed cleaning machines
Solvent-based cleaning forms
Best practices and further process improvements
UNIDO│IAMC Toolkit│Images may not be copied,
transmitted or manipulated
28
29. D. Typical Cleaning Process in an Enclosed
System and Associated VOC Emission Flows
Source: based on European Commission
VOC
output
Emissions
to air
Surface cleaning
VOC input
Cleaning solvent
100%
Cleaned
workpiece
Workpiece
Solvent recovery
(inclusive
activated carbon
filter)
VOC output
Emissions to air
VOC output
Waste
VOC output
Emissions to air
5%
10%
<5%
Storage and
handling of
solvents
VOC output
Emissions to air<1%
<<1%
78%
VOC
undergoing a
waste
treatment
process
UNIDO│IAMC Toolkit | Images may not be copied, transmitted or manipulated
30. 30
D. Best Practices in Closed/Enclosed Cleaning
Machines
Processes:
Vacuum cavitational streaming (VCS)
Cyclic pressure/temperature change
1-40 seconds per cycle
Controlled formation and collapse of bubbles
Solvent recycling and recovery
by distillation:
Up to 99.9% of the solvent recovered
Reduced environmental impact and solvent
consumption
Source: based on Durkee J.
UNIDO│IAMC Toolkit | Images may not be copied, transmitted or manipulated
Enclosed cleaning tank = pressure-sealed cleaning tank
to contain emissions
31. 31
D. Best Practices in Closed/Enclosed Cleaning
Machines
Optimization (1):
Vacuum management: vacuum pump dimensioning
Management of temperature reduction due to the vacuum (stream of
hot air/water to protect the chamber)
Selection of operating temperatures:
Determine the optimum temperature by taking into account the
reduction in product viscosity if the temperature is increased and the
reduction in product fragility if the temperature is decreased.
Use the Antoine equation to calculate the operating vapour pressure.
Vessels for enclosed machines:
Wall thickness, dimensioning (must sustain required pressure or vacuum)
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32. 32
D. Best Practices in Closed/Enclosed Cleaning
Machines
Optimization (2):
Solvent storage
At least two solvent vessels required (loading and unloading in
batches)
Removal of solvent vapour from the work chamber:
1. Chamber filled with solvent gas atmosphere
2. Vacuum removes 98.7% of the atmosphere
3. Chamber filled with air/inert gas (nitrogen)
4. Vacuum removes 98.7% of the atmosphere
5. Chamber finally filled with dry air
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33. 33
D. Best Practices in Closed/Enclosed Cleaning
Machines
Optimization (3):
Solvent management
Application of clean solvent on
dirty parts
Separation of dirty solvent from
cleaned parts
Evaporation of cleaned solvent
from cleaned parts
Purification of dirty solvent
Remediation of soil materials
Source: based on Durkee J.
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34. 34
D. Best Practices in Closed/Enclosed Cleaning
Machines
Overview of
the cleaning
cycle
Steps are
detailed and
monitored
Source: based on Durkee J.
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35. 35
D. Further Process Improvements
Use of spraying to enhance cold soaking and vapour
degreasing:
Spraying can increase the cleaning efficiency
Low-pressure spraying
Improved containment achieved by better covers:
Evaporation control by using a cover
Improved handling of solvents:
Solvents stored in separate safety containers (fresh/used solvents)
Dry-break couplings
Covers for containers
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36. 36
D. Further Process Improvements
Product/process design to reduce the need for cleaning:
Identification of causes of contamination
Elimination/modification of interim cleaning processes
Time reduction between cleaning and the next process
Pre-cleaning
Counter-current cleaning
Optimized cleaning by matching technology and products to the cleaning requirements:
Type of surface
Geometry of the surface to be cleaned
Variety of parts to be cleaned
Required cleanliness of the surface
Contaminants present
Process technologies associated
Quantity parts to be cleaned
Continuous or batch process
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37. 37
Advantages and Limitations of Closed/Enclosed
Cleaning Machines
Advantages of enclosed cleaning machines:
Cleaning solvent selection to match soil characteristics
Implementation of cleaning steps at any pressure
No solvent substitution
High level of solvent recovery through distillation
Ideally providing an emission-free environment
Advantages of different machines:
Externally sealed enclosed machines: solvents with low flash points or exposure limits
can be used
Airless enclosed vapour degreaser: solvents unstable in air can be used, no solvent
degradation
Airtight enclosed vapour degreasers: higher temperatures possible
Limitations of enclosed cleaning machines:
Price
Require continuous processes (at least two vessels needed)
Heating/cooling medium necessary
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39. 39
Good Practice Example (1)
A car manufacturer uses a sealed single-chamber cleaning installation
with vacuum applying PER as cleaning agent for the cleaning of parts
for fuel tank filler necks (type IV installation which recycles the used
solvents).
With the new installation, the company has reduced its VOC
consumption by more than 99% compared to type I conventional
systems.
If the company’s VOC consumption is 180 kg/year with the
type IV installation, what was the VOC consumption
when using a type I conventional system?
Answer: 18,000 kg/year
UNIDO│IAMC Toolkit | Images may not be copied, transmitted or manipulated
40. 40
Good Practice Example (2)
An automotive and electro-tool company cleans steel, stainless steel
and aluminium parts contaminated with emulsions or oils.
The company replaced one of its closed single chamber systems
(type III) by a vacuum system (type IV).
With the new vacuum system, the company needs to purchase
6,000 to 8,000 litres of solvents per year to compensate for VOC
losses.
With the old system, the company had to purchase between 13,950
and 18,900 l of solvents annually.
What is the reduction in solvent consumption achieved
by switching from a type III to a type IV installation?
Answer: 57% reduction in solvent consumption
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41. Toolkit/CSD&ISSPPRO 41
Key messages
Large amounts of energy, time and personnel resources
are allocated to cleaning activities.
Cleaning procedures are often delicate (associated with
risks for staff and environment).
Abatement techniques are available for surface cleaning,
as (enclosed) cleaning machines, solvent-based cleaning
forms and other practices and further process
improvements.
Optimal abatement option should be studied according to
the cleaning needs and the solvent use of each company.
43. Fusce posuere, magna sed pulvinar ultricies,
purus lectus malesuada libero, sit amet magna
eros quis (ARIAL 32).
Sources
CSD Engineers, Switzerland/ISSPPRO, Germany, 2015
European Commission - DG Environment: Guidance on
VOC Substitution and Reduction for Activities Covered by
the VOC Solvents Emissions Directive (Directive
1999/13/EC), Europe, 2009.
Durkee, J.: Cleaning with Solvents: Methods and
Machinery, Elsevier, 2014
Durkee, J.: Cleaning with Solvents: Science and
Technology, Elsevier, 2014
43UNIDO│IAMC Toolkit | Images may not be copied, transmitted or manipulated
44. Fusce posuere, magna sed pulvinar ultricies,
purus lectus malesuada libero, sit amet magna
eros quis (ARIAL 32).
Images
European Commission - DG Environment: Guidance on
VOC Substitution and Reduction for Activities Covered by
the VOC Solvents Emissions Directive (Directive
1999/13/EC), Europe, 2009.
United Nations, Globally Harmonized System of
Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), accessed
July 2015
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45. 45
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