Climate change poses major challenges for agriculture by threatening food production systems and water security worldwide. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events will reduce agricultural productivity and irrigation water availability. Both adaptation and mitigation measures are needed to increase the resilience of agriculture. Adaptation options include developing hardier crop varieties and more efficient irrigation techniques, while mitigation involves practices like minimum tillage and use of renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Innovation in agriculture, including new technologies and management practices, will be crucial to address the impacts of climate change on food security.
Research Outputs and Approaches to Enhance Food Security and Improve Livelih...ICARDA
The document summarizes research outputs and approaches from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) to enhance food security and improve livelihoods. It discusses constraints like drought, desertification, and climate change leading to food insecurity. ICARDA's strategic plan focuses on risk management, integrated water and land management, and diversification to improve nutrition and incomes. Technologies developed include improved crop varieties tolerant to abiotic stresses and diseases, as well as seed production approaches to cope with drought.
Climate Change and Agriculture by Muhammad Qasim & Aroj BashirMuhammad Qasim
Climate change is negatively impacting agriculture in Pakistan in 3 main ways:
1) Changing temperatures and rainfall patterns are decreasing crop yields, especially for wheat which is estimated to decline by 6-9%.
2) Recent floods have destroyed over 2.6 million acres of agricultural land.
3) Glacial melt from the Himalayas due to rising temperatures threatens water availability, which Pakistan's agriculture sector heavily depends on for irrigation.
Ghayas Haider Sajid presented on the topic of the effect of climate change on agriculture for the department of soil science at Gomal University. The presentation covered definitions of weather and climate, factors affecting climate change, how agriculture contributes to and is impacted by climate change, and potential adaptations and solutions for agriculture under climate change.
The document discusses the challenges of climate change for agriculture and food security. It argues that resources and research need to focus on helping poor rural communities adapt. International climate agreements could impact food security depending on how agriculture is treated and funds are allocated. The document proposes specific policy actions and Copenhagen agreement language around incentivizing agricultural mitigation, increasing adaptation investment, and establishing a public technology network focused on climate-smart agriculture.
Climate-smart agriculture aims to achieve two goals: ensuring food security and avoiding dangerous climate change. To meet the increasing food demand by 2050 while adapting to climate change, agriculture must increase productivity sustainably. Practices like conserving and managing water resources efficiently and reducing food losses can help boost food security and mitigate emissions. However, achieving these goals also depends on demographic, economic, and consumption pattern changes. Climate-smart agriculture sustains productivity and resilience increases while reducing greenhouse gases to enhance food security and development, using ecosystem-based landscape approaches. Key actions include investing in research, supporting smallholders' transition, and aligning agriculture, food security, and climate change policies and financing. Agriculture's full mitigation potential lies not
Agriculture and fisheries are highly dependent on specific climate conditions. Trying to understand the overall effect of climate change on our food supply can be difficult. Increases in temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be beneficial for some crops in some places. But to realize these benefits, nutrient levels, soil moisture, water availability, and other conditions must also be met. Changes in the frequency and severity of droughts and floods could pose challenges for farmers and ranchers. Meanwhile, warmer water temperatures are likely to cause the habitat ranges of many fish and shellfish species to shift, which could disrupt ecosystems. Overall, climate change could make it more difficult to grow crops, raise animals, and catch fish in the same ways and same places as we have done in the past. The effects of climate change also need to be considered along with other evolving factors that affect agricultural production, such as changes in farming practices and technology.
Research Outputs and Approaches to Enhance Food Security and Improve Livelih...ICARDA
The document summarizes research outputs and approaches from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) to enhance food security and improve livelihoods. It discusses constraints like drought, desertification, and climate change leading to food insecurity. ICARDA's strategic plan focuses on risk management, integrated water and land management, and diversification to improve nutrition and incomes. Technologies developed include improved crop varieties tolerant to abiotic stresses and diseases, as well as seed production approaches to cope with drought.
Climate Change and Agriculture by Muhammad Qasim & Aroj BashirMuhammad Qasim
Climate change is negatively impacting agriculture in Pakistan in 3 main ways:
1) Changing temperatures and rainfall patterns are decreasing crop yields, especially for wheat which is estimated to decline by 6-9%.
2) Recent floods have destroyed over 2.6 million acres of agricultural land.
3) Glacial melt from the Himalayas due to rising temperatures threatens water availability, which Pakistan's agriculture sector heavily depends on for irrigation.
Ghayas Haider Sajid presented on the topic of the effect of climate change on agriculture for the department of soil science at Gomal University. The presentation covered definitions of weather and climate, factors affecting climate change, how agriculture contributes to and is impacted by climate change, and potential adaptations and solutions for agriculture under climate change.
The document discusses the challenges of climate change for agriculture and food security. It argues that resources and research need to focus on helping poor rural communities adapt. International climate agreements could impact food security depending on how agriculture is treated and funds are allocated. The document proposes specific policy actions and Copenhagen agreement language around incentivizing agricultural mitigation, increasing adaptation investment, and establishing a public technology network focused on climate-smart agriculture.
Climate-smart agriculture aims to achieve two goals: ensuring food security and avoiding dangerous climate change. To meet the increasing food demand by 2050 while adapting to climate change, agriculture must increase productivity sustainably. Practices like conserving and managing water resources efficiently and reducing food losses can help boost food security and mitigate emissions. However, achieving these goals also depends on demographic, economic, and consumption pattern changes. Climate-smart agriculture sustains productivity and resilience increases while reducing greenhouse gases to enhance food security and development, using ecosystem-based landscape approaches. Key actions include investing in research, supporting smallholders' transition, and aligning agriculture, food security, and climate change policies and financing. Agriculture's full mitigation potential lies not
Agriculture and fisheries are highly dependent on specific climate conditions. Trying to understand the overall effect of climate change on our food supply can be difficult. Increases in temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be beneficial for some crops in some places. But to realize these benefits, nutrient levels, soil moisture, water availability, and other conditions must also be met. Changes in the frequency and severity of droughts and floods could pose challenges for farmers and ranchers. Meanwhile, warmer water temperatures are likely to cause the habitat ranges of many fish and shellfish species to shift, which could disrupt ecosystems. Overall, climate change could make it more difficult to grow crops, raise animals, and catch fish in the same ways and same places as we have done in the past. The effects of climate change also need to be considered along with other evolving factors that affect agricultural production, such as changes in farming practices and technology.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change including increasing global temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and consequences for agriculture, forests, water resources, coastal areas, and human health. Key points mentioned are that temperatures could rise 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius by 2100, precipitation trends have varied by region from 1900 to 2000, and climate change is exacerbating issues like water scarcity, declining crop yields, reduced forest health, and increased risk of diseases. Specific impacts discussed for India include changing rainfall patterns, more frequent droughts, and effects on rural livelihoods that depend on natural resources. Adaptation strategies proposed include changing cropping patterns, using resilient seeds, and diversifying livelihoods.
Climate Change and Vulnerability in Ghana by Justice Ampofo AgyeiJustice Ampofo
Climate change is one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats to the livelihood of forest dependent communities in developing countries. The impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and the livelihood of communities surrounding the SRFR have been identified in this paper. These communities are very vulnerable due to their high dependence on ecosystem services and their low capacity to climate change impacts. Sectors that are adversely affected by climate change include agriculture, biodiversity, and water resources. These impacts are most likely to deepen poverty, food insecurity and the poor livelihoods of the communities. To address these negative impacts, the communities have adapted various adaptation strategies in agriculture, biodiversity conservation, and water resources management to minimize climate change impacts. To improve ecosystem services, adaptation to climate change impacts, the resilience and capacity of the local communities, it is important to put in place appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Climate change is occurring now and having significant impacts. Unusual weather patterns are being experienced worldwide. July 2017 was the warmest July on record, and drought recoveries are taking longer. In the Philippines, recent typhoons have been unusually heavy and destructive. Climate change reduces agricultural productivity and economic growth in the Philippines by an estimated PHP 145 billion per year through increased food prices, losses to industry and services, and reduced consumer welfare. Investments in climate-smart agriculture including irrigation, research, and early warning systems can help address these impacts and promote long-term food security and economic growth.
This document discusses the effects of global warming on irrigation development and crop production worldwide. It begins by outlining the greenhouse effect and observed changes in global temperature, precipitation patterns, and sea levels over the 20th century due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. It then discusses how climate change will impact agriculture by altering evapotranspiration, precipitation, and water availability. Adaptation strategies like changing land and water management practices will be needed. Current irrigation supports 40% of food production but will need to increase to meet growing demand. Models project a 15-22% increase in irrigated area is needed by 2025. Improving water productivity and closing yield gaps in existing farmland will be important to boost production under climate change.
Climate change mitigation and adaptation 2011ver2cenafrica
This document provides an overview of Module Three which focuses on climate change and agriculture. It defines key concepts related to climate change impacts, vulnerability, adaptation, and mitigation. It discusses how climate change negatively impacts agriculture globally and regionally through changes in temperature, precipitation, and increased frequency of extreme weather events. Adaptation and coping strategies for agriculture are discussed. The module also covers agricultural innovations and systems for adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 11 of the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report regarding agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sectors. It outlines trends in GHG emissions from agriculture and forestry, as well as supply-side and demand-side mitigation options. It also discusses climate change impacts on AFOLU, costs and potentials of mitigation measures, co-benefits and risks, barriers and opportunities, sectoral policies, and issues around bioenergy. The document provides an overview of the major topics covered in the chapter through bullet point lists.
1. The document discusses the impacts of climate change on Indian agriculture. It is expected to affect agricultural productivity and shift crop patterns due to factors like increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events.
2. Studies have shown that increases in temperature could reduce yields of crops like rice and wheat. Climate change may also lead to a change in suitable areas for growing certain crops. Rain-fed agriculture is expected to be more severely impacted than irrigated agriculture.
3. The impacts of climate change on agriculture could have wide-ranging implications for issues like food security, trade, livelihoods, and water conservation in India given the country's dependence on agriculture. Adaptation and mitigation strategies will
The document discusses community climate change adaptation concepts and applications. It aims to provide an overview of community climate change adaptation, identify resources and partnerships needed to strengthen climate programming, delineate policies to improve community participation and resilience, and acknowledge challenges and pathways. It discusses key concepts like climate change impacts, community-based adaptation, climate-smart agriculture, and the role of extension services. It outlines methodologies, background on climate impacts and adaptation, and highlights challenges like uncertainty and deficits in adaptive capacities. Overall, the document presents a framework for community climate change adaptation through approaches like integration into development planning, capacity building, knowledge sharing, and education.
Agrometrology Global warming and Climate Change effects in AgricultureMutyaluSheshu
This document summarizes a student group project on the impacts of global warming and climate change on agriculture and the environment, and measures to reduce it. It defines global warming and climate change, and describes how climate change affects agriculture by reducing crop yields from higher temperatures and interfering with plants' ability to get moisture. The document also outlines major projections of climate change impacts, some positive and negative impacts on crops, and projected impacts in Asia, including potential declines in wheat, rice, and maize yields in South and East Asia by 2050 due to climate change.
Economic impacts of climate change in the philippine agriculture sectorCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Mark W. Rosegrant, Nicostrato Perez, Angga Pradesha, Timothy S. Thomas and Mercedita A. Sombilla at “Up and down the scales of time and place: Integrating global trends and local decisions to make the world more food-secure by 2050” Discussion Forum on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
Presentation by Mr. Eric Yao, co-ordinator of The Africa Centre, Dublin, and a farmer in Ghana, on the effects that a changing climate has had on his business.
Climate change poses serious threats to Indian agriculture that could undermine food security. Studies project cereal production may decrease 10-40% by 2100 due to increased temperatures, with wheat facing greater losses. Every 1°C rise in temperature could reduce wheat production by 4-5 million tons. Adaptation strategies like new crop varieties, water management, and insurance can help minimize impacts but require significant research and policy support. Immediate action is needed on low-cost adaptation options while determining costs and policies for long-term mitigation through practices like agroforestry and soil carbon sequestration. Failure to act risks substantial economic and social damages from climate impacts on India's agricultural sector and food system.
Climate change adaptation and livelihoods in AsiaPrabhakar SVRK
The presentation provides a review of literature on the observed and projected impacts of climate change and adaptation options. Presented at Climate Change Symposium: Latest Scientific Knowledge on Climate Change and Actions on Climate Change Impacts in Japan. 26 March 2014, 15:30 – 18:15, Pacifico Yokohama Conference Center, Yokohama, Japan. MOEJ and IGES. Link to the agenda:
http://www.iges.or.jp/files/research/natural-resource/PDF/20140326/programme.pdf
The document discusses the impacts of climate change in Srikakulam district of India. It notes several changes occurring, including rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, more frequent cyclones, and declining groundwater levels. These changes are negatively affecting agriculture, fisheries, and livelihoods, particularly for vulnerable tribal communities. Migration is increasing as people search for work. The document also outlines some coping strategies communities are adopting, such as changing cropping patterns, acquiring new skills, and sustainable resource management. It argues that building community resilience through adaptation strategies, capacity building, and strengthening local governance is crucial to address these issues.
Strategies for Mitigation and Adaptation in Agriculture in context to Changin...Abhilash Singh Chauhan
- Agriculture is an important sector for India, contributing 17.32% to GDP and providing livelihoods for 54.6% of the population.
- Climate change is causing rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events that are negatively impacting agricultural production in India. Greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector, such as from livestock, rice cultivation, and fertilizer use, are also contributing to climate change.
- Both adaptation and mitigation strategies are needed to address climate change in agriculture. Adaptation involves making crops, livestock, and farming practices more resilient to climate impacts. Mitigation focuses on reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions through practices like improved cropland management, livestock management,
Smallholder farmers in Tigray Regional State, Northern Ethiopia are vulnerable to climate change impacts. A study surveyed 400 households across 4 districts to assess vulnerability levels and how it affects agricultural production. Households reported increased exposure to floods, droughts, and other extreme weather events. Higher vulnerability, as measured by factors like reliance on rain-fed agriculture, distance from services, and asset ownership, correlated with lower agricultural production, income, food consumption and security. The study found households need more support through irrigation, fertilizers, crop varieties, education, and extension services to build resilience against climate change and boost agricultural livelihoods.
Is Climate Change, a modern tragedy of the commons?GIOCONTE23
This document discusses climate change and the need for a low carbon society. It addresses whether climate change represents a tragedy of the commons and examines the impacts of climate change around the world. The document also discusses climate change mitigation efforts through renewable energy and energy efficiency.
Earthquakes effects on reinforced concrete buildingsAnoop Shrestha
Reinforced concrete buildings have become common in Nepal, particularly in urban areas. They consist of concrete reinforced with steel bars. During earthquakes, inertia forces develop at each floor level and accumulate downwards, resulting in higher forces at lower stories. Floor slabs are rigid elements that bend with beams but keep columns at the same level moving together. Masonry infill walls between columns and slabs resist horizontal movement but can crack under severe shaking. Proper design requires reinforcement on all faces of beams and columns to resist bending moment reversals from earthquakes. Columns must be stronger than beams, and foundations stronger than columns, to ensure the building can deform without collapse.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change including increasing global temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and consequences for agriculture, forests, water resources, coastal areas, and human health. Key points mentioned are that temperatures could rise 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius by 2100, precipitation trends have varied by region from 1900 to 2000, and climate change is exacerbating issues like water scarcity, declining crop yields, reduced forest health, and increased risk of diseases. Specific impacts discussed for India include changing rainfall patterns, more frequent droughts, and effects on rural livelihoods that depend on natural resources. Adaptation strategies proposed include changing cropping patterns, using resilient seeds, and diversifying livelihoods.
Climate Change and Vulnerability in Ghana by Justice Ampofo AgyeiJustice Ampofo
Climate change is one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats to the livelihood of forest dependent communities in developing countries. The impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and the livelihood of communities surrounding the SRFR have been identified in this paper. These communities are very vulnerable due to their high dependence on ecosystem services and their low capacity to climate change impacts. Sectors that are adversely affected by climate change include agriculture, biodiversity, and water resources. These impacts are most likely to deepen poverty, food insecurity and the poor livelihoods of the communities. To address these negative impacts, the communities have adapted various adaptation strategies in agriculture, biodiversity conservation, and water resources management to minimize climate change impacts. To improve ecosystem services, adaptation to climate change impacts, the resilience and capacity of the local communities, it is important to put in place appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Climate change is occurring now and having significant impacts. Unusual weather patterns are being experienced worldwide. July 2017 was the warmest July on record, and drought recoveries are taking longer. In the Philippines, recent typhoons have been unusually heavy and destructive. Climate change reduces agricultural productivity and economic growth in the Philippines by an estimated PHP 145 billion per year through increased food prices, losses to industry and services, and reduced consumer welfare. Investments in climate-smart agriculture including irrigation, research, and early warning systems can help address these impacts and promote long-term food security and economic growth.
This document discusses the effects of global warming on irrigation development and crop production worldwide. It begins by outlining the greenhouse effect and observed changes in global temperature, precipitation patterns, and sea levels over the 20th century due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. It then discusses how climate change will impact agriculture by altering evapotranspiration, precipitation, and water availability. Adaptation strategies like changing land and water management practices will be needed. Current irrigation supports 40% of food production but will need to increase to meet growing demand. Models project a 15-22% increase in irrigated area is needed by 2025. Improving water productivity and closing yield gaps in existing farmland will be important to boost production under climate change.
Climate change mitigation and adaptation 2011ver2cenafrica
This document provides an overview of Module Three which focuses on climate change and agriculture. It defines key concepts related to climate change impacts, vulnerability, adaptation, and mitigation. It discusses how climate change negatively impacts agriculture globally and regionally through changes in temperature, precipitation, and increased frequency of extreme weather events. Adaptation and coping strategies for agriculture are discussed. The module also covers agricultural innovations and systems for adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 11 of the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report regarding agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sectors. It outlines trends in GHG emissions from agriculture and forestry, as well as supply-side and demand-side mitigation options. It also discusses climate change impacts on AFOLU, costs and potentials of mitigation measures, co-benefits and risks, barriers and opportunities, sectoral policies, and issues around bioenergy. The document provides an overview of the major topics covered in the chapter through bullet point lists.
1. The document discusses the impacts of climate change on Indian agriculture. It is expected to affect agricultural productivity and shift crop patterns due to factors like increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events.
2. Studies have shown that increases in temperature could reduce yields of crops like rice and wheat. Climate change may also lead to a change in suitable areas for growing certain crops. Rain-fed agriculture is expected to be more severely impacted than irrigated agriculture.
3. The impacts of climate change on agriculture could have wide-ranging implications for issues like food security, trade, livelihoods, and water conservation in India given the country's dependence on agriculture. Adaptation and mitigation strategies will
The document discusses community climate change adaptation concepts and applications. It aims to provide an overview of community climate change adaptation, identify resources and partnerships needed to strengthen climate programming, delineate policies to improve community participation and resilience, and acknowledge challenges and pathways. It discusses key concepts like climate change impacts, community-based adaptation, climate-smart agriculture, and the role of extension services. It outlines methodologies, background on climate impacts and adaptation, and highlights challenges like uncertainty and deficits in adaptive capacities. Overall, the document presents a framework for community climate change adaptation through approaches like integration into development planning, capacity building, knowledge sharing, and education.
Agrometrology Global warming and Climate Change effects in AgricultureMutyaluSheshu
This document summarizes a student group project on the impacts of global warming and climate change on agriculture and the environment, and measures to reduce it. It defines global warming and climate change, and describes how climate change affects agriculture by reducing crop yields from higher temperatures and interfering with plants' ability to get moisture. The document also outlines major projections of climate change impacts, some positive and negative impacts on crops, and projected impacts in Asia, including potential declines in wheat, rice, and maize yields in South and East Asia by 2050 due to climate change.
Economic impacts of climate change in the philippine agriculture sectorCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Mark W. Rosegrant, Nicostrato Perez, Angga Pradesha, Timothy S. Thomas and Mercedita A. Sombilla at “Up and down the scales of time and place: Integrating global trends and local decisions to make the world more food-secure by 2050” Discussion Forum on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
Presentation by Mr. Eric Yao, co-ordinator of The Africa Centre, Dublin, and a farmer in Ghana, on the effects that a changing climate has had on his business.
Climate change poses serious threats to Indian agriculture that could undermine food security. Studies project cereal production may decrease 10-40% by 2100 due to increased temperatures, with wheat facing greater losses. Every 1°C rise in temperature could reduce wheat production by 4-5 million tons. Adaptation strategies like new crop varieties, water management, and insurance can help minimize impacts but require significant research and policy support. Immediate action is needed on low-cost adaptation options while determining costs and policies for long-term mitigation through practices like agroforestry and soil carbon sequestration. Failure to act risks substantial economic and social damages from climate impacts on India's agricultural sector and food system.
Climate change adaptation and livelihoods in AsiaPrabhakar SVRK
The presentation provides a review of literature on the observed and projected impacts of climate change and adaptation options. Presented at Climate Change Symposium: Latest Scientific Knowledge on Climate Change and Actions on Climate Change Impacts in Japan. 26 March 2014, 15:30 – 18:15, Pacifico Yokohama Conference Center, Yokohama, Japan. MOEJ and IGES. Link to the agenda:
http://www.iges.or.jp/files/research/natural-resource/PDF/20140326/programme.pdf
The document discusses the impacts of climate change in Srikakulam district of India. It notes several changes occurring, including rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, more frequent cyclones, and declining groundwater levels. These changes are negatively affecting agriculture, fisheries, and livelihoods, particularly for vulnerable tribal communities. Migration is increasing as people search for work. The document also outlines some coping strategies communities are adopting, such as changing cropping patterns, acquiring new skills, and sustainable resource management. It argues that building community resilience through adaptation strategies, capacity building, and strengthening local governance is crucial to address these issues.
Strategies for Mitigation and Adaptation in Agriculture in context to Changin...Abhilash Singh Chauhan
- Agriculture is an important sector for India, contributing 17.32% to GDP and providing livelihoods for 54.6% of the population.
- Climate change is causing rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events that are negatively impacting agricultural production in India. Greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector, such as from livestock, rice cultivation, and fertilizer use, are also contributing to climate change.
- Both adaptation and mitigation strategies are needed to address climate change in agriculture. Adaptation involves making crops, livestock, and farming practices more resilient to climate impacts. Mitigation focuses on reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions through practices like improved cropland management, livestock management,
Smallholder farmers in Tigray Regional State, Northern Ethiopia are vulnerable to climate change impacts. A study surveyed 400 households across 4 districts to assess vulnerability levels and how it affects agricultural production. Households reported increased exposure to floods, droughts, and other extreme weather events. Higher vulnerability, as measured by factors like reliance on rain-fed agriculture, distance from services, and asset ownership, correlated with lower agricultural production, income, food consumption and security. The study found households need more support through irrigation, fertilizers, crop varieties, education, and extension services to build resilience against climate change and boost agricultural livelihoods.
Is Climate Change, a modern tragedy of the commons?GIOCONTE23
This document discusses climate change and the need for a low carbon society. It addresses whether climate change represents a tragedy of the commons and examines the impacts of climate change around the world. The document also discusses climate change mitigation efforts through renewable energy and energy efficiency.
Earthquakes effects on reinforced concrete buildingsAnoop Shrestha
Reinforced concrete buildings have become common in Nepal, particularly in urban areas. They consist of concrete reinforced with steel bars. During earthquakes, inertia forces develop at each floor level and accumulate downwards, resulting in higher forces at lower stories. Floor slabs are rigid elements that bend with beams but keep columns at the same level moving together. Masonry infill walls between columns and slabs resist horizontal movement but can crack under severe shaking. Proper design requires reinforcement on all faces of beams and columns to resist bending moment reversals from earthquakes. Columns must be stronger than beams, and foundations stronger than columns, to ensure the building can deform without collapse.
Cleaning operations are performed by all manufacturers and industrial users of chemicals. They are typically not value-adding and can be a significant source of waste, costs, and pollution if not conducted properly. This document provides an overview of cleaning purposes, techniques, and the differences between clean-in-place (CIP) and clean-out-of-place (COP) methods. CIP involves circulating cleaning solutions through tanks and pipelines while parts are in place, while COP requires disassembling equipment and placing parts in cleaning tanks. The document aims to improve understanding of cleaning to enhance operational productivity and efficiency.
This document provides an overview of surface cleaning techniques and their role in reducing solvent emissions. It introduces improved cleaning technologies that can abate solvent use, such as enclosed cleaning machines and solvent recovery systems. Enclosed cleaning systems can reduce direct solvent emissions by over 90% compared to open systems, and solvent consumption by 60-80%. The latest generation of closed loop systems with vacuum technology achieve very low VOC emissions of under 0.1 kg/h. Adopting best practices like solvent recycling and recovery through distillation can recover up to 99.9% of solvents.
Climate change adaptation and mitigation measures - MadridAlessandro Faia
Presentation by students off IE University's Master in Global Environmental Change for the Biari (Brown International Advanced Research Institute) international workshop on world cities and climate change, held from 31 May to 2 June in Madrid.
Theme 4 - Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Christopher Martius, Henry Neufeldt, Glenn Hyman and Laura Snook focuses on the objectives and structure of the climate change adaptation and mitigation program of the FTA Research Program, their evolution over time, the major accomplishments and the main obstacles and challenges.
Trees provide many benefits to humans and the environment. They give us food, clothing, shelter, and medicine. Trees help control pollution by cleaning the air, combating the greenhouse effect, and providing oxygen. Planting trees can save millions of lives and help the environment by preventing soil erosion and purifying water. Trees should be preserved and planted more widely to continue their important contributions.
This document provides an overview of a student project on the design of a sewage treatment plant and reuse of energy. It introduces the importance of sewage treatment, sources of wastewater, and describes the primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment processes. These include bar screening, grit removal, primary sedimentation, activated sludge, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, filtration, sludge drying beds, and chlorination. The objective is to produce safe effluent for disposal without harming the environment.
The document discusses the design of a sewage treatment plant for Vellore Municipal Corporation, which has been upgraded to a corporation. The plant is needed to treat increasing sewage from population growth. The plant will treat sewage from the 10.54 square km area and 48 wards of Vellore Corporation over the next 30 years. The plant will include components like screening, grit removal, and secondary treatment to effectively treat sewage and meet effluent standards.
An economiser is a device that increases the temperature of feed water using waste heat from flue gases leaving the boiler. It consists of vertical cast iron or steel pipes through which feed water flows and is heated by hot flue gases passing over the pipes. This preheats the feed water, reducing fuel consumption and increasing boiler efficiency. However, economisers also cause a pressure drop in flue gases. An air preheater similarly uses waste heat to preheat combustion air entering the furnace, improving combustion and efficiency but requiring forced draught.
Sewage Treatment Plant Treatment For WastewaterKaleem
The document describes the process of a sewage treatment plant. It goes through primary treatment which removes solids, secondary treatment using bacteria to break down organic matter, and tertiary treatment using physio-chemical processes to refine the water. The sludge from treatment receives further processing like incineration or composting. The overall goal is to clean water through physical, chemical, and biological processes to make it suitable for local consumption or other reuse applications like watering gardens.
This document discusses the design considerations for sewer systems. It outlines the different types of sewers based on wastewater flow, and specifies design requirements like pipe sizing, slopes, depths, and velocities. Factors like population equivalent calculations, peak flows, hydraulic properties, and manhole levels are also summarized. The document provides guidance on planning and laying out sewer networks in accordance with relevant codes and standards.
This presentation provides an overview of the sewage treatment plant in Karanja, including the key processes and layout. It describes the 4 stages of treatment: pre-treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and tertiary treatment. Diagrams and photos show the plant layout, individual treatment units like grit chambers, tube settlers, and decanter centrifuges.
basic knowledge about performance and characteristics of fly ash based concrete. this was my first presentation....so hard core civil engineers might consider me a layman!... anyway its a good way to start knowing gist and basics.
Sewage treatment plant design calculationSharifah Ain
1) The document outlines the design calculations for a sewage treatment plant for a mixed development project with 40 residential units and 18 commercial units. The population equivalent is calculated to be 293.
2) A rotating biological contractor (RBC) system is selected as the sewage treatment method since it is suitable for staged development, requires low land area, produces high quality effluent, and has low operation and maintenance costs.
3) Design parameters for the sewer reticulation pipes are provided, including a peak flow factor calculation, minimum pipe sizes and slopes, maximum infiltration rates, and manhole specifications such as location, depth, and gradient requirements.
A short presentation about the different components of a steam power plant. It first tells us what's a steam power plant and then explains how electricity is generated by them.
This document provides an introduction and overview of industrial wastewater treatment. It discusses how industries use water for manufacturing and processing purposes, which becomes wastewater that must be treated before discharge to prevent environmental pollution. The document then outlines some key contaminants found in wastewater and characteristics of industrial wastewater. It describes common wastewater treatment methods including physical, mechanical, chemical and biological processes and provides details on specific unit operations like screening, sedimentation, flotation and biological treatment methods.
The document summarizes various stages of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment which removes solids, grit, and grease. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove 60% of suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ditches to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and particles through processes like filtration and disinfection. The document provides details on the treatment units and processes involved at each stage of wastewater treatment.
climate change adaptation and mitigation.pptxdrveenasharma2
Climate change poses serious risks to agriculture, food security, and sustainable development goals. Rising greenhouse gases, temperatures, and extreme weather events threaten global food production. While higher temperatures may slightly increase crop yields at higher latitudes initially, prolonged heat will reduce yields. Adaptation strategies like new crop varieties and irrigation and mitigation efforts like improved agricultural practices can help offset impacts. Integrating climate planning into sustainable development is urgently needed.
The document discusses 5 important elements of sustainable agriculture:
1) Protecting water quality and supply by keeping contaminants out of water sources and carefully managing consumption.
2) Sustainable land use that maintains wildlife habitats and biodiversity to support pest management and ecosystem health.
3) Transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar and wind to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels and climate impacts.
4) Selecting suitable crop varieties and livestock, and diversifying production to ensure long-term agricultural success while protecting the environment.
5) Establishing equitable labor practices and developing rural communities to mitigate social and economic costs of agriculture.
Agriculture and climate change A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Agriculture and climate change A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province & Visiting Professor Agriculture University Peshawar Pakistan
1) Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy, providing food and livelihoods. Climate change is expected to impact agricultural productivity and patterns through changing temperatures and rainfall.
2) Predicted impacts include reduced wheat and rice yields from higher temperatures. Soybean yields may initially increase with higher carbon dioxide but decrease with rising temperatures.
3) Agriculture influences climate change through greenhouse gas emissions from fertilizer production, livestock digestion, and deforestation. Adaptation strategies include changing crops and planting dates, developing heat-resistant varieties, and improved irrigation.
Janice E. Olawoye presented on adaptation to climate change and indigenous and formal mitigation strategies. She discussed how climate change negatively impacts people through changes in weather patterns, threats to food security and health. Indigenous communities have adapted through practices like multiple cropping and migration. However, increased frequency and intensity of climate events requires more formal strategies like afforestation, drought-resistant crops, and early warning systems. Adaptation is needed to support livelihoods as traditional strategies are no longer sufficient. Gender must also be considered in climate policies and projects to address women's increased burdens. Individual actions like conserving resources and research can contribute to addressing this challenge.
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Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Presentation at the policy roundtable in Kenya, February 2012.
http://www.future-agricultures.org/climate-change/7664-policy-dialogue-climate-chaos-policy-dilemma-in-kenya
This Climate risk management for agricultural water.This File references form two research paper:
1.Agricultural Water Management and Climate Risk
2.Managing Climate Risk
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Impact of global climate change new n agriculture A Presentation ByMr. Allah...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Impact of global climate change new n agriculture A Presentation ByMr. Allah dad KhanVisiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
This document discusses climate change adaptation in developing countries like India. It outlines several key points:
1) Adaptation measures are important for developing countries due to their vulnerability from climate impacts on sectors like agriculture and water resources. Measures aim to build adaptive capacity.
2) India has implemented various national missions through its National Action Plan on Climate Change that incorporate both mitigation and adaptation strategies.
3) Effective adaptation requires accurate, disaggregated data collection and involvement of public, academic and community stakeholders to prioritize adaptation needs.
This document discusses climate change adaptation in developing countries like India. It outlines several key points:
1) Adaptation measures are important for developing countries due to their vulnerability from climate impacts on sectors like agriculture and water resources. Measures aim to build adaptive capacity.
2) India has implemented various national missions through its National Action Plan on Climate Change that incorporate both mitigation and adaptation strategies.
3) Effective adaptation requires accurate, disaggregated data collection and involvement of public, academic, and community stakeholders to prioritize adaptation needs.
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Crop production is vulnerable to climate variability, and climate change associated with increases in temperature, increases in CO2, and changing patterns of rainfall may lead to a considerable decline in crop production.
Climate change is exacerbating extreme weather events and disasters, especially among vulnerable populations. Disaster risk reduction programs are essential to help at-risk populations manage risks and cope with disasters. Chronic climate change will displace populations directly due to environmental changes or indirectly due to conflicts over diminishing resources, requiring climate assessments and resettlement plans. Education and public investments in disaster preparedness increase a population's resilience and adaptability to climate change. While negotiations consider countries' rights to emissions, developing countries' rights to energy for development should be respected with the establishment of clean energy solutions.
Climate change is a major threat to sustainable food security. Temperatures are rising, precipitation patterns are changing, and extreme weather events are occurring more frequently. As a result, producing enough to feed a growing population is becoming more challenging. Everyone in the agriculture sector must adapt—and quickly. Delays now will raise the costs in the future.
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Climate change and water security concern in agriculture
1. CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER SECURITY CONCERNS IN AGRICULTURE:
Submitted By:
Sangita Dandekhya
Roll no.: 16 (IWRM I/I)
19th July, 2013
2. ABSTRACT:
Climate change and global warming is gaining worldwide concern and threat. And
interestingly, there are no any fields or sectors inseparable from it. Climate change and
declining water resources threaten food production systems worldwide, increasing the need
for efficient agricultural processes and irrigation systems.
However, climate change presents major new challenges to the development. It demands a
shift to a much less carbon-intensive pattern of economic growth and the incorporation of
adaptation measures to help cope with the adverse effects of climate change, including
melting glaciers, rising sea levels, and more frequent extreme weather events.
While climate change adds new dimensions to all aspects of economic development plans
and programs, it will most fundamentally affect the agriculture, irrigation and energy
sectors as well as human settlement.
Addressing the new challenges imposed by climate change will require collective action by
governments, communities, civil society, international organizations, and the private sector.
Developing countries will need to build more resilient agriculture sectors and protect food
security, alter the way that energy is both generated and used, and understand and respond
to the threat of climate-induced migration.
3. INTRODUCTION:
Climate change is conceptually referred to as a modification to the average of climate
variables and their natural variability, due to both natural and anthropogenic driving forces,
such as greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change potentially impacts rainfall, temperature,
and air humidity, which have relationship with plant evapotranspiration and consequently
to irrigation water needs (IWN). The purpose is to assess climate change impacts on
irrigation water demand, based on climatic impacts stemming from future greenhouse gas
emission scenarios.
The rising challenges in water security and food production due to climate change faced.
As countries are seeking to meet and negotiate binding climate change targets, the
contribution that agricultural production makes to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions
is being considered by policy makers globally. There is therefore a clear need to find cost-
effective ways to address agricultural emissions whilst considering agriculture’s role in
supplying food, feed, fuel and fiber. This needs to be done in a way that does not
compromise other objectives, such as food security and poverty alleviation, both of which
should be considered against the growing global population and the diminishing availability
of agriculturally-productive land. At the same time, climate change will have significant
impacts on agriculture, calling for an effective adaptation strategy in addition to mitigation
policies.
The negative effects of global warming, such as heat waves, storms, floods, changes to
rainfall pattern, water availability in water stressed areas and soil degradation, have
potentially major implications for life essentials, i.e. food, water, land and the environment.
Business is committed to playing its role in addressing these major challenges, and many
companies worldwide have already taken considerable action.
4. IMPACT AND CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN AGRICULTURE:
Climate change is threatening food production systems, livelihoods, and the food security
of people. More than 80% of our country’s economically active population and their
dependents rely on agriculture for their livelihoods.
Climate change will intensify the struggle over land and water and increase the risk of
resource conflicts. Decreased agricultural production across most of the region will result in
higher food prices and lower food consumption, especially among the poor. An increased
number of people will be at risk of hunger unless steps are taken to build resilience to
climate change. Irrigated agriculture in the region is expected to decline thereby food prices
are expected to increase sharply for key crops.
The world is experiencing reduced water security for the agriculture sector. Changing
climate conditions, including reduced rainfall, are increasing reliance on groundwater
resources. Unsustainable groundwater use for food production intensifies the impacts of
climate change, and cost-effective adaptation responses are needed to better equip
vulnerable agricultural regions.
Groundwater is the main source of water supply for many local farmers .Water is often
used with inefficient and outdated irrigation techniques. Therefore, it is important to
improve and modernize the crop production and adopt more sustainable agricultural
methods.
AN URGENT NEED FOR MITIGATION:
Agriculture is a major source of global greenhouse gas emissions accounting for 13% of
global anthropogenic emissions, in particular in the areas of methane and nitrous oxide.
Without abatement measures, emissions are likely to climb, among others due to population
growth and changing food consumption patterns. In order not to compromise other key
challenges, such as global food security, it is essential to look for ―win-win policies‖.
Efficiency and cost-effectiveness of measures should be key considerations for policy
makers. Emissions reductions should be sought in sectors where abatement is more cost-
effective as compared to other sectors. Possible mitigation measures include a wide range
of issues, such as improved farming techniques, minimum soil tillage, using ―cleaner‖
energy, carbon sinks, conservation agriculture etc. However, many mitigation options entail
additional costs to farmers, calling for cost-effectiveness to be given the highest attention.
Innovation will need to play a key role for mitigating emissions from agriculture.
Innovation should be defined broadly, i.e. not only related to technology, but also services,
farming practices and behavior along the supply chain. In this context, the spread of
technology and innovative approaches, including to developing countries, needs to be given
the highest attention.
5. ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION MEASURES:
All climate-sensitive systems of society and the natural environment, including agriculture,
forestry, water resources, human health, coastal settlements, and natural ecosystems, will
need to adapt to a changing climate or possibly face diminished productivity and health.
Some degree of future climate change will occur regardless of how stringent future
mitigation policies will be. Adapting to or coping with climate change will therefore
become necessary in certain regions and for certain socioeconomic and environmental
systems.
Adaptation options in agriculture can involve a range of actions, such as investment in
flood protection, planting different crops, early warning systems, etc. They need to include
actions by producers, industry and policy makers. However, adaptation alone is not
expected to cope with all the projected effects of climate change, and especially not over
the long term as most impacts increase in magnitude.
Both mitigation and adaptation will need to be considered. Adaptation to climate change,
which is particularly important in many developing countries, is now recognized as a
complementary response to mitigation strategies. Particular attention must be paid to the
interactions between climate change, energy and water, which are linked in many ways.
One must emphasize the importance of the private sector in adaptation. Business
investment, know-how and technology will be essential to respond to the challenge of
adapting to climate change. Furthermore, business has experience in accounting for risk in
long-term planning and investments and could share best practices in this area.
Already small changes in climate change can have significant impacts on agricultural
productivity. Current variation in crop productivity and yields among different regions, are
likely to become greater as the effects of climate change are felt by farmers. Preparing
agriculture for adaptation should therefore go hand-in-hand with pro-active mitigation
measures. Research is already being carried out in order to develop varieties of crop plants
which can successfully grow under conditions of drought stress, water scarcity, heat shock
and higher levels of water and soil salinity, as well as being inherently resistant to certain
diseases and pests. While conventionally bred crops and currently – available genetically
engineered crops, where appropriate, hold the potential to reduce CO2 emissions and the
use of tractor fuel, certain crops are being developed to make more efficient use of scarce
resources such as water and nutrients. This has the potential to result in more agricultural
productivity and contribute to higher yields and better product quality. These would allow
farmers to maintain high output even with less water, soil, and energy, thereby contributing
to the development of best practices for environmental sustainability.
6. INNOVATION TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE:
In this complex and dynamic scenario, where growing population levels and
correspondingly growing demand for food and nutrition must be considered as a crucial
aspect, a policy framework that fosters and adequately protects and rewards investment in
research, innovation and technology is vital to successfully address the challenges posed by
climate change. Innovation will play an essential role in both mitigation of emissions and
adaptation to climate change as related to agriculture.
Yield-increasing technologies, management practices and approaches can provide a
significant contribution to environmental preservation by boosting the productivity of
existing land under cultivation, foregoing the need to bring more land into production (i.e.
avoid detrimental practices such as deforestation).
Innovation and the spread of innovative technologies require among others, open markets,
an enabling regulatory framework and the effective protection of intellectual property rights,
including strong efforts, and a willingness of governments to adopt effective methods for
sharing and disseminating knowledge and best practices, for example, by reinvigorating
moribund agricultural extension provision. While not an exhaustive list, the following
examples illustrate the importance of innovation for addressing climate change:
New crop varieties
Investment in new crop varieties to increase tolerance to water and heat stress will be
essential. For example, the plant biotechnology sector can play a major part in helping to
the negative effects and consequences of climate change, especially with respect to
greenhouse gas reduction, crop adaptation, and the protection of and increases in yield.
Innovations in the field of nitrogen efficiency and water efficiency could also constitute
important new tools for adaptation and mitigation.GM rice and canola plants, which use
nitrogen more efficiently, are already available.
Crop Protection
Protecting yields from weeds, pests and diseases is crucial to maintaining and potentially
increasing agricultural productivity. The production of fruit and vegetable crops, vital for
healthier global diets, is especially threatened by pest pressure and other climate
changerelated effects, such as drought. The responsible use of crop protection products as
well as properly- implemented integrated pest management strategies are and will remain
important instruments for combating pests and preserving harvests and the global food
supply.
Plant Nutrients/Fertilisers
Appropriate and responsible use of fertilisers and sustainable nutrients can make a
contribution to helping plants capture more carbon, fostering higher yields and slowing the
decline of soil organic matter. The emissions originating from fertiliser use by farmers
shouldbe weighed against the net benefits of using fertilisers to increase agricultural
7. productivity on the same amount of land, thus reducing the advent of land-use change and
increasing the carbon content in soils. In addition, the industry works with farmer
organisations to promote the use of fertiliser best management practices to simultaneously
reduce emissions, increase soil organic matter and improve yields. Further research should
be supported to increase nutrient use efficiency, such as the development of slow- and
controlled-release fertilisers.
Carbon Sequestration
Soil carbon sequestration will be an important mitigation strategy to reduce atmospheric
CO2concentrations. The process of transferring atmospheric CO2into soil and biotic pools
can enhance soil quality, increase agronomic productivity, improve quality of natural
waters, and lower rates of anoxia (decrease in the level of oxygen)or hypoxia (dead water)
in coastal ecosystems. Crops developed from biotechnology have a reduced need for
ploughing or tillage, thus leading to fewer losses of CO2 which is emitted when soil-carbon
is oxidized through exposure to air.
Soil Conservation
Conservation agriculture techniques such as low or no - till agriculture, made possible
through the use of herbicides and herbicide - tolerant biotech crops in appropriate and
carefully managed cases, prevents wind and water erosion and loss of ground moisture,
improves soil biodiversity, has the potential to increase soil fertility, and reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, by limiting soil disturbance and promoting a permanent soil cover,
conservation agriculture can contribute to limiting emissions from agriculture by increasing
soil carbon content and preventing erosion.
Adjustments in Farm Practices:
The following soil and crop technologies can increase soil carbon sequestration: No-till
(NT) farming with residue mulch and cover cropping; integrated nutrient management
(INM), which balances nutrient application with judicious use of organic manures and
inorganic fertilisers; various crop rotations (including agro forestry); use of soil
amendments (such as zeolites, biochar, or compost); and restoration of degraded or
desertified soils, which can be achieved through afforestation and reforestation. In addition,
the development of prediction tool models and on-site diagnostics can optimise farm
practises by minimising the inputs (fertiliser, water, agrochemicals) and maximising the
yield.
Adopting Best Production Techniques and New Technologies:
The technology and knowledge is available to achieve significant reductions in emissions
in natural- gas based ammonia production. For example, by improving the management of
operations using best production techniques, one can reduce energy consumption and
decrease direct GHG emissions, which carry the largest share of the industry’s emissions.
8. Insurance Mechanisms:
Innovative insurance mechanisms should be explored to compensate rural communities
and smallholder farmers in case of emergency. Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate
change because of its high proportion of low- input, rain fed agriculture, compared with
Asia or Latin America. Exposure to rainfall variability also extends to livestock, which
mostly depend on range and grasslands that are affected by environmental shocks, such as
climate change.
Innovative Water Management:
Several steps can be taken to improve water management in the context of climate change
and increasing strains on water resources. This will be to the overall benefit of agricultural
production. For example, improvements can be made by transferring and implementing
irrigation technology (such as localized irrigation systems, sensors to avoid over- irrigation,
etc.) and rainwater harvesting, while crop technology to improve crops’ ability to adapt to
changing soil moisture conditions and release less water will be essential. At the same time,
reaching innovative solutions for water financing and policy - making will be important for
sustainable water management, as demonstrated in the comprehensive 2009 analysis carried
out under the OECD Horizontal Water Programme. Re- use of urban wastewater and
alternative water supplies (e.g. industrial wastewater recycling) for agricultural production
can in cases also help to reduce water wastage.
Extension
A key element in supporting agriculture’s role is capacity building, dissemination of
research knowledge and information. Extension programmes were originally conceived as a
service to ―extend‖ research-based knowledge to the rural sector in order to improve the
lives of farmers. However, extension services are being dismantled or are often ineffective,
particularly in developing countries. Extension can help farmers prepare for greater climate
variability and uncertainty, create contingency measures to deal with exponentially
increasing risk, and alleviate the consequences of climate change by providing advice on
how to deal with droughts, floods, and so forth. Extension can also help with mitigation of
climate change. This assistance may include providing links to new markets (especially
carbon), information about new regulatory structures, and new government priorities and
policies. Innovating and re-instating effective extension services will become more
important than ever in a changing climate.
Intensification of agriculture
While reducing agricultural energy intensity is overall desirable, it is important to keep in
mind that for some countries, an intensification of agriculture may be more appropriate to
avoid other adverse effects. Many developing country agricultural producers, in particular
in Africa, see lower yields due to insufficient inputs, including modern farming equipment
and fertiliser. Low productivity and poor soil health, if left unchanged, could lead to
increased rates of deforestation, and therefore exacerbate rather than mitigate climate
change.
9. Reduced waste of agricultural produce
As well as "waste" in the field when yields are reduced by pests, diseases, weeds, climate
or weather effects, much agricultural production is lost after harvest during transport or
storage or in other parts of the food chain. Investment in technologies that ensure food is
not wasted, but can be stored and transported efficiently to the increasingly - urban
population of the world, is clearly needed.
Investment in developing relatively small-scale low-cost drying, packing, bottling, canning,
etc, plants and machineries that can be operated in rural areas where electricity supplies and
other infrastructure is not always reliable are needed. This will help ensure that food is not
wasted, farmers have reliable markets for relatively high value products and small - scale
businesses can be set up and run where they will help revitalize rural areas.
More spending on irrigation
The demand for water for irrigation is projected to rise in a warmer climate, bringing
increased competition between agriculture—already the largest consumer of water
resources in semi-arid regions—and urban as well as industrial users. Falling water tables
and the resulting increase in the energy needed to pump water will make the practice of
irrigation more expensive, particularly when with drier conditions more water will be
required per acre. Other strategies will be needed to make the most efficient use of water
resources. For example, the International Water Management Institute has suggested five
strategies that could help Asia feed its growing population in light of climate change. These
are:
modernizing existing irrigation schemes to suit modern methods of farming
Supporting farmer's efforts to find their own water supplies, by tapping into
groundwater in a sustainable way
Looking beyond conventional 'Participatory Irrigation Management' schemes, by
engaging the private sector
Expanding capacity and knowledge
Investing outside the irrigation sector
10. CONCLUSION
The country’s main economic activity is agriculture, a climate change fragile activity that
employs about 80 percent of the total population. Economy is more vulnerable to climate
change adverse impact due to its dependency on climate change sensitive activity
(agriculture). Agriculture practice in Nepal mainly depends on the seasonal rainfall on
which are dramatically decreasing seasons to seasons. The adverse impacts of climate
change in agriculture sectors include reduced crop yield due to drought and floods, reduced
water availability, etc. The outcome of climate change in Nepal and its drastic consequence
on the production of crops for the entire nations. The climate change is the one responsible
for the shifting of the seasonal rainfall, making rainfall amount to come at the time not
required, or the plants have already damaged. It is responsible for increased evapo-
transpiration in the soil hence making crops fail to reach mature due to lack of enough
moisture in the soil hence shortage of food. To the other sides it shows that, rainfall pattern
has been decreasing hence make water which is responsible for farming activities to be
inadequate hence makes plant fail to develop. One of the mitigation measure presented to
overcome climate change is to invest entirely on the irrigation agriculture as seasonal
rainfall is inadequately. National policy on agriculture sector should put more emphasis in
subsidized agriculture as most farmers are poor. We found that farmers who had difficulty
adapting to climatic change may become less vulnerable to drought-related food shortages
as the result of increased irrigation and mechanization. At the same time, however, removal
of national credit and increased subsidies may enhance adaptation strategies for farmers,
leaving them less vulnerable to climate change.
Climate change mitigation encompasses the actions being taken, and those that have been
proposed, to limit the magnitude and/or rate of long-term global warming induced climate
change. Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic)
emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the
capacity of carbon sinks, e.g., through reforestation. By contrast, adaptation to global
warming are actions taken to manage the eventual (or unavoidable) impacts of global
warming, e.g., by building dikes in response to sea level rise.
Examples of mitigation include switching to low-carbon energy sources, such as renewable
and nuclear energy, and expanding forests and other "sinks" to remove greater amounts of
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Energy efficiency can also play a major role, for
example, through improving the insulation of buildings.
Another approach to climate change mitigation is geoengineering. Most geoengineering
techniques can be organized into two categories. The first category is called solar radiation
management, which involves either reducing incoming sunlight, or increasing the
reflectivity (Aledo) of the Earth's surface to sunlight. The second category is called carbon
dioxide removal, which involves reducing the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide,
e.g., by increasing the capacity of the oceans to absorb carbon from the atmosphere.
11. Scientific understanding of geoengineering is limited, and there is the risk of unknown side-
effects.
The main international treaty on climate change is the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In 2010, Parties to the UNFCCC agreed that
future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-
industrial level. Analysis suggests that meeting the 2 °C target would require annual global
emissions of greenhouse gases to peak before the year 2020, and decline significantly
thereafter, with emissions in 2050 reduced by 30-50% compared to 1990 levels. Analyses
by the United Nations Environment Programme and International Energy Agency suggest
that current policies (as of 2012) are too weak to achieve the 2 °C target.
RECOMMENDED RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE:
Investment needs for agricultural research, irrigation improvements, and climate-
resilient rural roads. Complementary investments that will be needed in the
education and health sectors.
A pro-growth and pro-poor development agenda that supports agricultural
sustainability—including better targeting to cope with climate change impacts—will
improve both rural welfare and resilience to climate change.
National development planning processes should incorporate climate change action
plans and, where possible, should access international climate change funds.
Despite remaining uncertainty regarding climate change impacts, investment is
warranted in research on climate-resilient agriculture, rural infrastructure, and
disaster preparedness information systems.
Greenhouse gas mitigation strategies for the agriculture sector—covering energy
production and use, fugitive emissions control, and carbon sequestration—should be
designed with an eye to complementing adaptation measures.
Policy focus should be on improving land and water management, protecting
ecosystem services, reducing inefficient subsidies, supporting development of
carbon markets (and other measures to obtain payment for ecosystem services), and
promoting open and transparent trade.
Public–private partnership should be formed, particularly to support development of
information technologies, market support, and extension services.
12. REFERENCES:
1 wikipedia
2 Asian Development Bank, Addressing Climate Change in Asia and Pacific:Impact on food fuel and
people (http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/addressing-climate-change.pdf)
3 https://www.google.com.np/search?q=irrigation+and+climate+change+issue
4 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00620.x/abstract
5 http://www.biac.org/statements/agr/FIN09-10_Agriculture_and_Climate-Change.pdf
6 (http://www.adb.org/publications/shanxi-farmers-embrace-modern-irrigation-methods-adapt-
climate-change_)