This document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on controlling emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through biofiltration. It discusses VOCs emissions in Canada, traditional removal technologies and their limitations, and how biofiltration works as a green alternative. It then presents a case study of a commercial-scale biofiltration system used by a printed circuit board industry in Toronto to remove VOCs such as glycol and acetates from its air streams, achieving over 90% removal efficiency. The system used two biofilter units with different media that maintained effective operation even in winter.
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0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE DESIGN PROBLEM
5 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
6 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Heating Medium Temperature
6.2 Fouling Resistance
7 DESIGN PARAMETERS
7.1 Overall Arrangement and Specifications
7.2 Geometry Elements
8 ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
PROGRAM RESULTS
8.1 Main Results
8.2 Supplementary Results
8.3 Error Analysis
8.4 Adjustments to Design
9 OPERATING RANGE
10 CONTROL
10.1 Control of Condensing Heating Medium Pressure
10.2 Control of The Condensate Level
10.3 Control of Sensible Fluid Flow Rate
11 LAYOUT
11.1 Factors Influencing Design
11.2 A Standard Layout
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE DESIGN PROBLEM
5 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
6 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Heating Medium Temperature
6.2 Fouling Resistance
7 DESIGN PARAMETERS
7.1 Overall Arrangement and Specifications
7.2 Geometry Elements
8 ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
PROGRAM RESULTS
8.1 Main Results
8.2 Supplementary Results
8.3 Error Analysis
8.4 Adjustments to Design
9 OPERATING RANGE
10 CONTROL
10.1 Control of Condensing Heating Medium Pressure
10.2 Control of The Condensate Level
10.3 Control of Sensible Fluid Flow Rate
11 LAYOUT
11.1 Factors Influencing Design
11.2 A Standard Layout
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Project results are presented from two pilot projects treating municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) centrate and landfill leachate. WWTP centrate is the concentrated reject stream from the biological treatment process.
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1. CIV E 657: Air Pollution Control
Instructor: Dr. Zaher Hashisho
Presented by:
Monisha Alam
Controlling Emission of Volatile Organic
Compounds by Biofiltration: Case Study of
a Printed Circuit Board Industry in Canada
2. 2
OUTLINE
• Objective
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission in Canada,
health and environmental effects of VOCs
• Traditional VOCs removal technologies and limitations
• Biofiltration: a new application in removal of VOCs
• Biofiltration operational considerations, advantages, cost
and limitations
• Case study of a printed circuit board (PCB) industry located
in Toronto, Canada
• Conclusion and recommendations
3. 3
OBJECTIVE
• To introduce biofiltration, a green technology applied
recently for efficient VOCs removal from industrial
airstream
• To perform a detail case study on VOCs removal by a
commercial scale biofiltration system in a printed circuit
board (PCB) industry located in Toronto, Canada
4. 4
VOCS EMISSION RATES IN CANADA
Major sources of VOCs emission: industrial activities involving
paints, solvents, lubricants, greases etc. (Fiedler et al. 2005)
• in 2014, 2.2 Mt
(approx.) VOCs
emission in Canada.
• highest emission:
industrial sources -
40% (860 kt) of total
emissions
Air Pollution Emission Inventory (APEI) Report:
http://ec.gc.ca/Air/default.asp?lang=En&n=89ED82E9-1&offset=8&toc=show
http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/details/environment/voc-emissions.aspx
5. 5
VOC EMISSION IN ALBERTA
Emission reduction in
AB: significantly lower
than other provinces
VOCs source in AB:
Industrial sources: largest
contributor
Environment Canada 2001a
Environment Canada 2001a
6. 6
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF VOCs
Health
Eye & skin
irritation
Respiratory &
heart diseases
Central nervous
system damage
Carcinogenic
effects
Environmental
Atmospheric
ozone formation
Acid rain
Vegetation
damage
Greenhouse gas
formation
Formation of Photochemical
Smog
(Fiedler et al. 2005)
Google image
7. 7
VOC REMOVAL TECHNIQUES
Traditional technologies used:
• Incineration
• Carbon adsorption &
absorption
• Chemical scrubbing
• Condensation
• Membrane separation
• Zeolite adsorption
(Khan and Kr. Ghoshal 2000, Moretti 2001)
Disadvantages:
• High energy
consumption
• Costly if VOCS in low
concentration
• fuel burning –
greenhouse gas
emission
• Cross-media pollutant
transfer
8. 8
BIOFILTRATION: A RECENT VOC REMOVAL
TECHNOLOGY
(Fulazzaky et al. 2014)
Contaminant intake Digestion & Metabolism Non-toxic end
products (CO2, H2O)
Working Principle:
• VOCs laden air passed through porous filter media supporting
microorganisms
• VOCs adsorbed from air phase to water/bio-film phase
• Adsorbed VOCs are decomposed through bioreaction
Image Source: Google Image
10. 10
ADVANTAGES OF BIOFILTRATION OVER
OTHER VOC REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES
• Low Cost Technology
• No expensive fuel required
• Least energy consumption
• Easy & Simple
• No complex mechanical parts
• Filter media & microorganisms: available in nature
• Typically used filter media: wood, compost, peat, soil etc.
• Eco-friendly Technology
• No fuel burning – no emission, treats low concentration VOCs
• No toxic end products
Technology Cost (USD/106
cft air)
Incineration 130
Ozone 60
Carbon adsorption 20
Biofiltration 8
(Wani et al. 1997)
(Wu et al. 1999)
11. 11
DESIGN CONSIDERATION & LIMITATION
To consider
• Filter Bed Properties
• Void fraction
• Surface area
• Water retention capacity
• Contaminant Property
• Biodegradability complex bonds: resist bioreaction
• Toxicity Microbial death
• Microbial Growth favourable environment required
• Moisture content Clogging of pores
• pH, Temperature neutral pH required
• Nutrients
• Oxygen content
Limitation
• Large space required
• Long treatment time
• Frequent change of filter bed
(Wu et al. 2006, Sempere et al. 2011)
12. 12
SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS OF
BIOFILTRATION IN VOCs REMOVAL
(Iranpour et al. 2005, Fulazzaky et al. 2013) http://www.pureairsolutions.nl/en/site/our-references
*BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene
Industry Location VOCs removal efficiency
Petrochemical China BTEX*: 95%, total VOC: 90%
Chemical California, US Styrene: 70-85%
Painting California, US Total VOCs: 83-93%
Flexographic
Printing
Netherland 15,000 m3/h airflow, 40 ton VOCs
(Ethanol, ethyl acetate): >90%
Automobile Spain 30,000 m3/h airflow, 40 ton VOCs
(ethyl acetate, toluene), 95%
Electronics Toronto, Canada Ethylene glycol, acetate 5000 cfm,
125 ppm : >90%
13. 13
CASE STUDY: PCB INDUSTRY
(Shareefdeen et al. 2006)
Type of industry Printed circuit board manufacturing facility (PCB)
Location Urban area in greater Toronto, Canada
VOCs emission
source
• Solder masking process (solvent mixing, spraying of
masking agents on circuit board, infrared oven drying)
Emitted VOCs • Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate (PGMEA)
• 1,3,5 triazine-2,4,6 triamine, di-Propylene Glycol
• Monomethyl Ether (di-PGME)
VOCs concentration • Solder masking process air: 40 ppmv(airflow: 3500 cfm)
• Infrared drying oven air: 450 ppm (airflow: 1000 cfm)
• Chemical fume hood air: 500 cfm
• Combined air flow: 120 ppm (flow volume: 5000 cfm)
Type of filter used • Commercial biofilter (BASYSTM), capacity: 7500 cfm
Operation started • August, 2000
14. 14
CASE STUDY: PCB INDUSTRY contd..
(Shareefdeen et al. 2006)
Commercial scale 7500 cfm capacity biofilter system (BASYSTM)
at the printed circuit board manufacturing facility, Toronto, Canada
15. 15
CASE STUDY: PCB INDUSTRY contd..
(Shareefdeen et al. 2006)
Detail of Biofilter system used:
Two units of equal dimension (40' x 8' x 8') made with:
i) Wood-based media (BIOMIXTM)
ii) Inorganic media (BIOSORBENSTM): synthetically manufactured to give uniform
particle size (<1 inch), surface area 40.9 m2/gram media
Synthetic media
Structure:
• Inside Core : hydrophilic mineral
• Outside Coating : nutrient rich sorption material with binders
Pre-treatment • Wet Scrubber – provides humidification of air
• Scrubber configuration: polypropylene mist eliminator, steel baffle
Data Collection & Analysis
Data Collected from:
• Inlet to scrubber & filter
• Outlets of both filters
• Analysis: Gas Chromatography with Solid Phase
micro extraction method (SPME)
• Monitored: removal efficiency, pressure drop,
moisture content, microbial count, pH, temperature
16. 16
CASE STUDY: PCB INDUSTRY contd..
(Shareefdeen et al. 2006)
Results & Discussions
Media
dry out
RE > 90%
Figure: Removal efficiency, RE profiles of VOCs from
the commercial (BASYSTM) biofilter system
Initial drop in RE due to
media dry-out
System modification:
• Proper irrigation
• Nutrient spray
RE > 90%
Slight RE drop in
winter:
• Heat loss (from scrubber
& media)
Compensation design:
• Steam add to inlet air
17. 17
CASE STUDY: PCB INDUSTRY contd..
(Shareefdeen et al. 2006)
Results & Discussions
Table: Media environment of the commercial BASYSTM biofilter
• pH: acceptable range (6 to 8) for bacterial growth
• TMC: wood-media-initially higher, synthetic-media: increased later
• Moisture content: higher in wood-media
18. 18
CASE STUDY: PCB INDUSTRY contd..
(Shareefdeen et al. 2006)
Results & Discussions
• Targeted VOC (PGMEA) removal efficiency (RE) > 90%
• Removed non-targeted VOCs with efficiency > 80%
• total VOCs (350 ppm) and odour removal with RE > 80%
• Pressure drop: always < 1 inch water
• No biomass clogging problem
• Empty bed residence time (EBRT) in synthetic-media 50% less
than wood-media, due to high surface area
19. 19
CONCLUSION
• Good performance of commercial scale biofilter in VOCs
removal
• Composite filter bed with organic & inorganic media can
increase filtration efficiency due to controlled operation
• Biofiltration capital cost lower than traditional technologies
• Biofiltration highly cost effective in VOCs removal at very low
concentration
• Biofiltration efficient VOCs removal from various industrial
emissions such as printing, electronics, petrochemical etc.
20. 20
RECOMMENDATION
Biofiltration strongly recommended for Alberta industries because:
In Alberta, VOCs production in 2013: (NPRI) (Environment Canada, 2015)
• 443,250 tonnes by petroleum industry
• 23,575 tonnes from painting & and surface coating industries,
VOCs removal from AB industries by biofiltration-Recommendations
• In winter: prevent filter media heat loss by steam addition
• Routine maintenance of filter bed material to avoid moisture
clogging due low temperature
• pH & temperature control for proper microbial activity
• Pre-treatment of pollutant air for highly toxic VOCs
NPRI: National Pollution Release Inventory
21. 21
REFERENCES
• Iranpour, Cox, Deshusses, Schroeder. Literature Review of Air Pollution
Control Biofilters and Biotrickling Filters for Odor and Volatile Organic
Compound Removal, Environ Prog, 2005, 10, 24 (3), 254-267.
• Zhao, Huang, Wei. A demonstration of biofiltration for VOC removal in
petrochemical industries, Environ Sci : Processes Impacts, 2014, 16 (5),
1001-1007.
• Wu, Quan, Zhang, Zhao. Long-term operation of a compost-based biofilter
for biological removal of n-butyl acetate, p-xylene and ammonia gas from
an air stream. Biochem Eng J, 2006, , 32 (2), 84-92.
• Wu, Conti, Leroux, Brzezinski, Viel, Heitz. A high performance biofilter for
VOC emission control. J Air Waste Manage Assoc, 1999, , 49 (2), 185-192.
• Wani, Branion, Lau. Biofiltration: A promising and cost‐effective control
technology for Odors, VOCs and air toxics, Journal of Environmental
Science and Health Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and
Toxicology, 1997, 08/01, 32 (7), 2027-2055.