There is a huge demand in high speed area efficient parallel FIR filter using floating point dadda algorithm, due to increase performance of processing units. Area and spped are usually confictiong constraints so that improving speed results mostly in large areas. In our research we will try to determine the best solution to this problem by comparing the results of different multipliers. Different sized of two algorithm for high speed hardware multipliers were studied and implemented ie.dadda and booth multipliers. The working of these two multipliers were studied and implementing each of them separately in VHDL. The results of this research will help us to choose the better option between multipliers for floating point multiplier for fabricating different system.
Parallel Hardware Implementation of Convolution using Vedic MathematicsIOSR Journals
This document discusses a parallel hardware implementation of convolution using Vedic mathematics on an FPGA. It aims to improve the speed of convolution by using 16 parallel 4x4 bit Vedic multipliers based on the Urdhva Tiryagbhyam algorithm and optimized adders. The design achieves a delay of 17.996 ns, significantly faster than prior work that used serial processing with one multiplier. Vedic mathematics provides an efficient multiplication approach to serve as the core computation and enable the parallel implementation for faster convolution. The design was coded in VHDL and synthesized on a Xilinx FPGA for verification.
A Pipelined Fused Processing Unit for DSP Applicationsijiert bestjournal
This document describes the design of a pipelined processing unit for a DSP FFT processor. It includes fused floating point units like a dot product unit and add/subtract unit to perform FFT butterfly operations more efficiently. The dot product unit performs two multiplications and an addition/subtraction in one cycle to reduce latency and area compared to discrete implementations. The add/subtract unit calculates the sum and difference of two numbers in parallel. These fused units are used to implement a radix-2 FFT butterfly that is 20% faster and 30% smaller than a conventional design. The processing unit can perform 26 different floating point and logical operations needed for FFT processing. Simulation results show the performance benefits of the fused units and radix-2
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design of High Speed and Low Power Veterbi Decoder for Trellis Coded Modulati...ijsrd.com
It is well known that the Viterbi decoder (VD) is the dominant module determining the overall power consumption of TCM decoders. High-speed, low-power design of Viterbi decoders for trellis coded modulation (TCM) systems is presented in this paper. We propose a pre-computation architecture incorporated with -algorithm for VD, which can effectively reduce the power consumption without degrading the decoding speed much. A general solution to derive the optimal pre-computation steps is also given in the paper. Implementation result of a VD for a rate-3/4 convolutional code used in a TCM system shows that compared with the full trellis VD, the precomputation architecture reduces the power consumption by as much as 70% without performance loss, while the degradation in clock speed is negligible.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design of an Adaptive Hearing Aid Algorithm using Booth-Wallace Tree MultiplierWaqas Tariq
The paper presents FPGA implementation of a spectral sharpening process suitable for speech enhancement and noise reduction algorithms for digital hearing aids. Booth and Booth Wallace multiplier is used for implementing digital signal processing algorithms in hearing aids. VHDL simulation results confirm that Booth Wallace multiplier is hardware efficient and performs faster than Booth’s multiplier. Booth Wallace multiplier consumes 40% less power compared to Booth multiplier. A novel digital hearing aid using spectral sharpening filter employing booth Wallace multiplier is proposed. The results reveal that the hardware requirement for implementing hearing aid using Booth Wallace multiplier is less when compared with that of a booth multiplier. Furthermore it is also demonstrated that digital hearing aid using Booth Wallace multiplier consumes less power and performs better in terms of speed.
Area-Efficient VLSI Implementation for Parallel Linear-Phase FIR Digital Filt...IOSR Journals
This document describes an area-efficient VLSI implementation for parallel linear-phase FIR digital filters of odd length. It proposes using a fast FIR algorithm and shift-and-add approach to minimize power dissipation and improve performance. The parallel FIR structures can significantly reduce hardware requirements for symmetric convolution in odd-length filters, especially for large filter lengths. It analyzes the algorithm, memory size, and lookup table speed, discussing optimization and improvement measures. Simulation results show the method greatly reduces FPGA resource usage and achieves high-speed filtering, providing a significant improvement over traditional FPGA implementations.
Parallel Hardware Implementation of Convolution using Vedic MathematicsIOSR Journals
This document discusses a parallel hardware implementation of convolution using Vedic mathematics on an FPGA. It aims to improve the speed of convolution by using 16 parallel 4x4 bit Vedic multipliers based on the Urdhva Tiryagbhyam algorithm and optimized adders. The design achieves a delay of 17.996 ns, significantly faster than prior work that used serial processing with one multiplier. Vedic mathematics provides an efficient multiplication approach to serve as the core computation and enable the parallel implementation for faster convolution. The design was coded in VHDL and synthesized on a Xilinx FPGA for verification.
A Pipelined Fused Processing Unit for DSP Applicationsijiert bestjournal
This document describes the design of a pipelined processing unit for a DSP FFT processor. It includes fused floating point units like a dot product unit and add/subtract unit to perform FFT butterfly operations more efficiently. The dot product unit performs two multiplications and an addition/subtraction in one cycle to reduce latency and area compared to discrete implementations. The add/subtract unit calculates the sum and difference of two numbers in parallel. These fused units are used to implement a radix-2 FFT butterfly that is 20% faster and 30% smaller than a conventional design. The processing unit can perform 26 different floating point and logical operations needed for FFT processing. Simulation results show the performance benefits of the fused units and radix-2
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design of High Speed and Low Power Veterbi Decoder for Trellis Coded Modulati...ijsrd.com
It is well known that the Viterbi decoder (VD) is the dominant module determining the overall power consumption of TCM decoders. High-speed, low-power design of Viterbi decoders for trellis coded modulation (TCM) systems is presented in this paper. We propose a pre-computation architecture incorporated with -algorithm for VD, which can effectively reduce the power consumption without degrading the decoding speed much. A general solution to derive the optimal pre-computation steps is also given in the paper. Implementation result of a VD for a rate-3/4 convolutional code used in a TCM system shows that compared with the full trellis VD, the precomputation architecture reduces the power consumption by as much as 70% without performance loss, while the degradation in clock speed is negligible.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design of an Adaptive Hearing Aid Algorithm using Booth-Wallace Tree MultiplierWaqas Tariq
The paper presents FPGA implementation of a spectral sharpening process suitable for speech enhancement and noise reduction algorithms for digital hearing aids. Booth and Booth Wallace multiplier is used for implementing digital signal processing algorithms in hearing aids. VHDL simulation results confirm that Booth Wallace multiplier is hardware efficient and performs faster than Booth’s multiplier. Booth Wallace multiplier consumes 40% less power compared to Booth multiplier. A novel digital hearing aid using spectral sharpening filter employing booth Wallace multiplier is proposed. The results reveal that the hardware requirement for implementing hearing aid using Booth Wallace multiplier is less when compared with that of a booth multiplier. Furthermore it is also demonstrated that digital hearing aid using Booth Wallace multiplier consumes less power and performs better in terms of speed.
Area-Efficient VLSI Implementation for Parallel Linear-Phase FIR Digital Filt...IOSR Journals
This document describes an area-efficient VLSI implementation for parallel linear-phase FIR digital filters of odd length. It proposes using a fast FIR algorithm and shift-and-add approach to minimize power dissipation and improve performance. The parallel FIR structures can significantly reduce hardware requirements for symmetric convolution in odd-length filters, especially for large filter lengths. It analyzes the algorithm, memory size, and lookup table speed, discussing optimization and improvement measures. Simulation results show the method greatly reduces FPGA resource usage and achieves high-speed filtering, providing a significant improvement over traditional FPGA implementations.
IRJET- Low Complexity Pipelined FFT Design for High Throughput and Low Densit...IRJET Journal
This document describes a low complexity pipelined FFT design for high throughput applications. It proposes a feedforward FFT architecture based on rotator allocation to reduce the number and complexity of rotators. The key aspects are:
1) It uses a divide-and-conquer approach to split the FFT computation into stages, with butterflies operating on data whose indexes differ in the stage bit position.
2) It allocates the index bits into serial and parallel dimensions to optimize the distribution of rotations across stages. This aims to minimize the number of rotators and keep rotations in the same serial allocation set.
3) The proposed approach is shown to reduce the number and complexity of rotators in the FFT architecture compared
Implementation of an arithmetic logic using area efficient carry lookahead adderVLSICS Design
An arithmetic logic unit acts as the basic building blocks or cell of a central processing unit of a computer.
And it is a digital circuit comprised of the basic electronics components, which is used to perform various
function of arithmetic and logic and integral operations further the purpose of this work is to propose the
design of an 8-bit ALU which supports 4-bit multiplication. Thus, the functionalities of the ALU in this
study consist of following main functions like addition also subtraction, increment, decrement, AND, OR,
NOT, XOR, NOR also two complement generation Multiplication. And the functions with the adder in the
airthemetic logic unit are implemented using a Carry Look Ahead adder joined by a ripple carry approach.
The design of the following multiplier is achieved using the Booths Algorithm therefore the proposed ALU
can be designed by using verilog or VHDL and can also be designed on Cadence Virtuoso platform.
IRJET - Design and Implementation of FFT using Compressor with XOR Gate TopologyIRJET Journal
This document describes a design for implementing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) using an adder compressor with a new XOR gate topology. The goals are to increase power efficiency, reduce logic utilization (LUTs), and decrease time complexity/delay compared to other FFT implementations. An adder compressor is proposed that uses XOR gates to compress 4 input bits into 2 output bits (sum and carry), allowing parallel addition without carry propagation. Simulation results on a Xilinx FPGA show the compressor-based FFT uses fewer LUTs, consumes less power, and has a shorter delay compared to an FFT using a Booth multiplier.
This document presents a VHDL implementation of a complex number multiplier using the ancient Vedic mathematics technique known as Urdhva Tiryakbhyam sutra. The implementation is tested on a Spartan 3 FPGA kit. Simulation results show the resource utilization and delay for 4-bit, 8-bit, and 16-bit complex multipliers designed using this Vedic multiplication method. The results indicate that the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam sutra can efficiently implement complex number multiplication with relatively low resource usage and delay, making it suitable for digital signal processing applications requiring extensive complex number operations.
IRJET - Design of a Low Power Serial- Parallel Multiplier with Low Transition...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a low power serial-parallel multiplier that uses a modified radix-4 Booth algorithm. It aims to improve performance over a standard serial-parallel Booth multiplier in terms of area, delay, and power. The proposed multiplier generates partial products conditionally, adding only non-zero Booth encodings and skipping zero operations to reduce transitions and increase throughput. It is implemented using FPGA technology to evaluate its utility for applications like digital signal processing and machine learning that require high performance multiplication.
This document presents the design of a 64 point fast Fourier transform (FFT) processor called Turbo64. It uses a radix-2 decimation-in-time algorithm to decompose a 64 point FFT into two 8 point FFTs. The architecture includes input, multiplier, constant buffer, and output units. The multiplier unit utilizes constant multiplication through hard-wired representations of constants. Fabricated in 0.25um BiCMOS, Turbo64 has a core area of 6.8 sq mm and power consumption of 41 mW, making it suitable for applications like OFDM used in wireless communications standards.
This seminar report summarizes the design and implementation of a floating point multiplier using Vedic multiplication techniques on an FPGA. It describes the key components of a floating point multiplier, reviews existing multiplication algorithms, and introduces the ancient Vedic multiplication method. The report outlines the design of a proposed 32-bit floating point Vedic multiplier, including mantissa, exponent, and sign calculation units. Experimental results show the Vedic multiplier utilizes 9% of slices on the target FPGA and has a maximum delay of 18.872ns, demonstrating its advantages over other multipliers in terms of speed and area efficiency.
IRJET - Distributed Arithmetic Method for Complex MultiplicationIRJET Journal
This document describes a distributed arithmetic method for complex multiplication that reduces complexity compared to a regular multiplier. It presents a distributed arithmetic based complex multiplier architecture that uses lookup tables instead of actual multipliers and adders. The architecture stores pre-calculated outcomes for the real and imaginary parts of the complex multiplication in ROMs. It shifts the inputs and uses the output bits as addresses for the ROMs to perform the multiplication with less components than a traditional design. The proposed architecture is implemented in Verilog and simulated using Xilinx tools to verify its functionality for signed, unsigned and hexadecimal numbers.
IRJET- Implementation of Low Area and Less Delay of Various Multipliers u...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and compares three different multiplier designs: array multipliers, Wallace tree multipliers, and Dadda tree multipliers. Array multipliers have the simplest design but the highest propagation delay. Wallace tree multipliers reduce delay by decreasing the number of partial products compared to array multipliers, but require more area. Dadda tree multipliers provide the fastest multiplication and reduce area by compressing partial products earlier, making them the most efficient design in terms of delay and area. Simulation results on 4-bit and 8-bit implementations of each multiplier support that Dadda tree multipliers have the lowest delay and require the smallest area.
BER Analysis ofImpulse Noise inOFDM System Using LMS,NLMS&RLSiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document presents a new technique for designing an area efficient FFT/IFFT processor for WPAN applications using a Radix-25 algorithm and Wallace tree multiplier. The proposed design reduces the size of the twiddle factor memory and number of complex multiplications compared to previous designs. Simulation results show the proposed design occupies less area (14% of total logic elements) and has lower hardware complexity than prior approaches.
This document compares different 16x16 and 4x4 multipliers based on the modified Booth algorithm. It discusses the general structure of multipliers including Booth encoding, partial product compression using adders like carry save adders and Kogge-Stone adders, and final addition. The document implements various multipliers in Verilog and compares their performance in terms of hardware resources and delay. It finds that radix-4 Booth encoding provides faster multipliers than radix-2 with similar power consumption and that Kogge-Stone adders provide faster addition than carry save adders.
This document discusses the design of finite impulse response (FIR) filters using multiple constant multiplication/accumulation (MCMA) technique to reduce hardware resources and cost. It proposes using truncated multipliers in the MCMA module to remove unnecessary partial product bits without affecting output precision. The filter coefficients are quantized with unequal word lengths using non-uniform quantization to minimize bit widths and reduce hardware cost while maintaining frequency response specifications. Simulation results show that direct-form FIR filters using the proposed truncated MCMA technique achieve lower area and power consumption than transposed-form implementations.
The document describes a proposed low power, high speed multiplier circuit designed using a technique called New Vedic VLSI. The multiplier uses a Vedic multiplication method to generate partial products faster. An addition section with a carry look ahead adder is used to sum the partial products, providing faster operation than a ripple carry adder. Simulation results showed the proposed design consumed 41.868 μw of power over 10ns, compared to 65.4 μw for a design using a ripple carry adder, for a 23.592 μw power reduction. The high speed, low power multiplier design is suitable for applications like digital signal processors that require efficient multiplication.
This document describes a novel design for a 32-bit unsigned multiplier using a modified carry select adder (MCSLA). It begins with background on adders and multipliers in VLSI design. It then describes the conventional carry select adder (CSLA) and proposes a modified CSLA (MCSLA) that uses common boolean logic to reduce area and power. The document presents the design and VHDL simulation results of a 32-bit unsigned multiplier using both CSLA and the proposed MCSLA. The results show the MCSLA based multiplier achieves a 45% reduction in power-area-delay product compared to the CSLA based multiplier.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The document discusses the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and compares it to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Some key points:
- DCT provides better energy compaction than DFT, making it useful for image/signal compression applications. It transforms a signal from the spatial domain to the frequency domain.
- DCT is a real-valued transform derived from DFT, but is more computationally efficient as it avoids redundant complex calculations for real input data.
- The one-dimensional and two-dimensional DCT transforms are defined. DCT has properties like separability and invertibility like DFT.
- DCT coefficients represent the signal's frequency content, with low frequencies concentrated in
A comprehensive study on Applications of Vedic Multipliers in signal processingIRJET Journal
This document discusses applications of Vedic multipliers in signal processing. It begins with an abstract that introduces digital signal processing operations and their importance. Convolution and multiplication play important roles in signal processing operations like convolution and correlation. The document then discusses how implementing high-speed Vedic multipliers based on ancient Vedic mathematics can make digital signal processing operations more efficient by reducing processing time compared to MATLAB's inbuilt functions. It provides examples of how Vedic multipliers can be used in convolution, fast Fourier transforms, MAC units, and other signal processing applications.
Simulation and hardware implementation of Adaptive algorithms on tms320 c6713...Raj Kumar Thenua
Raj Kumar Thenua presented his dissertation on "Simulation and Hardware Implementation of NLMS algorithm on TMS320C6713 Digital Signal Processor". The presentation outlined the introduction to adaptive noise cancellation, various adaptive algorithms like LMS, NLMS and RLS. MATLAB simulation results were analyzed for tone signals comparing the performance of algorithms. The best performing NLMS algorithm was implemented on a TMS320C6713 DSP processor. Results for tone signals and ECG signals showed improvement in SNR. The dissertation concluded the real-time implementation enabled analysis of actual signals and provided better noise reduction than simulation.
A survey of low power wallace and dadda multipliers using different logic ful...eSAT Journals
Abstract In recent years, power dissipation is one of the biggest challenge in VLSI design. Multipliers are the main source of power dissipation in DSP block. Power of any multiplier can be reduced by designing a full adder which will consume very less power. So a lot of researches have been made to decrease the power consumption of the full adder. Here a structured approach for analysing the Wallace and Dadda multiplier is introduced. These multiplier are designed using existing full adders like 28T,16T,14T, and TGFA. These designs are studied and the analysis is made based on the simulation parameter like no of transistors count and power consumption using micro wind tool. Keywords: Full Adder, Wallace Tree Multiplier, Dadda Multiplier, Power Consumption.
This document describes the design of a Wallace tree multiplier using Verilog. It discusses different types of multipliers such as array, serial/parallel, and Booth multipliers. It provides details on the Wallace tree multiplier design including its block diagram, partitioning of partial products, number of levels, submodules like AND gates and full adders, and comparison of its power consumption and results. The dumping process in an FPGA kit is also covered along with the advantage of small delay and disadvantage of complex layout for the Wallace tree multiplier.
This document discusses Wallace tree multiplication. It begins by explaining the basic concept of a Wallace tree multiplier using 1-bit full adders to compress the number of bits at each stage. It then provides examples of 6x6 multipliers using Wallace trees. It notes that a 32-bit multiplier using this method would have 9 adder delays. Finally, it asks questions about extending this to a 64-bit multiplier and whether other compression schemes could reduce the delay further.
IRJET- Low Complexity Pipelined FFT Design for High Throughput and Low Densit...IRJET Journal
This document describes a low complexity pipelined FFT design for high throughput applications. It proposes a feedforward FFT architecture based on rotator allocation to reduce the number and complexity of rotators. The key aspects are:
1) It uses a divide-and-conquer approach to split the FFT computation into stages, with butterflies operating on data whose indexes differ in the stage bit position.
2) It allocates the index bits into serial and parallel dimensions to optimize the distribution of rotations across stages. This aims to minimize the number of rotators and keep rotations in the same serial allocation set.
3) The proposed approach is shown to reduce the number and complexity of rotators in the FFT architecture compared
Implementation of an arithmetic logic using area efficient carry lookahead adderVLSICS Design
An arithmetic logic unit acts as the basic building blocks or cell of a central processing unit of a computer.
And it is a digital circuit comprised of the basic electronics components, which is used to perform various
function of arithmetic and logic and integral operations further the purpose of this work is to propose the
design of an 8-bit ALU which supports 4-bit multiplication. Thus, the functionalities of the ALU in this
study consist of following main functions like addition also subtraction, increment, decrement, AND, OR,
NOT, XOR, NOR also two complement generation Multiplication. And the functions with the adder in the
airthemetic logic unit are implemented using a Carry Look Ahead adder joined by a ripple carry approach.
The design of the following multiplier is achieved using the Booths Algorithm therefore the proposed ALU
can be designed by using verilog or VHDL and can also be designed on Cadence Virtuoso platform.
IRJET - Design and Implementation of FFT using Compressor with XOR Gate TopologyIRJET Journal
This document describes a design for implementing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) using an adder compressor with a new XOR gate topology. The goals are to increase power efficiency, reduce logic utilization (LUTs), and decrease time complexity/delay compared to other FFT implementations. An adder compressor is proposed that uses XOR gates to compress 4 input bits into 2 output bits (sum and carry), allowing parallel addition without carry propagation. Simulation results on a Xilinx FPGA show the compressor-based FFT uses fewer LUTs, consumes less power, and has a shorter delay compared to an FFT using a Booth multiplier.
This document presents a VHDL implementation of a complex number multiplier using the ancient Vedic mathematics technique known as Urdhva Tiryakbhyam sutra. The implementation is tested on a Spartan 3 FPGA kit. Simulation results show the resource utilization and delay for 4-bit, 8-bit, and 16-bit complex multipliers designed using this Vedic multiplication method. The results indicate that the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam sutra can efficiently implement complex number multiplication with relatively low resource usage and delay, making it suitable for digital signal processing applications requiring extensive complex number operations.
IRJET - Design of a Low Power Serial- Parallel Multiplier with Low Transition...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a low power serial-parallel multiplier that uses a modified radix-4 Booth algorithm. It aims to improve performance over a standard serial-parallel Booth multiplier in terms of area, delay, and power. The proposed multiplier generates partial products conditionally, adding only non-zero Booth encodings and skipping zero operations to reduce transitions and increase throughput. It is implemented using FPGA technology to evaluate its utility for applications like digital signal processing and machine learning that require high performance multiplication.
This document presents the design of a 64 point fast Fourier transform (FFT) processor called Turbo64. It uses a radix-2 decimation-in-time algorithm to decompose a 64 point FFT into two 8 point FFTs. The architecture includes input, multiplier, constant buffer, and output units. The multiplier unit utilizes constant multiplication through hard-wired representations of constants. Fabricated in 0.25um BiCMOS, Turbo64 has a core area of 6.8 sq mm and power consumption of 41 mW, making it suitable for applications like OFDM used in wireless communications standards.
This seminar report summarizes the design and implementation of a floating point multiplier using Vedic multiplication techniques on an FPGA. It describes the key components of a floating point multiplier, reviews existing multiplication algorithms, and introduces the ancient Vedic multiplication method. The report outlines the design of a proposed 32-bit floating point Vedic multiplier, including mantissa, exponent, and sign calculation units. Experimental results show the Vedic multiplier utilizes 9% of slices on the target FPGA and has a maximum delay of 18.872ns, demonstrating its advantages over other multipliers in terms of speed and area efficiency.
IRJET - Distributed Arithmetic Method for Complex MultiplicationIRJET Journal
This document describes a distributed arithmetic method for complex multiplication that reduces complexity compared to a regular multiplier. It presents a distributed arithmetic based complex multiplier architecture that uses lookup tables instead of actual multipliers and adders. The architecture stores pre-calculated outcomes for the real and imaginary parts of the complex multiplication in ROMs. It shifts the inputs and uses the output bits as addresses for the ROMs to perform the multiplication with less components than a traditional design. The proposed architecture is implemented in Verilog and simulated using Xilinx tools to verify its functionality for signed, unsigned and hexadecimal numbers.
IRJET- Implementation of Low Area and Less Delay of Various Multipliers u...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and compares three different multiplier designs: array multipliers, Wallace tree multipliers, and Dadda tree multipliers. Array multipliers have the simplest design but the highest propagation delay. Wallace tree multipliers reduce delay by decreasing the number of partial products compared to array multipliers, but require more area. Dadda tree multipliers provide the fastest multiplication and reduce area by compressing partial products earlier, making them the most efficient design in terms of delay and area. Simulation results on 4-bit and 8-bit implementations of each multiplier support that Dadda tree multipliers have the lowest delay and require the smallest area.
BER Analysis ofImpulse Noise inOFDM System Using LMS,NLMS&RLSiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document presents a new technique for designing an area efficient FFT/IFFT processor for WPAN applications using a Radix-25 algorithm and Wallace tree multiplier. The proposed design reduces the size of the twiddle factor memory and number of complex multiplications compared to previous designs. Simulation results show the proposed design occupies less area (14% of total logic elements) and has lower hardware complexity than prior approaches.
This document compares different 16x16 and 4x4 multipliers based on the modified Booth algorithm. It discusses the general structure of multipliers including Booth encoding, partial product compression using adders like carry save adders and Kogge-Stone adders, and final addition. The document implements various multipliers in Verilog and compares their performance in terms of hardware resources and delay. It finds that radix-4 Booth encoding provides faster multipliers than radix-2 with similar power consumption and that Kogge-Stone adders provide faster addition than carry save adders.
This document discusses the design of finite impulse response (FIR) filters using multiple constant multiplication/accumulation (MCMA) technique to reduce hardware resources and cost. It proposes using truncated multipliers in the MCMA module to remove unnecessary partial product bits without affecting output precision. The filter coefficients are quantized with unequal word lengths using non-uniform quantization to minimize bit widths and reduce hardware cost while maintaining frequency response specifications. Simulation results show that direct-form FIR filters using the proposed truncated MCMA technique achieve lower area and power consumption than transposed-form implementations.
The document describes a proposed low power, high speed multiplier circuit designed using a technique called New Vedic VLSI. The multiplier uses a Vedic multiplication method to generate partial products faster. An addition section with a carry look ahead adder is used to sum the partial products, providing faster operation than a ripple carry adder. Simulation results showed the proposed design consumed 41.868 μw of power over 10ns, compared to 65.4 μw for a design using a ripple carry adder, for a 23.592 μw power reduction. The high speed, low power multiplier design is suitable for applications like digital signal processors that require efficient multiplication.
This document describes a novel design for a 32-bit unsigned multiplier using a modified carry select adder (MCSLA). It begins with background on adders and multipliers in VLSI design. It then describes the conventional carry select adder (CSLA) and proposes a modified CSLA (MCSLA) that uses common boolean logic to reduce area and power. The document presents the design and VHDL simulation results of a 32-bit unsigned multiplier using both CSLA and the proposed MCSLA. The results show the MCSLA based multiplier achieves a 45% reduction in power-area-delay product compared to the CSLA based multiplier.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The document discusses the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and compares it to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Some key points:
- DCT provides better energy compaction than DFT, making it useful for image/signal compression applications. It transforms a signal from the spatial domain to the frequency domain.
- DCT is a real-valued transform derived from DFT, but is more computationally efficient as it avoids redundant complex calculations for real input data.
- The one-dimensional and two-dimensional DCT transforms are defined. DCT has properties like separability and invertibility like DFT.
- DCT coefficients represent the signal's frequency content, with low frequencies concentrated in
A comprehensive study on Applications of Vedic Multipliers in signal processingIRJET Journal
This document discusses applications of Vedic multipliers in signal processing. It begins with an abstract that introduces digital signal processing operations and their importance. Convolution and multiplication play important roles in signal processing operations like convolution and correlation. The document then discusses how implementing high-speed Vedic multipliers based on ancient Vedic mathematics can make digital signal processing operations more efficient by reducing processing time compared to MATLAB's inbuilt functions. It provides examples of how Vedic multipliers can be used in convolution, fast Fourier transforms, MAC units, and other signal processing applications.
Simulation and hardware implementation of Adaptive algorithms on tms320 c6713...Raj Kumar Thenua
Raj Kumar Thenua presented his dissertation on "Simulation and Hardware Implementation of NLMS algorithm on TMS320C6713 Digital Signal Processor". The presentation outlined the introduction to adaptive noise cancellation, various adaptive algorithms like LMS, NLMS and RLS. MATLAB simulation results were analyzed for tone signals comparing the performance of algorithms. The best performing NLMS algorithm was implemented on a TMS320C6713 DSP processor. Results for tone signals and ECG signals showed improvement in SNR. The dissertation concluded the real-time implementation enabled analysis of actual signals and provided better noise reduction than simulation.
A survey of low power wallace and dadda multipliers using different logic ful...eSAT Journals
Abstract In recent years, power dissipation is one of the biggest challenge in VLSI design. Multipliers are the main source of power dissipation in DSP block. Power of any multiplier can be reduced by designing a full adder which will consume very less power. So a lot of researches have been made to decrease the power consumption of the full adder. Here a structured approach for analysing the Wallace and Dadda multiplier is introduced. These multiplier are designed using existing full adders like 28T,16T,14T, and TGFA. These designs are studied and the analysis is made based on the simulation parameter like no of transistors count and power consumption using micro wind tool. Keywords: Full Adder, Wallace Tree Multiplier, Dadda Multiplier, Power Consumption.
This document describes the design of a Wallace tree multiplier using Verilog. It discusses different types of multipliers such as array, serial/parallel, and Booth multipliers. It provides details on the Wallace tree multiplier design including its block diagram, partitioning of partial products, number of levels, submodules like AND gates and full adders, and comparison of its power consumption and results. The dumping process in an FPGA kit is also covered along with the advantage of small delay and disadvantage of complex layout for the Wallace tree multiplier.
This document discusses Wallace tree multiplication. It begins by explaining the basic concept of a Wallace tree multiplier using 1-bit full adders to compress the number of bits at each stage. It then provides examples of 6x6 multipliers using Wallace trees. It notes that a 32-bit multiplier using this method would have 9 adder delays. Finally, it asks questions about extending this to a 64-bit multiplier and whether other compression schemes could reduce the delay further.
This document describes a bit-serial multiplier project implemented using Verilog HDL. It discusses bit-serial arithmetic and its advantages over parallel multipliers. The project involves designing and simulating a bit-serial multiplier using a Xilinx tool. The multiplier is tested to verify correct functionality.
The document contains Verilog code for several digital logic circuits including a 32-bit barrel shifter, 8-bit Booth multiplier, 32-bit ripple carry adder, 32-bit simple adder, and 32-bit carry lookahead adder. Test benches with stimulus are provided to test the functionality of each circuit.
The document describes the principles and implementation of an array multiplier. It discusses how array multipliers generate partial products simultaneously using parallel logic, making them faster than serial multipliers. A 4x4 bit array multiplier is implemented in Verilog using AND gates and adders, and its functionality is verified through simulation. While array multipliers require more gates and area than serial multipliers, their performance can be increased using pipelining. The document concludes that array multiplication is well-suited for applications requiring high speed.
Implementation of 32 Bit Binary Floating Point Adder Using IEEE 754 Single Pr...iosrjce
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) are increasingly being used to design high- end
computationally intense microprocessors capable of handling both fixed and floating- point mathematical
operations. Addition is the most complex operation in a floating-point unit and offers major delay while taking
significant area. Over the years, the VLSI community has developed many floating-point adder algorithms
mainly aimed to reduce the overall latency. The Objective of this paper to implement the 32 bit binary floating
point adder with minimum time. Floating point numbers are used in various applications such as medical
imaging, radar, telecommunications Etc. Here pipelined architecture is used in order to increase the
performance and the design is achieved to increase the operating frequency. The logic is designed using VHDL.
This paper discusses in detail the best possible FPGA implementation will act as an important design resource.
The performance criterion is latency in all the cases. The algorithms are compared for overall latency, area,
and levels of logic and analyzed specifically for one of the latest FPGA architectures provided by Xilinx.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
IRJET- Efficient Shift add Implementation of Fir Filter using Variable Pa...IRJET Journal
This document discusses efficient implementations of shift-add operations in finite impulse response (FIR) filters using variable partition hybrid form structures. FIR filters are widely used in digital signal processing and their performance is dominated by multiplication operations. The proposed method aims to reduce power consumption and complexity by implementing multiplications using optimized shift-add networks instead of multipliers. It explores variable size partitioning approaches and prefix adders to reduce gate count, dynamic power, and improve filter performance.
DESIGN OF DOUBLE PRECISION FLOATING POINT MULTIPLICATION ALGORITHM WITH VECTO...jmicro
This document summarizes a paper that presents the design of a double precision floating point multiplication algorithm with vector support. It describes the IEEE 754 floating point number representation format, including single and double precision specifications. It also discusses rounding modes, special values like infinities and NaNs, and exceptions like invalid operations, division by zero, overflow, and underflow. Simulation results are shown for basic logic components and a floating point multiplier. Synthesis results are provided for single and double precision floating point multipliers. The paper concludes that a pipelined, vectorized floating point multiplier was implemented supporting FP16, FP32, and FP64 formats to reduce area, power, latency and increase throughput.
High Speed Signed multiplier for Digital Signal Processing ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This document discusses high speed multiplier architectures for digital signal processing applications. It begins by introducing the importance of fast multiplication in DSP algorithms. It then describes the Vedic multiplication algorithm and how it can be implemented for 4-bit and 8-bit numbers using the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam technique. Next, it introduces the Booth encoding technique for radix-8 multiplication and discusses how it reduces the number of partial products. Simulation results are shown comparing the Vedic and radix-8 multiplier architectures. The radix-8 multiplier is concluded to have better performance in terms of power, delay, and power-delay product, making it well-suited for DSP applications.
Design of Optimized FIR Filter Using FCSD Representation IJEEE
This paper presents the design and implementation of an eight order efficient FIR filter for wireless communication system. In this work, factored canonical signed digit representation (FCSD) is used for representing the filter coefficients in order to reduce the design complexity, area and delay of the FIR filter. Complexity of the system has been reduced by replacing binary coefficients with FCSD representation. Further area and delay has been improved by replacing multiplication operation with add and shift method where carry save adder (CSA) is used for addition of two numbers and barrel shifter is used for shifting the data words. Representation of coefficient in the FCSD format along with fastest adder and shifter improves the performance of the system. FIR filter has been designed using an equiripple method in MATLAB and further synthesized on Spartan 3E XC3S500E target FPGA device. Simulation results show that optimized FCSD based FIR filter offers a less number of slices, look up tables (LUTs) and flip-flops as compared to CSD and conventional FCSD based FIR filter, in addition to enhanced performance.
High Speed and Area Efficient Matrix Multiplication using Radix-4 Booth Multi...IRJET Journal
This document describes several designs for high-speed matrix multiplication. It proposes a new design called Parallel-Parallel Input Multi-Output (PPI-MO) that uses multiple multipliers and registers to perform matrix multiplication in parallel. This increases throughput. For an n×n matrix multiplication, it uses n2 multipliers, n2 registers, and n(n-2) adders. Elements of the first matrix are input to rows of multipliers simultaneously, while elements of the second matrix are input to columns. The partial products from each column are added to calculate elements of the output matrix.
1. The document presents a design for a modified Booth recoder using a fused add-multiply (FAM) operator to implement digital signal processing applications more efficiently.
2. It proposes a new recoding technique to decrease the critical path delay and reduce area and power consumption of the FAM unit compared to existing recoding schemes.
3. The technique is also applied to the implementation of finite impulse response (FIR) filters to further optimize hardware usage and achieve faithfully rounded outputs within tight area and power constraints for mobile applications.
Multipliers play an important role in today’s digital signal processing (DSP) and various other
applications. Multiplication is the most time consuming process in various signal processing operations like
convolution, circular convolution, auto-correlation and cross-correlation. With advances in technology, many
researchers have tried and are trying to design multipliers which offer either of the following- high speed, low
power consumption, regularity of layout and hence less area or even combination of them in multiplier. However
area and speed are two conflicting constraints. So improving speed results always in larger areas. So here we try
to find out the best trade off solution among the both of them. To have features like high speed and low power
consumption multipliers several algorithms have been introduced .In this paper, we describes Multipliers by using
various algorithm in VLSI technology.
This document summarizes a research paper that compares different multiplier designs. It discusses array multipliers, Booth multipliers using Radix-2 and Radix-4 algorithms. Simulation results on FPGA show that Booth multipliers consume less power and area than array multipliers. Specifically, a 16x16 Booth multiplier was found to be more efficient in terms of speed and power consumption compared to other designs. The document provides background on multipliers and power optimization in VLSI systems. It also outlines the methodology used to simulate and compare the multipliers in terms of time delays, gate counts and power usage.
High Speed Area Efficient 8-point FFT using Vedic MultiplierIJERA Editor
A high speed fast fourier transform (FFT) design by using three algorithm is presented in this paper. In algorithm 3, 4-bit Vedic multiplier based technique are used in FFT. In this technique used in three 4-bit ripple carry adder and four 2*2 Vedic multiplier. The main parameter of this paper is number of slice, 4-input LUTS and maximum combinational path delay were calculate.
IMPLEMENTATION OF FRACTIONAL ORDER TRANSFER FUNCTION USING LOW COST DSPIAEME Publication
In this paper, different fractional order transfer functions are taken first and discretized them using available methods and filters (i.e. Oustaloup or modified Oustaloup). Coefficients of discretized transfer function are calculated and scaled using Q15 number system to get the coefficients in the range between -1 to 1, and converted into equivalent hexadecimal number. These coefficients are entered into the Micro C code that is generated using filter design tool of Micro C for dsPIC microcontroller. Also the simulation results are validated using EasydsPIC4 development board.
Performance Analysis and Simulation of Decimator for Multirate ApplicationsIJEEE
1) The document presents the design and simulation of a decimator for multirate digital signal processing applications.
2) A decimator with different filter orders was designed using MATLAB to analyze performance based on ripple factor. Higher filter orders resulted in lower ripple factors but increased implementation costs.
3) A decimator with an order of 64 had the lowest ripple factor of 60% compared to orders of 32 and 16, though it had a higher implementation cost due to increased hardware requirements like multipliers and adders.
This document presents a VHDL implementation of an IEEE 754 floating point unit using a carry look ahead adder and radix-4 modified Booth encoder multiplier. The floating point unit performs single precision floating point multiplication. It consists of blocks to calculate the sign bit, add the exponents, multiply the significands using the modified Booth encoding technique, normalize the result, detect overflow/underflow, and implement pipelining. VHDL simulation results show that this floating point multiplier design has lower delay and power consumption compared to an array multiplier implementation.
Design of Low Power Reconfigurable IIR filter with Row Bypassing MultiplierIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of low power reconfigurable IIR filters using row bypassing multipliers. It proposes two new designs for Hilbert transformers based on carry save adder (CSA) and ripple carry adder (RCA) row bypassing multipliers. The CSA design achieves 17% higher speed and 13% less area than the RCA design. Both designs allow dynamic reconfiguration of filter coefficients and reduce power consumption by turning off adders when multiplier operands are zero. The designs are implemented on FPGA to evaluate performance in terms of area, speed and power usage.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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The document describes a project to implement a finite impulse response (FIR) filter on an ADSP-BF537 digital signal processor. It provides background on FIR filters and their properties. The project involved generating filter coefficients in Matlab, programming the FIR algorithm on the DSP board using tools like VisualDSP++, and simulating the lowpass filter output on a spectrum analyzer. Key instruments used included an oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, function generator, and an evaluation board with the Blackfin DSP processor.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document compares the complexity and cost-effectiveness of different types of filters, including IIR, FIR, polyphase, and linear phase filters. It analyzes two cases with different filter parameters and calculates the number of multiplications per input sample (MPIS) for each filter type. The results show that polyphase filters significantly reduce the MPIS compared to traditional FIR or IIR filters, making them more cost-effective for implementation. Polyphase and multistage IIR polyphase filters in particular achieve a very low number of multiplications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document describes a proposed VLSI architecture for an optimized low power digit serial finite impulse response (FIR) filter using multiple constant multiplications (MCM). It introduces an algorithm to optimize the area of digit serial MCM operations at the gate level by considering implementation costs of digit serial addition, subtraction, and shift operations. The proposed filter architecture aims to reduce area and power compared to designs using generic digit serial multipliers through the use of MCM blocks optimized for area. Experimental results indicate the algorithm leads to lower complexity digit serial MCM designs.
This document summarizes a research paper on designing low power digit serial finite impulse response (FIR) filters using multiple constant multiplication (MCM) techniques. It proposes an architecture that optimizes the area of digit serial MCM operations at the gate level by considering the implementation costs of digit serial addition, subtraction and shift operations. An algorithm is presented to design digit serial FIR filters under a shift-adds architecture to reduce area compared to designs using generic digit serial multipliers. Experimental results show the technique leads to lower complexity digit serial MCM designs.
Similar to A High Speed Transposed Form FIR Filter Using Floating Point Dadda Multiplier (20)
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
The document presents a dynamic two-phase model for a fluidized bed reactor used to produce polypropylene. The model divides the reactor into an emulsion phase and bubble phase, with reaction assumed to occur in both phases. Simulation results show the temperature profile is lower than previous single-phase models due to considering both phases. Approximately 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase, demonstrating the importance of accounting for both phases.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
The document analyzes positioning errors in differential precision workbenches and proposes a compensation method. It discusses sources of error in workbench transmission systems and guides. Through theoretical analysis and experimentation, it is shown that positioning errors increase with travel distance due to factors like guideway errors. A method is developed to sample positioning at multiple points, compare values to identify errors, and implement reverse error correction through motion control cards. This allows positioning accuracy better than 15 micrometers over 150mm of travel to be achieved. The compensation method can improve precision for a range of machine tool designs.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
This study examines the critical closing pressure of fractures in mudstone reservoir cores from the Daqing oilfield in China. Laboratory experiments subjected fractured and unfractured mudstone cores to increasing external pressures while measuring permeability. The critical closing pressure is defined as the pressure when fractured core permeability matches unfractured permeability, indicating fracture closure. Results show fractured cores have higher permeability than unfractured cores due to fractures. Permeability generally decreases exponentially with increasing pressure. By calculating sensitivity equations relating permeability and production pressure difference, the study estimates critical closing pressures under reservoir conditions are lower than values from external pressure experiments. The study provides guidance but notes limitations in fully simulating complex in-situ stress conditions.
Correlation Analysis of Tool Wear and Cutting Sound SignalIJRES Journal
With the classic signal analysis and processing method, the cutting of the audio signal in time
domain and frequency domain analysis. We reached the following conclusions: in the time domain analysis,
cutting audio signals mean and the variance associated with tool wear state change occurred did not change
significantly, and tool wear is not high degree of correlation, and the mean-square value of the audio signal
changes in the size and tool wear the state has a good relationship.
Reduce Resources for Privacy in Mobile Cloud Computing Using Blowfish and DSA...IJRES Journal
Mobile cloud computing in light of the increasing popularity among users of mobile smart
technology which is the next indispensable that enables users to take advantage of the storage cloud computing
services. However, mobile cloud computing, the migration of information on the cloud is reliable their privacy
and security issues. Moreover, mobile cloud computing has limitations in resources such as power energy,
processor, Memory and storage. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of privacy with saving and
reducing resources power energy, processor and Memory. This is done through data encryption in the mobile
cloud computing by symmetric algorithm and sent to the private cloud and then the data is encrypted again and
sent to the public cloud through Asymmetric algorithm. The experimental results showed after a comparison
between encryption algorithms less time and less time to decryption are as follows: Blowfish algorithm for
symmetric and the DSA algorithm for Asymmetric. The analysis results showed a significant improvement in
reducing the resources in the period of time and power energy consumption and processor.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
In this paper, the brake driving intention identification parameters based on the fuzzy control are
summarized and analyzed, the necessary parameters based on the fuzzy control of the brake driving intention
recognition are found out, and I pointed out the commonly corrupt parameters, and through the relevant
parameters , I establish the corresponding driving intention model.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
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A High Speed Transposed Form FIR Filter Using Floating Point Dadda Multiplier
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 2 Issue 5 ǁ May. 2014 ǁ PP.14-20
www.ijres.org 14 | Page
A High Speed Transposed Form FIR Filter Using Floating Point
Dadda Multiplier
Dhivya.V.M1
, Sridevi.A2
1
(ECE, SNS College of Technology/Anna University, Coimbatore, India)
2
(ECE, SNS College of Technology/Anna University, Coimbatore, India)
ABSTRACT: There is a huge demand in high speed area efficient parallel FIR filter using floating point
dadda algorithm, due to increase performance of processing units. Area and spped are usually confictiong
constraints so that improving speed results mostly in large areas. In our research we will try to determine the
best solution to this problem by comparing the results of different multipliers. Different sized of two algorithm
for high speed hardware multipliers were studied and implemented ie.dadda and booth multipliers. The working
of these two multipliers were studied and implementing each of them separately in VHDL. The results of this
research will help us to choose the better option between multipliers for floating point multiplier for fabricating
different system.
KEYWORDS - Booth multiplier, Dadda multiplier, FIR Filter, Floating point multiplier, VHDL
I. INTRODUCTION
FIR filters are one of two primary types of digital filters used in Digital signal Processing (DSP)
applications. Main approach is to implement high throughput FIR filter .multiplier block reduction has
attempted to minimize various cost functions such as number of adders and multipliers block area by sub
expression elimination. Attention has been paid to identify ways to reduce power consumption of high
throughput FIR implementation based on FPGA. Implementations based on FPGA hardware are better suited
because of the likely need for frequent modifications. To increase the effective throughput of original filter or to
reduce the power consumption of original filter parallel or block processing has been applied to digital FIR
filter. In many design situation the overhead hardware incurred by parallel processing cannot be tolerated due to
design area limitation. Therefore it is beneficial to realize parallel FIR filter structure that consumes less area
than the traditional one. Sub modules used will be Floating point multiplier and Error tolerant adder (ETA).
ETA includes sub modules i.e modified XOR gate and Ripple Carry Adder. Ripple Carry Adder is used because
it requires less hardware. ETA cause less power consumption due to the elimination of carry propagation to a
large extent.
1.1. Applications
FIR filters are used as a fundamental processing element in any DSP system. FIR filters are used in
DSP applications ranging from video and image processing to wireless communications[2]. In the application of
video processing, the FIR filter circuit must be able to operate at high frequencies, while in other applications,
such as cellular telephony, the FIR filter circuit must be a low-power circuit, capable of operating at moderate
frequencies.
1.2 FIR Filters
FIR Filters are the backbone of DSP system. FIR means ―Finite Impulse Response. If impulse is
input, that is, a signal 1 sampled followed by many 0 samples, zeroes will come out after the 1 sample has made
its way through the delay line of filter. The impulse response is finite because there is no feedback in the FIR.
However, if feedback is employed yet the impulse response is finite, the filter still is a FIR. Example is the
Moving Average Filter, in which the Nth prior sample is feed back then each time a new sample comes in. This
filter has a finite impulse response even though it uses feedback : after N samples of an impulse, the output will
always be zero. Alternative to FIR filters are ―Infinite Impulse Response‖ (IIR). IIR filters use feedback, so
when you input an impulse the output theoretically rings indefinitely. The advantages of FIR filters outweigh the
disadvantages, so they are used much more than IIRs.
1.3 Floating Point Multiplier
Multipliers are the major components of high performance systems used extensively in digital
electronics such as microprocessors, digital signal processors and FIR Filters etc. The performance of any
2. A High Speed Transposed Form FIR Filter Using Floating Point Dadda Multiplier
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system is determined by the performance of multipliers because they are the slowest part in the system.
Moreover, they require greater area than other components. Therefore, optimizing the speed and area of the
multipliers is the foremost issue. As area and speed are both conflicting constraints this means that for greater
speed we need larger area. A number of algorithms are proposed and used to design multipliers and the actual
implementation is mostly some little refinements and variations of the few basic algorithms presented here. In
addition to choosing those algorithms for addition, subtraction, multiplication etc an architect must make other
decisions like how exceptions should be handled and what precisions should be implemented. We have designed
a type of multiplier floating point .Our discussion on floating point will focus almost exclusively on the IEEE
floating-point standard because of its rapidly increasing acceptance. Although floating point arithmetic involves
manipulating exponents and shifting fractions, the bulk of the time in floating point is spent operating on
fractions using integer algorithms. Thus, after our discussion of floating point we will take a more detailed look
at efficient algorithms and architectures. When two binary numbers, multiplicand “N” and multiplier “M” are
multiplied the algorithm utilizes distributive property of multiplication. The multiplication of M*N consists of
partial products which represents a single component of the total product . A binary multiplier can be
decomposed in to a sum of partial products. It can be done by selection of a partial product value, and some
shifting that is independent of the election value. Opting a group length for multiplication limit us to make a
trade-off between the number of partial products and the complexity of computing them.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
2.1 Booth Multiplier
Booth algorithm provides a procedure for multiplying binary integers in signed-2’s complement
representation [1]. According to the multiplication procedure, strings of 0’s in the multiplier require no addition
but just shifting and a string of 1’s in the multiplier from bit weight 2k to weight 2m can be treated as
2k+1 - 2m. Booth algorithm involves recoding the multiplier first. In the recoded format, each bit in the
multiplier can take any of the three values: 0, 1 and -1.Suppose we want to multiply a number by 01110 (in
decimal 14). This number can be considered as the difference between 10000 (in decimal 16) and 00010 (in
decimal 2). The multiplication by 01110 can be achieved by summing up the following products:
24 times the multiplicand(24 = 16)
2’s complement of 21 times the multiplicand (21 = 2).
In a standard multiplication, three additions are required due to the string of three 1’s.This can be replaced
by one addition and one subtraction. The above requirement is identified by recoding of the multiplier 01110
using the following rules summarized in table 1.
Table 1: Radix 2 recoding rules
Qn Qn+1 Recoded
bits
Operation
performed
0 0 0 Shift
0 1 +1 Add M
1 0 -1 Subtract M
1 1 0 Shift
To generate recoded multiplier for radix-2, following steps are to be performed:
Append the given multiplier with a zero to the LSB side
Make group of two bits in the overlapped way
Recode the number using the above table. Consider an example which has the 8 bit multiplicand as 11011001
and multiplier as 011100010.
Multiplicand 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Multiplier 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 10
Recoded multiplier +1 0 0 -10 0+1-1
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Product 0000001001001001
3. A High Speed Transposed Form FIR Filter Using Floating Point Dadda Multiplier
www.ijres.org 16 | Page
III. PROPOSED FLOATING-POINT DADDA MULTIPLIER
3.1 IEEE Standard 754 Floating Point Numbers
Floating point describes a method of representing real numbers in a way that can support a wide range
of values. The base for scaling is normally 2, 10, 16. The representation is exactly have the form:
Significant digits × base ^ (exponent)
The term floating point refers to the fact that the radix point (decimal point or in computers, binary
point) can ―float‖; thatis, it can be placed anywhere relative to the significant digits of the number. The
advantage of floating point representation over fixed-point and integer representation is that it can support a
much wide range of values eg. Fixed-point representation has seven decimal digits with two decimal places
can represent the number 34565.67, 145.12 , 1.45 and so on, whereas a floating point representation (such
as IEEE 754decimal 32 format) with seven decimal digits could in addition represent 1.324765, 234516.7,
0.00003455687, 4327651000000000, and so on. The floating-point format needs slightly more storage (in
order to encode the position of the radix point). So when stored in the same space, floating-point numbers
achieve their greater range at the expense of precision. The Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of floating point
multiplier. Initially the input values are unpacked into sign-bit, exponents and significands and applied to
the sub-modules. The sign of the multiplication result is obtained by EX-OR operation on the input sign-
bits. The exponents of the inputs are added and bias value is
Fig. 2. Block diagram of Floating-point Multiplier.
subtracted from the result (in order to make the final exponent result in biased format). This resultant
exponent is adjusted in the subsequent normalization steps and checked for overflow or underflow before
final exponent is obtained. The 24×24 significand multiplication is the main block in which redundant
computations take place frequently and is the main obstacle in achieving high-performance and low-power
consumption in the filter design. The redundant computations can be reduced by identifying common
computations and sharing them among filter taps. Since each alphabet is represented with 4-bits, for the
24×24 significand multiplication we need six select & shift units. We have implemented an IEEE-754
compliant Floating point dadda based on the proposed architecture. Also, we have implemented booth
multiplier for comparison purpose.
1) Result Sign: The result sign is obtained by XOR operation of the sign bits of the input operands.
2) Exponent Addition: We have used Carry-Look Ahead adders for the exponent addition and for the
subtraction of bias (valued 127) from the added result
.
IV. DADDA MULTIPLIER IMPLEMENTATION
The Dadda algorithm reduces the tree by reducing columns instead of rows. The goal of the algorithm
is to use the least amount of elements as possible. To accomplish this, the algorithm adds elements as late as
possible. In the dot diagram notation developed by Dadda each partial product is represented by a dot[7]. The
4. A High Speed Transposed Form FIR Filter Using Floating Point Dadda Multiplier
www.ijres.org 17 | Page
dot diagram for an 8 by 8 Dadda multiplier is shown in Fig. 3. The eight rows of eight dots each at the top of the
figure represent the partial product matrix formed by the AND gates.
Dadda multiplier use a minimal number of (3,2) and (2,2) counters at each level during the
compression to achieve the required reduction. The reduction procedure for Dadda compression trees is given
by the following recursive algorithm.
1. Let d1=2 and dj+1= [1.5* dj]. Dj is the height of the matrix for the jth
stage. Repeat until the largest jth
stage is reached in which the original N height matrix contains at least one column which has more
than dj dots.
2. In the jth
stage from the end, place (3,2) and (2,2) counters as required to achieve a reduced matrix.
Only columns with more than dj dots or which will have more than dj dots as they receive carries from
less significant (3,2) and (2,2) counters are reduced.
3. Let j=j-1 and repeat step 2 until a matrix with a height of two is generated. This should occur when j-1
Fig. 3 Dot diagram for 8 by 8 Dadda multiplier
V. FIR FILTER IMPLEMENTATION USING FLOATING POINT DADDA
MULTIPLIER
The N-tap FIR filter in Z domain is given in equation 1
(1)
Traditional 4- parallel FIR filter Equations shown in equation 2[7]
5. A High Speed Transposed Form FIR Filter Using Floating Point Dadda Multiplier
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(2)
Requires 16 multiplications, 12 additions, 6 delay elements.[7]
Fig.5 shows the proposed structure of the parallel FIR filter using floating point dadda multiplier.
The proposed structure of the parallel FIR filter using floating point Dadda multiplier shown in fig. 5. Since
the precomputer lies on the critical path of the Floating point Dadda algorithm one pipeline stage is introduced
after the precomputation block. Because of this the latency of the proposed FIR filter increases by one clock
cycle. If conventional multipliers (Wallace multiplier, Booth-encoded multiplier etc.) are used for filter
implementation, flip-flops for pipelining should be placed in every tap of the filter. However, pipelining of the
filter using Floating point dadda algorithm can be simply done by placing flip-flops right after the
precomputation block, irrespective of the filter size, due to computation sharing and reuse. Therefore, the cost of
7. A High Speed Transposed Form FIR Filter Using Floating Point Dadda Multiplier
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