This document discusses factors that trigger organizational change and outlines steps for business process re-engineering. It identifies external factors like technology, consumer preferences, and politics as well as internal factors such as new production techniques and management that drive change. The document advocates for process re-engineering to focus on effectiveness and efficiency rather than new technologies alone, and lists steps to fundamentally rethink standard operating procedures, restructure the organization, and implement new systems.

1. Business process re-engineering
Dr. Amjad Idries

2. Triggers of change:
• Change is constant in the environment and is
triggered by many factors, these factors
generally include (customers, politics,
economic situation, social change),

3. External factors:
• (1) technology and materials,
• (2) consumer’ preferences,
• (3) innovation and competition,
• (4) political changes,
• (5) change in policy,
• (6) economics and social norms or values,

4. Internal factors:
• (1) new production technique(s),
• (2) low performance,
• (3) poor work relations and environment,
• (4) new management,
• (5) relocation,
• (6) innovation,

5. Strategic change:
• Redesigning or refocusing of the
organizational operational direction,
• This may change the structure and the
systems,
• Change by small incremental changes depends
on the situation,
• Continuum b/w fine-tuning up to radical
transformation,

6. Process re-engineering:
• Change should focus on process’s
effectiveness and efficiency rather than using
new technologies,
• Bad division of labor lead to lack of process
orientation,

7. Process re-engineering:
• Customer pathway as one tool,
• We may use other tools analysis of functions,
jobs, pay structure before change,
• Problems: it is old technique, use scientific
management without considerations for the role
and the needs of people,
• To make change you need political skills,

8. Steps:
(1) prepare the organization,
(2) fundamentally you should rethink the way that work
gets done (SOPs),
(3) restructure the organization,
(4) implement new information and management system