Building science is concerned with the technical performance of buildings, building materials, and building systems. It includes construction technology, material science, urban design, architecture, and heat and mass transport physics. The goals are to improve building performance over the service life, allow demolition and reuse/recycling, and address issues like climate change adaptation. Plastics provide advantages in building applications like energy efficiency, durability, light weight, and recyclability, but also have disadvantages as non-biodegradable pollutants.

1. 022
BUILDING
SCIENCE
PART (1)
Dr f Dejahang (BSc CEng, BSc (Hons) Construction Mgmt, MSc, MCIOB, PhD)
http://www.cpi-team.com

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Articles For Mathematics and Productivity
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LESSONS
Dr f Dejahang BSc CEng, BSc (Hons) Construction Mgmt, MSc, PhD

3. Building science
Building science and building
engineering are fields of
study concerned with:
the technical performance
of buildings
building materials
building systems

4. Building science
The area is broad enough to
include:
construction technology
material science
urban design
Architecture
heat and mass transport
physics

5. Building science
design
construction
maintenance of buildings and
Structures
Building and Civil Engineering
represent a significant portion
of the gross domestic product
for countries of the developed
world.

6. Building science
Operating costs (energy,
maintenance, cleaning and
repairs) are also multi-billion
pounds expenditure.
Building scientists and
engineers seek to improve the
manner in which buildings are
constructed and maintained to
ensure:

7. Building science
long building life
to improve building
performance throughout
the expected service life
to allow demolition
Reuse
recycling

8. Building science
Buildings and Climate Change
The buildings we live and work in
could be very different in the future if
our climate does change as predicted.
Changes in the weather, such as with
rainfall, wind and the frequency of
storms will affect the way our homes
and offices are designed and
constructed.

9. Building science
Adapting Buildings for Climate Change
 There is now a clear and overwhelming
opinion that the earth’s climate is being
affected by human activities, which is
largely due to burning fossil fuels.
 Even the most optimistic projections
indicate that some climate change is
inevitable.
 The UK Climate Impacts Programme
(UKCIP) anticipates that by 2080

10. Building science
 Summer temperatures will rise by 1 to
5ºC.
 Winter storms and heavier winter
precipitation will be more frequent.
 Summer precipitation will decrease by up
to 60 per cent.
 Impacts of climate change on the built
environment may include increased risks
of flooding, overheating, storm damage
and subsidence.

11. Building science
At the current rate of new and
Replacement building by
2050, it has been estimated
that around 70 per cent of
building stock will consist of
existing buildings.

12. Building science
Areas for consideration are as
follows:-
Heat gain reduction
Effective thermal mass
Ventilation strategy
Active cooling
Enable future adaptability
Project Learning

13. Building science
Fig-1

14. Building science
Heat gain reduction
 Cooling requirements for buildings are
largely affected by heat gained from solar
radiation.
 Reduction of solar heat gain can very
effectively decrease the energy
consumption of buildings.
Some areas for consideration in
building design in order to minimise
solar heat gain are as follows:

15. Building science
 Glazing - extent, orientation and specification of
glazing
 Use of solar shading
 Ventilation – use of natural cooling
 Building footprint – use of narrow building
footprints to allow passive cooling and heating
and prevent deep floor plans
 Thermal Mass – consideration of building
materials, radiant barriers, green roofs etc. to
keep heat in building where require and to
prevent excessive heat gain through fabric

16. Building science
Plastics-Building & Construction
 residential homes to commercial buildings
 hospitals to schools
 architects and designers rely on plastics to help
maximize:
 energy efficiency
 durability and performance.
In addition to potentially lightening a structure’s
environmental footprint
 properly installed plastic building products can
help reduce energy and maintenance costs over
many years.

17. Building science
Energy Savings
 A one-year study1
found that the use of plastic
building and construction materials saved 467.2
trillion Btu of energy over alternative construction
materials.
 That’s enough energy saved over the course of
a year to meet the average annual energy needs
of 4.6 million U.S. households.
 Following are some examples of plastic building
products that promote the efficient use of energy
and other resources:

18. Building science
Roofing
Roofing systems made with spray
polyurethane foam (SPF) offer
durability, energy savings and
moisture control.
This foam can be used to cover an
existing roof, helping to reduce the
amount of building materials sent to
landfills.

19. Building science
Walls
 In walls, the use of structural insulated
panels (SIPs) made with expanded
polystyrene (EPS) can help homeowners
save hundreds of pounds annually on
heating and cooling bills.
 Savings vary by material and products.
 EPS starts out as a plastic pellet and ends
up as nearly 95 percent air, a very
effective insulator.

20. Building science
 Vinyl is increasingly found in durable, easy-to-clean vinyl
wall coverings
 It requires only half as much energy to manufacture as
the same amount of paper wall coverings.
Windows
 Plastics also rival traditional materials for windows and
frames.
 For example, polycarbonate—a material also used in
eyeglasses—is used in windows.
 These lightweight, shatter-resistant plastic products have
low thermal conductivity, which can help to reduce
heating and cooling costs.

21. Building science
Vinyl window frames save the nearly
2 trillion thermal units of energy per
year (USA)
helping reduce the greenhouse gas
emissions associated with energy
generation—all the while cutting
maintenance time, materials and
costs.

22. Building science
Piping
Polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
(ABS) pipes and fittings, offer
excellent fusion integrity for
continuous pipeline systems
helping to eliminate potential leak
points where water could be wasted.

23. Building science
Plastics in Building and Construction
 The Building and Construction sector
-currently the second largest user of
plastics in Europe
 is expected still to grow substantially in the
future.
 Plastics have over the years become a
material of choice for achieving economic
and environmental balance between
technological challenges and functional
design.

24. Building science
Plastics in Building and Construction
applications
 plastics for decorative laminates
 plastics for drainage and irrigation pipes
 plastics for drinking water pipes
 plastics for electrics and electronics
 plastics for fittings
 plastics for floor and wall coverings

25. Building science
plastics for insulation materials
plastics for roofing
plastics for sewer pipes and
ducts
plastics for waterproofing
plastics for window and door
profiles

26. Building science
Plastics Features and Advantages in Building
and Construction
 durability, corrosion resistant
 cold,
 heat
 sound insulation for energy saving
 noise reduction
 cost efficiency
 light weight

27. Building science
 maintenance free
 innovation applications with unlimited choice of
surface, colours and materials for creative
design
 recyclability
Thermoplastic and Thermosetting
 A thermoplastic (sometimes written as thermo
plastic) is a type of plastic made
from polymer resins that becomes a
homogenized liquid when heated and hard when
cooled.

28. Building science
When frozen thermoplastic
becomes glass-like and subject to
fracture.
These characteristics, which lend
the material its name, are
reversible.
That is, it can be reheated,
reshaped, and frozen repeatedly.
This quality also makes
thermoplastics recyclable.

29. Building science
 Thermoplastic Coaters
 Plastic Coatings - ISO 9001:2000 apply a
variety of thermoplastics
 www.plasticcoatings.co.uk
 Sometimes, thermoplastics are confused
with thermosetting plastics.
 Although they may sound the same, they
actually possess very different properties.
 thermoplastics can be melted to a liquid
and cooled to a solid,

30. Building science
Thermosetting plastics chemically
deteriorate when subjected to heat.

31. Building science
Thermoplastic molecules

32. Building science
 What is the difference between thermo
plastic and thermo-setting plastic?
Answer
 A thermoplastic can be re-melted and reused.
 A Thermoset cannot.
 An analogy would be like cake and butter.
 The cake would be analogous to thermosets.
 Once it's baked (cured) you cannot re-bake it.
 Butter would be analogous to thermoplastic.
 Once it's melted, it can be re-melted and reused.

33. Building science
 Heat is used to raise the temperature of
both the Thermoset and thermoplastic
until they become a fluid.
 They can be injected, poured, transferred
into a mould.
 The hot thermoplastic is injected into a
cold mould, where it then is cooled down
into its final shape, then ejected out of the
mould.
 The Thermoset is injected into a hot
mould, where it is cured, then ejected out
of the mould.

34. Building science
What Is Plastic?
 A plastic is a type of synthetic or man-made
polymer; similar in many ways to natural resins
found in trees and other plants.
 Webster's Dictionary defines polymers as: any of
various complex organic compounds produced
by polymerization
 capable of being moulded
 Extruded
 cast into various shapes and films, or drawn into
filaments and then used as textile fibber.

35. Building science
Characteristics of Plastics
 Plastics can be very resistant to chemicals
 Plastics can be both thermal and electrical
insulators
 Generally, plastics are very light in weight
with varying degrees of strength
 Plastics can be processed in various ways
to produce thin fibbers' or very intricate
parts

36. Building science
 Polymers are materials
with a seemingly limitless
range of characteristics
and colours
 Polymers are usually made
of petroleum, but not
always

37. Building science
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of plastic?
ADVANTAGES
 Plastic is very useful in the building and
construction
 electronics (laptops wouldn't work well if
they were made from glass)
 Packaging
 transportation industries.

38. Building science
Very easy to make - water
bottles, plastic bags, pens,
cups etc.
the main advantages of plastic
materials are also the reason
why plastic is such a problem
It lasts forever and it is very
cheap to make.

39. Building science
Light
strong and cheap to produce
It does not decompose but it
can instead be recycled
This is done more easily than
producing more plastic.

40. Building science
 Unlike aluminium cans, plastic bottles can
be re-used and stored over and over
again.
 Plastic is usually not breakable and it is
see-through
 It's light-weight and odourless
 Plastic comes from a natural resource (oil)
but CAN'T be re-made into bottles (but
they can be re-made into other items)
 It takes a long time to break down.

41. Building science
DISADVANTAGES
It is a compound that is indestructible,
even when it is melted the compound
gas that is gives off is very harmful to
our health and environment; it
weakens the ozone layer.
Most plastic is produced from oil
The world is gradually running out of
oil.

42. Building science
Scientists are now developing plastics
that are made from vegetable oil and
other organic matter.
This means that the plastic is more
likely to be degradable, so it will be less
of a problem in future.
Another Disadvantage is pollution-
Plastic accumulation in the
environment is a looming catastrophe.

43. Building science
It is cheap but it is not easily
disposable so it is in a lot of
landfills
Plastic bags can kill the
marine animals and destroy
the soil.