The document discusses different types of adhesives used in construction. It begins by defining adhesives and their properties. It then discusses natural adhesives like animal glues made from animal skins and hooves. Casein from milk and bitumen are also covered. The document also summarizes synthetic adhesives like thermoplastic adhesives such as PVA and thermosetting adhesives including urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde and epoxy resins. Specific rubber adhesives used in construction like Araldite, silicon sealant and Fevicol are explained. The document concludes by listing some building and construction applications of glues and sealants.

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SUBMITTED BY -
RITIKA GOEL
B.ARCH
GROUP NO – 5

2. An adhesive or glue is a material, usually in a liquid or
semi-liquid state, that adheres or bonds items together.
Adhesives come from natural or synthetic sources.
Adhesives cure (harden) by either evaporating a
solvent or by chemical reactions that occur between
two or more constituents.
INTRODUCTION

3.  It Should have :-
High tensile strength, strong cohesive strength, Adherence, fluidity,
wettability
PROPERTIES
In addition, bonded front and back windscreens increase the rigidity
of the bodies and result in weight reduction.
Bonding know-how plays a unique role for light weight constructions
with integrated functions.
For example, correctly designed bonded joints between two metals,
panes of glass or wooden slats can act as a hinge.
In the area of electronics, the classic joining technique of soldering
is being increasingly replaced by bonding.
For example to connect highly integrated components with each
other in a hassle-free way and without the need to use excessive
heat.

4. adequate strength is produced
it is possible to have a wide variety of combinations in joining.
a massive effect is created.
corrosion may be prevented between different metals joined
by adhesive.
The surface of plastics, wood metals are joined by adhesive.
application process is economical, easy and speedy.
adhesives joints , impermeable for water and gas can be
made.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Unsuitable at high temperatures.
An adhesive requires sometime to attain the desired
strength.
Specific adhesive is required to be used for specific
substance

5. 5
mproved Product Durability and Dependability
Eliminates decay associated with metal fasteners and
different metals.
Provides continuous bond line, offering stiffening with no added
weight/material.
Compensates for differential thermal growth or contraction
caused by exposing different materials to temperature alteration.
Spreads and absorbs pressure to provide increased fatigue
resistance versus mechanical fasteners.

6. ADHESIVE
NATURAL SYNTHETIC
animal
casein
bituminous
thermosetting
thermoplastic

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NATURAL ADHESIVES
Natural glues are prepared from inert mineral sources, or organic sources
such as vegetable substance, starch, natural resins or from animals e.g.
casein or animal glue.
They are often referred to as bio-adhesives.
One example is a simple paste made by cooking flour in water.

8. 8
 Natural adhesives have many of the same properties that chemical and
synthetic adhesives have. Some natural adhesives are quite strong, whilst
others are incredibly flexible.
Some are waterproof, whilst others are soluble in water.
Natural glues are often slightly more expensive than the synthetic glues
and are not as easy to use – most need to be kept at a high temperature.
Natural glues in the construction of weaponry, as seen in the early building
techniques of bow and arrows.
They are used in furniture construction, in the creation of decorative
objects, and even to waterproof watercraft (such as canoes) and water
containers.

9. 9
ANIMAL GLUES
Fish glue Sea shell glue
Animal glues are conventionally used in bookbinding, wood joining, and
many other areas but now are largely replaced by synthetic glues.
Animal glues are obtained from the skin and internal parts of animals and
such glues are used in a large quantity.
Animal hoof

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Rabbit-skin glue, another form of hide-glue, was used to coat canvasses to
protect the decay of the canvas fabric from the active components of
linseed oil. Nowadays it is used instead in the production of some musical
instruments.
For furnishing repairer hide-glue is ideal for tinkering and experimenting.
Animal hoof glue, which is one of the oldest forms of glue still in use, can
be used for carpentry and delicate furniture decoration processes.
Previously it was used for stiffening fabrics and for giving added strength to
items such as bow strings.
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Animal hoof glue is derived from hoofed animals (such as horses), and is
made by crushing the hooves into small pieces, boiling them until liquid,
and then adding an acid to create the chemical reaction which leads to
the glue formation.

11. CASEIN
 Manufactured from soured, skimmed milk curbs, which are
dried and crushed into a powder form.
 Casein-based glues were popular for woodworking, including
for aircraft.
 Casein glue is also used n transformer manufacturing
(specifically transformer board) due to its oil permeability.
 While largely replaced by synthetic resins, casein-based glues
still have a use in certain niche applications, such as
laminating fireproof doors and the labeling of bottles.
 To use the powder it is mixed with cold water into a smooth
creamy paste.
BITUMINOUS
 Bitumen may be defined as a non crystalline,
solid or viscous material derived from petroleum.
 It is asphalt in solid state and mineral tar in semi
fluid state. Bitumen jointed
setts

12. SYNTHETIC ADHESIVES
• Synthetic adhesives are
based on elastomers,
thermoplastics, emulsions,
and thermosets.
• The first commercially
produced synthetic
adhesive was KARLSONS
KISTER in the 1920s.
• It is of two types –
 Thermoplastic adhesives
Thermosetting adhesives

13. THERMOPLASTIC
ADHESIVES•Thermoplastic adhesives are fusible, soluble and poor heat and
creep resistant.
•Thermoplastic adhesives have low/medium shear strength and
suffer from creep at high loading.
•They have good resistance to oils but poor resistance to
water.
•Thermoplastic adhesives include polyvinyl acetate (PVA),
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylates, polyester acrylics, acrylic
solvent cement, cyanoacrylates (superglue), silicone resins,
polyamides and acrylic acid diesters.

14. •Supplied as an emulsion in water, for porous
materials, especially wood.
•Shear strength is good. Resistant to oil . Poor
resistance to water.
•Low heat tolerance. ( White glue).
•Materials Bonded ...:Wood, Metal, glass, ceramics.
POLYVINYL ACETATE
USES:-
•As wood glue PVAc is known as "white glue" and the yellow “carpenter’s glue" or
PVA glue.
•As paper adhesive during paper packaging converting in bookbinding and book
arts, due to its flexible strong bond and non-acidic nature (unlike many other
polymers).
•For handcrafted works.
•As envelope adhesives,
•As wallpaper adhesive.

15. • These are transformed into tough, heat-resistant solids
by the addition of a catalyst or the application of heat.
• Used in such structural functions as bonding metallic
parts of aircraft and space vehicles.
Eg.- urea formaldehyde,
phenol formaldehyde,
melamine formaldehyde,
resorcinol resins,
epoxide resins
THERMOSETTING ADHESIVES
FOR TIMBER
CONSTRUCTION

16. • More familiar to the cabinet and
woodworker under the trade
name 'Extramite'.
• Used when a high quality but
stable fix is required.
• Sets at normal room
temperatures and is relatively
cheap and available.
• Suitable for laminating,
fabricating and veneering when
large presses or good cramping
facilities are available
UREA FORMALDEHYDE
Adhesive being
applied on veneers

17. PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE
(PH)• Used where great strength is
required, durable and water resistant.
• An 'engineering adhesive' used for
heavy structural work and quality
MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE
(MF)•A more expensive adhesive usually used
as an additive.
• Used in the production of hard decorative
plastic laminates, furniture assembly, shop
fitting, professional wood working.

18. RESORCINOL RESINS
• Glues of these resins are
dark viscous liquids.
• They become hard in short
time at low temperatures.
• They are resistant to heat,
moisture, fungi & bacteria.
• Water resistance is very
good
• They are used to make
exterior plywood
• Materials bonded are Wood
&porous materials.

19. EPOXIDE RESINS
• Epoxy is a thermosetting
polymer formed from
reaction of an epoxide
resin with polyamine
hardener.
• Epoxy resins are tough,
chemically resistant,
rigid materials that cure
at room temperature.
• Used for bonding
broken concrete, setting
metal post in concrete
as in staircases
• It is used for rubber,
plastic, glass, metal.

20. RUBBER ADHESIVE
• Made by dissolving rubber in benzene.
• Have excellent property of forming rigid bonds.
• This enable the adhesive the adhesive to flex and stretch
under stress and recover to its original position as soon as the
load is removed.
• Have high bond strength and durability.
• Reclaimed natural rubber adhesive has the advantage flow
cost as automobile tyres form the largest source of reclaimed
rubber of making of adhesives

21. TYPES OF RUBBER ADHESIVES
• Araldite (hardner + resin)
• Silicon sealant
• Synthetic rubber
adhesives (SR – 505)
• Synthetic rubber
adhesive ( SR – 998)
• Foam fix
• Fevicol SH – synthetic
resin adhesive
• Heatx heatproof
adhesive
• Fevicol marine
waterproof adhesive
• Crack bond
• Solvo bond
• M – seal
• DDL
• Spray adhesive

22. ARALDITE (HARDNER+RESIN)
• It is suitable for bonding a variety of
materials including metal, ceramic, and
wood
• ADVANTAGES – Long open time
High shear and peel strength
Easy to apply
Electrically insulating
• COLOR APPEARANCE –
RESIN – Creamy, viscous liquid
HARDNER – Amber liquid

23. SILICON SEALANT
• It is easy to apply and offers excellent
adhesion to a variety of non porous
substrates such as glass, glazed ceramic
tiles and aluminum
• These are primarily designed for
conventional glazing
• It is ideally suited for sealing glass
windows , shop fronts , aluminum joints ,
showcases , shower screens , bathtubs
and wash basins , aquarium , bus body
building and automobiles

24. SYNTHETIC RUBBER ADHESIVE (SR-505)
• It is specially for PVC flooring
• It is good resistance to water
and aging
• Mild smell
• It is used for bonding wood,
plywood, laminates, veeners,
blockboard, hardboard and
MDF to eachother
• Multi purpose adhesive
• Excellent bonding strength

25. SYNTHETIC RUBBER ADHESIVE (SR-998)
• It is a synthetic solvent borne rubber
based adhesive which is resistant to
water, oil, alkali, petrol, etc
• Fast setting and high stability
• It is used in furniture manufacturing
for bonding laminate to wood
• It is also used for bonding –
foam, rubber , rexine , & metal to
eachother
• It is also used for flooring

26. FOAM FIX
• It is a synthetic rubber based
solvent used specially for
making quality sofa, chair,
mattresses, etc
• Soft on foam, keeps foam
shape intact
• Excellent spread ability, faster
bonding
• Mild smell
• It is used to bond foam/rubber
foam to foam, plywood to
foam

27. FEVICOL SH – SYNTHETIC RESIN
ADHESIVE
• It is a synthetic resin adhesive
intended for wood working and
various materials where one of the
surfaces to be bonded is porous.
• Resistant to water and heat.
• It appears as a white viscous paste
• It is used for bonding paper ,
cardboard , thermocol , fabrics , wood
and plywood
• It achieves handling strength in 8 to
10 hours

28. HEATX HEAT PROOF ADHESIVE
 Suitable for vertical
applications
 It is used in furniture
industry for bonding
laminate to wood , PVC
laminate to laminate
 Faster setting
 Heatproof at high
temperatures

29. MARINE WATER PROOF ADHESIVES
• For bonding wood ,
plywood, laminates,
veneers, particle board,
hard board/ block board,
MDF to each other
• 48hr continuous water
resistance
• 1hr boiling water
resistance
• Superior bonding in
marine plywood

30. CRACK BOND
• High penetrative
• Micro crack treatment
• It is used for crack filling
• Pigmentation can be done
by adding dry cement as
per color of marble
• Applied material will cure
in 24hrs, after that
polishing of marble can be
done

31. SOLVO BOND
• PVC solvent cement for
repairing and bonding of
PVC pipes
• Because of its higher
viscosity it makes joints
leak proof and gives
more coverage
• Joint made with solvo
bond can withstand
temperatures from -35 to
90 degree celsius

32. M – SEAL
• M – seal is perfect for
sealing , joining , fixing or
repairing
• Sets in 30 minutes (27C)
• Can be moulded into
different shapes
• Cures to hard mass
• Provides rock hard sealing
• Can be shaped, drilled,
filed, sanded, painted upon

33. FEVICOL DDL – SYNTHETIC AHESIVE BINDER
• Synthetic adhesive binder for
lime and distemper
• It is for a superior wall finish
• Prevents peeling of the lime
• Prevents cracks
• Easy to use, no heating required
• It is use for white wash of
bungalows, flats, housing
societies, schools, colleges,
hospitals, hotels, offices ,
theaters, industrial houses etc

34. SPRAY ADHESIVE
• It is a multipurpose
adhesive
• It can adhere most
products such as
paper, fabric, films,
plastics, wood, foam
and sunmica
• Spray adhesive works
very similarly to spray
paint

35. Building and Construction Usage
 One of the biggest market areas for glues and sealants is in Building Construction.
There are a number of applications where these products are being used, including:
 Carpet Layment.
Ceramic Tile
Concrete
Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning
Manufactured Housing
Roofing
Wall Covering

36. THANK YOU