This document discusses green building materials and construction techniques. It begins by defining what makes a building "green" and then discusses several green building features like efficient energy and water use, renewable energy, and use of sustainable materials. It provides examples of green building materials like wool bricks, fly ash bricks, and solar tiles. It also covers green construction techniques such as prefabricating materials, construction waste management, and using materials selected for their recycled content and local sources. Overall, the document promotes adopting green building practices to reduce environmental impacts throughout the construction process.

1. GREEN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION AND
MATERIALS
INSTRUCTOR: MR. AAYUSH KUMAR,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,
PRESIDENCY UNIVERSITY,
BENGALURU
CIV 281
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND GREEN BUILDINGS

3. • A ‘green’ building is a building that, in its design, construction or
operation, reduces or eliminates negative impacts, and can create
positive impacts, on our climate and natural environment.
• Green buildings preserve precious natural resources and improve our
quality of life.
• Green building design involves finding the balance between
homebuilding and the sustainable environment.
• This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the
engineers, and the client at all project stages.
GREEN BUILDING ?

4. There are a number of features which can make a building ‘green’.
These include:
• Efficient use of energy, water and other resources
• Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy
• Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of re-use
and recycling
• Good indoor environmental air quality
• Use of materials that are non-toxic, ethical and sustainable
• Consideration of the environment in design, construction and
operation
• Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design,
construction and operation
• A design that enables adaptation to a changing environment
Any building can be a green building, whether it’s a home, an office, a
school, a hospital, a community centre, or any other type of structure,
provided it includes features listed above.

5. GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS
• Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than non
renewable resources.
• Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are
considered over the life of the product.
• Building and construction activities worldwide consume 3 billion tons
of raw materials each year or 40 percent of total global use.
• Integrating green building materials into building projects can help
reduce the environmental impacts associated with the extraction,
transport, processing, fabrication, installation, reuse, recycling, and
disposal of these building industry source materials.

6. GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS CHARACTERISTICS:
Reduced maintenance/replacement
costs over the life of the building.
Energy conservation.
Improved occupant health and
productivity.
Lower costs associated with changing
space configurations.
It is made up of renewable materials.
It has minimum possible
environmental cost.
It has low energy utilization in its
manufacturing as well as its
functioning.
Greater design flexibility.
It is easily recyclable.
It is efficient in the long run.

7. Selection criteria for green
building material
• Local availability of materials
• Embodied energy of materials
• % of recycled/waste materials used
• Rapidly renewable materials
• Contribution in energy efficiency of
building
• Recyclability of materials
• Durability
• Environmental Impact

8. EXAMPLES
OF GREEN
BUILDING
MATERIALS
Bricks
• Wool Brick- wool fibres + clay + alginate
(from seaweed)
• Fly ash Bricks, Straw, Recycled Rubber, Clay,
Bamboo, Solar Tiles, Sustainable Concrete
Flooring
• Rapidly Renewable Flooring : bamboo
flooring, wool, cotton insulation, cork
flooring (Rapidly renewable materials have
a regeneration rate of 10 years or less.)
• Waste Based Flooring
• Sustainable Carpeting - coir, organic
cotton, jute, organic wool and bamboo

9. WOOL BRICKS
Mechanical tests indicate that wool
bricks are around 37% stronger
than conventional bricks made
using unfired, stabilized earth

10. FLY ASH BRICKS

11. SOLAR TILES

12. Wall Finishes
• Low & Zero VOC Paints
• Natural Plaster
• Natural Paints
Insulation
• Fiberglass
• Cellulose
• Natural fiber (cotton, wool)
• Polyurethane
• Icynene - spray foam made out of castor oil

13. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
1. Prefabricating Materials in Controlled Environments
 Constructing as much of a structure in a controlled
environment as possible has improved the quality of
buildings and resulted in less trash.
 Being able to cut materials precisely decreases waste.
 The resulting forms are then transported where concrete
is poured into them or the pieces are assembled.

14. 2. Construction Waste Management
Reducing waste is becoming more achievable for contractors as haulers
have grown more sophisticated in recent years. Where jobsites once had
trash bins for different types of waste, they now need just one, in many
cases, because haulers use pickers to separate materials.
3. Managing the Site for Improved Environment
Runoff is now contained by silt fencing surrounding an area. A number of
“best practice” approaches can be used to treat water on site and avoid
having it flow into the local sewer system
4. Lean Manufacturing to Reduce Energy
One success involved an employee who modified a brush that works in
conjunction with snow blowers to reduce the amount of time required to
clean metal floor decks in winter. The materials are delivered “just in time”
to avoid having rebar and other materials sitting outside well before
installation. The just-in-time system brings supplies on or around the day
they are needed

17. 5. Material Selection
Architects and clients seeking LEED can achieve many points by selecting
materials manufactured from recycled products and from local sources.
The materials can be anything, from renewable products such as
bamboo for floors,etc.
As buildings become greener, so do construction
sites.
Off-site fabrication, improved on-site maintenance,
lean practices, landfill avoidance and green
materials acquisition have begun to fundamentally,
albeit slowly, transform the way buildings are
constructed today !

18. GREEN
BUILDINGS
CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES

19. EXTERIOR
SOLUTIONS

20.  Bird Friendly Design
• Windows and other glass components are the building features most
dangerous to birds, which have poor depth perception and can’t
notice architectural context clues that humans use to avoid such
collisions.
• The lower levels of a building (the first 40 feet) and levels next to a
green roof are places where bird-friendly design is most critical.

22. Bird-friendly strategies for windows deter birds by making glass more visible,
making it appear as if spaces are too small to fly through, and/or by reducing
reflections.
 Vertical stripes are the simplest pattern able to deter the large majority of
birds, while covering the smallest window surface.
 Another method of reducing bird collisions is to choose windows other than
typical clear panes. Colored, frosted, glass-block, or stained-glass windows are
more noticeable to birds.
 Also, a fairly new type of glass made with a UV coating or pattern that is almost
invisible to humans can deter birds since they can see light in the ultraviolet
range.

25. Minimization of nighttime lighting, both indoor and outdoor, is an
additional way to make buildings more bird-friendly. This can be
accomplished by shading lights or angling them downward, or simply
by turning them off at night.

26.  Cool Roofs
• Over the past few decades, rooftops have become a large contributor to
excessive heat issues.
• Cool roofing is an emergent and powerful technology used for
temperature control of buildings and areas.
• A cool roof prevents heat absorption by reflecting the sun’s heat and
then emitting its radiation back into the atmosphere. By doing this, cool
roofs allow for a more comfortable and controlled indoor environment.

27. “COOLNESS”
Solar reflectance
Solar reflectivity, or albedo, measures a
roof’s ability to reflect sunlight and heat
away from a building.
It is rated on a scale from 0 to 1 (or 0%-
100%), with higher values representing a
cooler roof.
The most efficient cool roof reflects more
than 65% of solar energy away from the
building, only absorbing a small
percentage into the structure’s interior.
Meanwhile, conventional roofing
materials only reflect a mere 5% to 15%
of this energy.
Thermal emittance
Thermal emittance refers to a
roof’s ability to release
absorbed heat.
A high thermal emittance is
preferable in warmer areas so
that the heat is not held within
the roof and, therefore, the
building.
Thermal emittance is also rated
on a scale from 0 to 1 or 0%-
100%.

29. Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) is a value that incorporates the two radiative
properties above, with a single value produced to represent a material’s
temperature in the sun.
SRI is measured on a scale from 0-100 or 0%-100%, with a higher value
representing a cooler roof. Zero refers to a temperature as hot as a black
surface, while 100 refers to a temperature as cool as a white surface.
 Low-Sloped Roofs have an extremely flat roof line with a slight incline for
draining needs. These types are typically found associated with industrial,
institutional, and commercial buildings
• Coated Roofs: Coated Roofs are literally
coated with a paint-like finish to help
enhance a roof’s adhesion, durability,
and longevity while simultaneously
reducing bacterial growth.
• Foam Roofs are roofs topped with a
foam-like material for insulation
purposes.
• Built-Up Roofing Systems, or BUR
systems, are roofs made up of
multiple layers of various materials
and minerals. These various plies,
when put together, help prevent
solar heat from entering the
building. Common BUR layers
include: a base sheet, fabric
reinforcement layers, and a
protective surface layer.

30. Coated Roofs

31. Foam
Roofs

32. Built up
Roofing

33. Modified Bitumen, widely known as “Mod-Bit,” is an asphalt-based
roofing system similar to BUR systems. It is designed to accommodate
both cold and warm temperatures and it is more elastic than BUR
systems.

34.  Steep-Sloped Roofs have an inclined roof line and are generally seen
in residential settings.
 Materials for steep-sloped cool roofs include asphalt shingles, metal
roofing, tiles, and shakes.
 Different cool roofing techniques are used for steep-sloped roofs
because of their different structure and materials.

35. Cool Roofing Materials
•Asphalt Shingles are composed of asphalt mats made from organic felts or
fiberglass. Their SRI is relatively low, as white shingles are only about 30%
reflective and other color tiles even less so. They are widely used in the
residential sector because they are low in cost and simple to install.
•Metal roofs, one of the most popular roofing materials used today, can achieve
a solar reflectance of over 70%, allowing buildings to remain much cooler and
lowering their energy costs. Metal is also extremely durable and weather-
resistant, lightweight, and 100% recyclable at the end of its useful life.
Cool Roof Reflective Coatings
White roof coatings
Pigmented coatings Aluminum roof coatings
Roofing Membranes Tiles Single-Ply Thermoplastic membranes :
PVC,TPO

36. Metal Roofing
Asphalt Shingles

37.  Green Roofs
A green roof is a vegetative layer grown on a rooftop of a building.
Also known as roof gardens, these green roofs serve as a large
contributor to energy efficiency of buildings.
Green roofs reduce the temperature of the building and the
surrounding air in multiple ways:
1. Shading: They provide shade to the top of a building
II. Evapotranspiration: the plants in a green roof absorb water
through their roots, and then use surrounding heat from the air to
evaporate the water

40.  Energy-Efficient Windows
Energy-efficient windows minimize the need for heating, cooling, and artificial
lighting by using some combination of window glazes, multiple panes, tightly-
sealed edges, insulated frames, and gas fills. In a typical home, roughly 30% of
heating and air conditioning is lost through the windows!
Energy loss happens through conduction, radiation, convection currents, and
air leakage, but energy-efficient windows are an effective way to combat these
processes and cut back on energy use.
Specifications
U-factor: measures how much heat is conducted through a window. This rating
may apply to the whole window fixture (glass, frame, spacers, etc.) or only to the
glass itself. A low U-factor signifies that a window is well-insulated and therefore
more energy-efficient. A rating of 0.30 or below is considered very good.
Solar heat-gain coefficient (SHGC): the fraction of solar heat energy that passes
through a window. SHGC can improve indoor climate control through the
installation of high-SHGC (>0.55) windows in cold climates and low-SHGC (<0.40)
windows in warm climates.

41. Visible transmittance (VT): the amount of visible light that can pass
through a window. VT is measured on a scale of 0 to 1, where 0 signifies
no light transmittance and 1 is complete light transmittance
Low-emissivity (low-e) glazes: transparent metal-oxide insulators that
block longer wavelengths of energy while still allowing visible light
(shorter wavelengths) to pass through. Low-e windows work well for
keeping heat either inside or outside of a building, depending on
climate.
Air leakage: low air leakage is always good.
Gas fills: some double-paned windows are made with an inert gas such
as argon or krypton in the inter-pane space because they are better
insulators than air.

42. Shading of windows by overhangs or plants can help keep a house
cool in the summer when the sun is high in the sky.
Curtains or shutters can also help keep out light or heat as desired. If
possible, window direction should be incorporated into home design.
For example, in colder climates, high-SHGC windows should
predominantly face south to capture the most heat when the sun is
low in the sky during winter. North-facing windows, on the other
hand, tend to provide more light than heat.
Tubular daylighting devices, which channel sunlight through a
reflective tube, may be a good way to add natural light to rooms
where traditional windows or skylights are not feasible.

49.  Runoff Landscaping for Parking Lots
 There are many advantages of
introducing smart landscaping into a
parking lot, including minimizing
flooding, maintaining cleanliness, and
creating green space.
 Smart landscaping means creatively
and effectively implementing a
landscape project that meets the needs
of a parking lot while incorporating
environmental efficiencies.
• The most important function of parking lot landscaping is to provide natural
drainage, a water collection network, and stormwater filtration.
• Landscaping can enhance the aesthetic quality of the space and help reduce
temperatures in the summer by providing shade.
• It’s necessary to be mindful of the type of tree to use in a parking lot.

50. Bioswales
• It’s important to consider that even small lots can be designed with a
variation of this technique by using perimeter bioswales, which are
depressions along the perimeter designed to remove silt and pollution
from surface runoff water, distribute the water away from some
locations toward a larger collection system, and minimize flooding.
• Parking lots should be designed so that water is directed toward the
perimeter. Bioswales are effective landscaping techniques that can be
incorporated into many types of vegetation.

53. Rain Gardens and Designed Wetlands
Rain gardens, deep perimeter strips, and designed wetlands are other
types of bioretention landscape elements that receive excess runoff that
bioswales cannot support.
They are the final elements in the stormwater runoff network system.

54. Permeable Pavement
• Permeable pavement (also known as pervious or porous concrete) is a specific
type of pavement with a high porosity that allows rainwater to pass through it
into the ground below.
• Through this movement, pervious concrete mimics the natural process that
occurs on the ground’s surface, consequently reducing runoff and returning
water to underground aquifers. It also traps suspended solids and pollutants,
keeping them from polluting the water stream.

55. https://www.go-gba.org/resources/green-building-methods/