Construction materials are made from widely available materials like sand, clay, and stone. Common construction materials include stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, and bricks. Stone is classified based on its mineral composition and formation process. Cement is a dry powder that binds other materials when mixed with water. Mortar is a mixture of cement, sand, and water used to bind materials like bricks. Concrete is composed of cement, aggregate like gravel or crushed rock, and water. Ceramics are inorganic materials made from clay that are hardened by heat. Buildings are constructed using a design team approach with expertise in design, finance, and construction.
This presentation will take you through a research study of five(5) different kinds of building
materials available on the Botswana market.
The objective of this assignment was to generate interest and facilitate student understanding of
different building materials available and their applications in the building construction environment.
The materials I personally researched about are as follows:
• Wood
• Tile
• Steel
• Glass
• Stone
This presentation will take you through a research study of five(5) different kinds of building
materials available on the Botswana market.
The objective of this assignment was to generate interest and facilitate student understanding of
different building materials available and their applications in the building construction environment.
The materials I personally researched about are as follows:
• Wood
• Tile
• Steel
• Glass
• Stone
Gives information about various building materials, classification of buildings, types of loads, building components their functions and nominal dimensions.
Gives information about various building materials, classification of buildings, types of loads, building components their functions and nominal dimensions.
Effect of mill scale and fly ash waste on the performance of cement mortareSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper investigates effect of mill scale and fly ash wastes as a replacement of fine aggregate generally natural sand on the performance of cement mortar. Utilization of fly ash and mill scale in cement mortar production not only provides significant environmental benefits but also enhances performance of the cement mortar when used at optimum amounts. They may be used in the form of finely ground additive to replace part of aggregates in cement mortar. This study looked at the feasibility of mill scale and fly ash waste inclusion as partial aggregate replacement in normal cement mortar. Properties of cement mortar incorporating fly ash and mill scale waste as partial substitution for natural aggregate were investigated. The study involves six replacement levels of mill scale and fly ash wastes into cement mortar for each mix design. Mortar cubes are tested for strength, & water absorption. The partial replacement of fine aggregate by M(3,30), M(5,30), M(8,30), M(10,30), M(12,30), M(15,30) ( M-mix of mill scale & fly ash %) improves the properties of normal mortar. In the design mix of industrial wastes produced, percentage of fly ash is kept constant (30 %) and mill scale is varied from 0 to 15 % by weight of natural sand. The test results indicate that the mechanical properties of mill scale and fly ash modified mortar are improved to a great extent, whereas the water absorption is reduced as compared to that of plain mortar.
Keywords: Mill Scale, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Durability, Water Absorption, Density
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الخطة التسويقية من اهم الادوات لاى ماركتير وهى تمثل العامل الاساسى لاى نجاح تسويقى لان كل ما كان الاهداف والاستراتجيه مكتوبة ويتم تنفيذه كل ما نسبه النجاح زادات
Effect of silica fume on the strength of cement mortareSAT Journals
Abstract
The replacement of sand/cement by certain percentage of silica fumes, resulted in the improvement in compressive strength of the mortar. Silica fumes to the highly pozzolanic materials because it consists essentially of silica in non- crystalline form with a high specific surface. It is used to improve the mechanical properties of the concrete. The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of silica fume on the compressive strength of mortar. Three proportions of mixes viz mix 1:3, mix 1:4 and mix 1:6 with different percentages of silica fumes replacement with sand/cement were used. The maximum increase in strength at the age of 28 days when sand is replaced by 15% of silica fume has been observed as 40% and in case of cement replaced with 15% of silica fume, the observed increase in compressive strength of mortar comes out to be 28%.
A quantitative cost analysis shows that with the replacement of cement and sand by silica fume, the in cost is more when sand is replaced and it is less when cement is replaced.
Keywords: pozzolanic, silica fumes, non- crystalline, compressive strength
Experimental Investigation of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ond Quarry Dust a...IJSRD
In this experimental work ninety nine cubes has been prepared having dimension 70.7x70.7x70.7 mm are cast as per IS:4031 (2000). In this experimental investigation cement mortar mix 1:3 by volume were selected for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% partially replacement of natural sand (NS) by Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD) [3 cubes on each parameter respectively] for W/C ratio of 0.55 respectively. All the cubes were tested under compressive testing machine. To compare the average compressive strength of natural sand (NS) with granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD).
Hi everyone,
In this presentation is shown the construction materials: how we manufacture and use them, and how we build a building.
I hope you will enjoy it.
Jesús ZB and my friend Daniel, Spain.
Introduction to Concrete
Manufacturing of Concrete
Types of Concrete
Properties of Concrete
Advantage of Concrete
Uses of Concrete
Various Tests for Concrete
Innovations…
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ALTERNATIVE BUILDING TECHNIQUE - EARTH (USE OF EARTH AS A MATERIAL)Ar. Anuj Kumar Maurya
Earth, or soil, is a naturally occurring material that is composed of minerals, organic matter, air, and water. It is a versatile and valuable resource that has been used by humans for a variety of purposes throughout history.
One of the primary uses of earth is for agriculture. Soil provides the nutrients and support necessary for plant growth, and is the foundation of most agricultural systems. Earth is also used in construction, where it can be mixed with other materials to create building foundations, walls, and floors. In addition, earth can be shaped and molded to create earthen structures such as adobe houses, earthen ovens, and other types of buildings.
Earth has also been used for centuries in traditional medicine and healing practices. Some cultures believe that earth has healing properties and can be used for medicinal purposes, such as in clay masks for skin care or for poultices to treat wounds and infections.
In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of earth as a sustainable and eco-friendly building material. Techniques such as rammed earth construction and compressed earth block construction are gaining popularity as people look for ways to build more sustainably and reduce their environmental impact.
Overall, earth is a valuable resource that has been used in countless ways throughout history, and continues to be an important material for agriculture, construction, and other purposes.
For the majority of us, building a house is a once-in-a-lifetime chance. You must first comprehend the nature of the building materials utilised in order to understand how buildings are constructed.
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Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
3. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
From ancient times to the present day, builders have
used a wide variety of materials for construction:
wood,hay,mud,stone...
Construction materials are used in large quantities, so
that should come from cheap and abundant raw
materials. Thus, most construction materials are made
from widely available materials such as sand, clay or
stone.
It is also desirable that the required manufacturing
processes consume little power and are not overly
elaborate.
4. STONE
Stone are generally
classified by mineral and
chemical composition, by
the texture of the
constituent particles and
by the processes that
formed them. These
indicators separate stone
into igneous,
sedimentary, and
metamorphic.
5. CEMENT
Cement is a
blinder, like glue.
It is a dry grey
powder that binds
other materials
together.
We normally use
cement to
preoduce mortar
and concrete.
It is uncertain where it was first discovered that a
combination of hydrated non-hydraulic lime and a
pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture (see also:
Pozzolanic reaction), but concrete made from such
mixtures was first used on a large scale by Roman
engineers.
6. PRODUCTION OF CEMENT
Of all the different cement mixtures is
consideraded to be the standard mixture.
Its namecomes from limestone quarry near Porlant
,where limestone was extracted for the production
cement.
Porlant cement contain:
clay,chalk,gypsum,
limestone,tricalcium,
aluminate,calcium
ferrites,metal oxides.
7. MORTAR
Mortar is a mixture of
cement , sand,water.
It`s best to mix
cement and the sand
first because they mix
more easily whitout
the water.
When we add water
to the mixture it
becomes a paste.
When the cement
and water come into
contac they start a
chemical reaction.
MORTAR
8. CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite construction material
composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) and
other cementitious materials such as fly ash and
slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate
made of gravels or crushed rocks such as limestone, or
granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water, and
chemical admixtures.
-REINFORCED CONCRETE
Reinforced concrete is concrete in which reinforcement bars
("rebars"), reinforcement grids, plates or fibers have been
incorporated to strengthen the concrete in tension. The term
Ferro Concrete refers only to concrete that is reinforced with
iron or steel. Other materials used to reinforce concrete can
be organic and inorganic fibres as well as composites in
different forms.
9. PLASTER
Plaster may also be used to create complex detailing for use in
room interiors. These may be geometric (simulating wood or
stone) or naturalistic (simulating leaves, vines, and flowers)
These are also often used to simulate wood or stone detailing
found in more substantial buildings.
-Advantages:
*Plaster gives a smooth surface
and has nice finish.
*It is easy to work with.
*It is a good sound and thermal
insulator.
*It is resistant to fire within a
room , reducing, or eliminating
structural damage.
-Disadvantages:
*It is weak.
*It absorbs water.
10. CERAMICS
A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic
solid prepared by the action of heat and
subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials
may have a crystalline or partly
crystalline structure, or may be
amorphous (e.g., a glass).
Chinese porcelain vase
11. HISTORY OF CERAMICS.
The history of ceramics dates back to about 10,000 BC.
Way back then, difficulty in firing techniques did not
result in the glaze and gloss now associated with the
material. The products, for domestic and commercial
purposes, were mold based and featured only simulated
basket texture for surface decoration. The mixture of
copper, water and soluble soda resulted in a technical
oddity that was commonly referred to as 'high
temperature ceramic' around 5000 BC.
12. WHAT IS CLAY?
Clay is a naturally occurring
material composed primarily of
fine-grained minerals. Clay
deposits are mostly composed
of clay minerals, a subtype of
phyllosilicate minerals, which
impart plasticity and harden
when fired or dried; they also
may contain variable amounts
of water trapped in the mineral
structure by polar attraction.
13. HOW DO WE MANUFACTURE
CERAMICS?
1- MOULDING: The first step is making ceramics
is to give the clay the required shape , for
example: a brick.
2- Drying: The absorbed water is what makes the
clay wet. When it evaporates the clay becomes
hard , but if water is added it becomes soft clay
again.
3- FIRING: To remove the chemically bound water
we need high temperatures. That is why the
process is called “ banking” or “ firing” the clay.
14. USED OF BRICKS.
The bricks are used in construction fences, walls
and partitions. It is mainly used to build walls or
partitions. Although bone can be placed, it is
usually received with mortar. The arrangement
of the bricks in the wall known as rigging, and
there is great variety of them.
15. CONSTRUCTION BUILDINGS
In general, there are three
types of construction:
1. Desining team.
2. Financial advisor.
3. Interaction of expertise.
4. Desing and building.
Each type of construction
project requires a unique
team to plan, design,
construct, and maintain the
project.
16. DESINING TEAM
In the modern
industrialized world,
construction usually
involves the
translation of designs
into reality. A formal
design team may be
assembled to plan
the physical
proceedings, and to
integrate those
proceedings.
17. FINANCIAL ADVISORS.
Many construction projects suffer
from preventable financial
problems. Underbids ask for too
little money to complete the
project. Cash flow problems exist
when the present amount of
funding cannot cover the current
costs for labour and materials,
and because they are a matter of
having sufficient funds at a
specific time, can arise even
when the overall total is enough.
18. INTERACTION OF EXPERTISE
Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap
and interrelate. The design must be not only
structurally sound and appropriate for the
use and location, but must also be
financially possible to build, and legal to use.
19. DESING AND BUILDING
This approach has
become more
common in recent
years and includes
an entire completed
package, including
fixtures, fittings and
equipment where
necessary, to
produce a
completed fully
functional building.