introduction only

1. By:- Aditi and Bharat

2. Introduction
Introduction to various building codes in
professional practice emphasizing the importance of
codes and regulations to protect public health,
safety and welfare and to ensure compliance with
the local authorities

3. Definition
■ Introduction: mode of construction varies from region to other
region depending upon motive of owners, availability of
material, labour, construction and weather conditions.
■ Bye law: the construction of any building, certain restrictions
are laid down by Municipal bodies, Urban development
authorities and other government departments as town
planning trusts to clear open spaces to be left round the
building.
■ Example: BDA, BBMP, MUDA, CITY Corporation

4. Purpose
■ If certain rules and regulations are not made, house owner may construct residential
building as per his whims and fancies.• Hence it is essential to maintain and
implement the bye laws to provide proper ventilation, privacy, security and safety
between the neighbours.
■ Ensure public health and safety throughout a building.
■ Most have come into play “after-the-fact” as a learning experience from a major
tragedy.
■ They are primarily concerned with
■ Construction requirements
■ Hazardous materials or equipment used in the building
■ 75% of all codes and standards deal with fire
■ Energy conservation
■ Accessibility

5. Objectives Of Building Bye Laws
■ Allows disciplined and systematic growth of buildings and towns and prevent
haphazard development.
■ Protect safety of public against fire, noise, health hazards and structural failures.
■ Provide proper utilization of space. Hence, maximum efficiency in planning can
be derived from these bye laws
■ They give guidelines to the architect or an engineer in effective planning and
useful in preplanning the building activates.
■ They provide health, safety and comfort to the people who live in buildings
■ Due to these by-laws, each building will have proper approaches, light, air and
ventilation which are essential for health, safety and comfort.

6. Principles Underlying Building
Bye-laws
 Classifying the building with unit as a family and mentioning the requirement.
 Classify rooms according use and then specifying minimum standard of each
room with respect to size, height, floor area, ventilation and light.
 Specify height of compound wall and location of gate in wall.
 Controlling projection in marginal space.
 Insisting on suitable FSI or FAR.
 Specify suitable arrangements with respect to drainage and water supply.
 Specify set-backs, light plan and margin.
 Specify minimum size of plots, their dimension and figure

7. Application Of Codes Of Practice
■ Understanding the applications of various codes as per
various building types.
■ Conducting a comprehensive code search process.
■ Representing the above analysis by preparing detailed code
data sheets as applicable in the domain which has been
chosen for the research.

8. Code Accommodates..
■ A building code is a document containing standardized
requirement for the design & construction of most types of building.
■ Codes regulate building construction & building use in order to
protect the health, safety & welfare of the occupant.
■ Codes express all aspects of construction including structural
integrity, fire resistance, safe exists, lighting, electrical, energy
conservation, plumbing, sanitary facilities, ventilation, seismic
design & correct use of construction materials.
■ Building codes classify standard by use & apply different standards
to each classification. For example, schools & office buildings are
in separate occupancy category with different performance
requirement.

9. ■ The codes includes various aspect for regulation on design &
construction viz;
– For Planning Building/Development work
– For Structural Design
– For Constructional aspects
– For Building Services (HVAC, electrical, Acoustics, lifts etc.)
– Plumbing Services (Water supply, Sewerage, Drainage, waste
management)
– Landscaping, signs and outdoor display structures
■ The purpose of all these building codes is to ensure public safety,
health & welfare as affected by building construction. This purpose
includes:
– Structural strength
– Sanitary equipment
– Light & ventilation
– Fire safety

10. Regulations For Different Types
Of Buildings
■ Line of building frontage
■ Open spaces around residential building
■ Min standard dimensions of building elements
■ Provisions for lighting and ventilation
■ Provision for safety from fire and explosion
■ Provisions for means of access
■ Provisions for drainage and sanitation
■ Provisions for safety of works against hazards or accidents

11. ■ Requirements for off- street parking spaces
■ Requirements for greenbelt and landscaping
■ Special requirements for low income group housing
■ Sizes of structural elements.

12. BUILDING FRONTAGE
■ It is margin to be left beyond extreme edge of road to front of building
line (including excavations for fdn and sunshades/ balcony/ projections
of super structure.
■ This clearance depends on:
– Status of the area, i.e. within municipal/ panchayat/ sub-urban areas
– Nature of road adjoining the building
– Nature of building
■ Clearance margin should be more within municipal limits where more
traffic is expected

13. Advantage of set-back
 Better condition of air, light and ventilation.
 At corners it improve visibility and safety from traffic.
 Space for parking.
 Protection of building from street nuisance like noise.
 Reduce the danger of fire from neighbor house.
 It provide privacy in building.

14. OPEN SPACES
■ To cater for lighting and ventilation requirements every human habitation
room shall abut on an exterior / interior open space or open verandah.
■ Residential buildings: (up-to 10m height)
– Exterior open space
■ Front open space
■ Rear open space
■ Side open space
– Interior open space
■ Inner courtyard
■ Ventilation shaft
■ Outer courtyard
– Projections
■ Cornice/ weather shed not wider than 0.75m
■ Balconies not wider than 1.2m

15. Open Space Requirements
■ Open air space for ventilation. Every room intended for human
habitation should abut an interior or exterior opening air space of
the width are dimensions specified below.
■ Where height of building above
plinth adjoining the open air space
does not exceed
Minimum width of open air space
throughout
5m 3.0m
6m 3.0m
9m 3.9m
12m 4.8m
15m 5.7m
18m 6.6m
21m 7.5m

16. OPEN SPACE AROUND RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS
■ Front open space: every building should have a front yard of minimum width of
3m and in case of two or more sides a width of an average of 3 m but in no case
it shall be less than 1.8 m. Such a yard shall form an inseparable part of the site.
■ Rear open space: Every residential building shall have a yard of an average
width of 4.5 m and at no place the yard measuring less than 3 m as an
inseparable part of the building, except in the case of back to back sites where
the width of the yard could be reduced to 3m provided no erection, re-erection or
material alteration of the building shall be undertaken, if at common plot line
straight lines drawn downwards and outwards from the line of intersection of the
outer surface of any rear wall of the building with the roof perpendicular to that
line form an angle of more than 63.5 degree to the horizontal.
■ Side open space: every residential building may have a permanently open air
space not less than 1m in width on one of its sides other than its front and rear
and such side open space shall form an inseparable part of the site. In case,
side open air space is to be used for ventilation, it shall be in accordance with
the requirements mentioned in the previous paragraph. In case, the side open
space abuts a road, the width shall not be less than 3m.

17. MIN STD DIMENSIONS of BLDG
ELEMENTS
■ Area limitations
■ Height of the building
■ Plinth height
■ Requirement of different types of room
■ Parapet wall
■ Boundary wall
■ Area limitation: it is achieved by satisfying ‘floor area ratio (FAR)’

18. Floor Area Ratio
■ The floor area ratio (FAR) is the relationship between the total
amount of usable floor area that a building has, or has been
permitted to have, and the total area of the lot on which the
building stands.
■ FAR = Total area covered on all floors
Plot Area
■ It is specified taking into account:
– Occupancy Class
– Type of Construction
– Width of the street fronting the building and traffic load

19. – Locality where the building id proposed and population
density
– Parking facilities
– Local fire fighting facilities
– Water supply and Drainage facilities
■ Purpose and use
– The floor area ratio (FAR) is the relationship between the
total amount of usable floor area that a building has, or has
been permitted to have, and the total area of the lot on
which the building stands. This ratio is determined by
dividing the total, or gross, floor area of the building by the
gross area of the lot.

20. Types of areas for residential building
■ Carpet Area
– It is the area enclosed within the walls, actual area to lay the carpet.
– This area does not includes the thickness of the inner walls
■ Built up Area(Plinth Area)
– It is the carpet area plus the thickness of outer walls and the balcony.
■ Super Built Up Area
– It is the built up area plus proportionate area of common areas such as
lobby, lifts, shaft, stairs, etc.
– Sometimes it may also include the common areas such, swimming pool,
garden, clubhouse, etc.

21. LIGHT & VENTILATION
■ Min one opening to external air of open space
■ Door openings not counted
■ Fixed part of window shall not be counted
■ Min aggregate area of such openings, excluding doors inclusive frame
shall not be less than
– 1/10th of floor area (dry- hot climate)
– 1/6th of floor area (wet- hot climate)
– 1/12th of floor area (cold climate)
■ Above areas of openings can be increased by 25% in case of kitchen

22. SAFETY FROM FIRE & EXPLOSIONS
■ Use of non-inflammable materials of construction
■ Providing open space on all sides of building
■ Standard sizes for load bearing members
■ Fool proof construction with adequate ventilation for quick escape
of inflammable gases

23. MEANS OF ACCESS
■ Every building should abut on a public/private means of access
like streets/roads
■ It should be free from any obstruction
■ It should be satisfactorily drained and lighted
■ Min width = 6m
■ Min length = 75m

24. DRAINAGE & SANITATION
■ Align the road to gentle slope and provide reasonable
camber
■ Provide more plinth height so that storm water from road
should never rush into house

25. SAFETY OF WORKS AGAINST
HAZARDS & ACCIDENTS
■ Excavation: sufficient workforce, broad day-light, good working
condition, oxygen cylinders
■ Walkway shall be free from sharp and hard projecting materials
■ Floor should be non-slippery
■ Material of construction should not fall in public place
■ Skilled personnel shall be employed

27. Introduction
■ The National Building Code of India (NBC), (a comprehensive building Code), is a
national instrument providing guidelines for regulating the building construction
activities across the country.
■ It serves as a Model Code for adoption by all agencies involved in building
construction works be they Public Works Departments, other government
construction departments, local bodies or private construction agencies.
■ The Code mainly contains administrative regulations, development control rules and
general building requirements; fire safety requirements; stipulations regarding
materials, structural design and construction (including safety); and building and
plumbing services.
■ The National Building Code was first published in 1970 at the instance of Planning
Commission and then revised in 1983. Thereafter three major amendments were
issued, two in 1987 and the third in 1997.

28. Salient features of NBC
■ Inclusion of a complete philosophy and direction for successfully
accomplishing the building projects through integrated multidisciplinary
approach right from conceptual stage through planning, designing,
construction, and maintenance stages.
■ A series of reforms in building permit process.
■ Operation Provision for ensuring safety of buildings against natural
disaster& certification of structural sufficiency by engineer & structural
engineer.
■ Permission of two stage permit for high rise residential and special
buildings.

29. ■ Provision for periodic renewal certificate of occupied buildings from
structural, fire, electrical, health safety point of view.
■ Provision for empowering engineers/architects for sanctioning
plans for residential buildings up to 500 sqm.
■ Revision of parking requirements for metro & mega cities. (mega
cities are metros with population more than 50 lacs)
■ Up gradation of special requirements for low income housing for
urban areas.
■ Inclusion of special requirements for low income housing for rural
habitat planning.

30. ■ Inclusion of guidelines for development planning areas for hilly
areas.
■ Revisions of the provisions for building and facilities for physically
challenged.
■ Fire safety norms completely revamped through detailed
provisions on fire prevention, life safety and fire protection.
■ Inclusion of new categories of starred hotels, heritage structures
provisions.
■ Substitution system & archaeological monuments for fire safety of
halon based fire extinguishers/fire fighting.
■ Promotion to new/innovative building materials/technologies.

31. References
■ https://www.slideshare.net/RCNandish/bye-laws
■ https://www.slideshare.net/imNThakral/introduction-to-bye-laws
■ https://www.slideshare.net/narendrasinhvadher/btp-4byelaws?from_action=save
■ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_area_ratio
■ https://theconstructor.org/building/open-space-requirements-for-buildings/5124/
■ https://www.slideshare.net/ZAIDRAW/building-bye-laws