1) A cash flow statement analyzes the inflow and outflow of cash within a business over a period of time and is divided into operating, investing, and financing activities. 2) Operating activities relate to core business operations like production and sales. Investing activities involve the purchase and sale of long-term assets. Financing activities include activities related to debt and equity. 3) There are two methods for calculating cash flow from operations - the direct method lists actual cash flows, while the indirect method reconciles net income to cash flows by adjusting for accruals and non-cash items.

1. Cash Flow Analysis and
Management

2. Real Life Situations
• Situation 1
Current Assets Current Liabilities-
Rs. 100,000 Rs. 50,000
Working Capital Ratio = 2:1- Safe and adequate

3. Real Life Situations
• Situation 2
Current Assets = Rs. 100,000 = Current Liabilities
Working Capital Ratio = 1:1- Too low for businesses.
But often the case in organizations with high turnover and low debtors- eg. supermarket

4. Real Life Situations
• Situation 3
Current Assets
Rs. 20,000 Current Liabilities Rs. 100,000
Working Capital Ratio = 0.2 :1
Very low for businesses. Company has only 20% assets to cover its
liabilities. Not recommended. Can arise in companies with unpredictable
cash flows.

5. Cash Flow
• Movement of money in and out of your business
• Cycle of the inflow and outflow of cash determines
your business wealth
• Cash flow analysis:
–To study the inflow and outflow of cash of the business
to maintain adequate cash balance
–Study each component of cash cycle and determine how
to increase efficiency

6. Statement of Cash Flows
• Provides information about cash inflows and outflows during an
accounting period
• Is developed from Balance Sheet and Income Statement data
• Important as an analytical tool

7. Preparing Cash Flow Statement
Four parts of a statement of cash flows:
Cash
Operating Activities
Investing Activities
Financing Activities

8. Cash
Cash includes Cash and Cash-equivalents
 Cash Equivalents
• Treasury bills maturing within 90 days or less.
• Investment Funds
• Foreign Currency on hand
• Checking Account
• Free Savings Account

9.  Operating Activities
• Cash flows related to selling goods and services; that is, the principle
business of the firm.
• The cash effects of transactions and other events that enter into the
determination of income
Examples of Operating Activities
• Cash received from customers through sale of goods or services
performed;
• Cash payments to suppliers or employees
• Cash payments for taxes and other expenses

10.  Investing Activities
• Acquiring/disposing of securities that are not cash equivalents
• Cash flows related to the acquisition or sale of non-current assets.
• Lending money/collecting on loans
Examples of Investing Activities
 Cash received from sales of assets that are not held for the regular trading purposes such
as sale of building; marketable securities such as trading and available for sale securities,
and investments
 Cash payments to acquire property, plant, and equipment (PPE), other tangible or
intangible assets, and other long-term assets
 Cash received from sale of, and paid for purchases of derivative instruments
 Loans extended to other companies and collection of such loans

11.  Financing Activities
• Borrowing from creditors/repaying the principal
• Obtaining resources from owners
• Providing owners with a return on investment
Examples of financing activities
 Cash received from issuing share capital
 Cash proceeds from issuing bonds, loans, notes, mortgages and other short or long-
term borrowings
 Cash payments to shareholders to redeem existing shares- treasury stock
• Cash repayment of loans and other borrowings; and
• Cash payments to shareholders as dividends.

12. How Cash Flows During an Accounting Period
Total Inflows less Total Outflows =
Change in cash for the accounting period
Operating Activities
Investing Activities
Financing Activities

13. Components of the Cash Flow Statement
Cash received from
sale of goods
and services
Cash paid for
operating goods
and services
cash flow
from operationsOperations - =
Cash received from
sales of investments
and longterm assets
Cash paid to purchase
long-term investments
cash flow
from investingInvesting - =
Cash received from
issue of debt or
capital stock
Cash paid for
dividends and to
repay debt or to buy
treasury stock
cash flow
from financingFinancing - =
Net change in cash
for the period
=
+ or -
+ or -
cash inflows cash outflows

14. Calculating Cash Flow from Operating Activities
Firms may use one of two methods
Direct Method
Indirect Method
The two methods yield identical figures for net
cash flow from operating activities because the
underlying accounting concepts are the same.

15. Direct Method
Direct Method Shows
• Cash collections from customers
• Interest and dividends collected
• Other operating cash receipts
• Cash paid to suppliers and employees
• Interest paid
• Taxes paid
• Other operating cash payments

16. Indirect Method
Indirect Method starts with Net Income and adjusts for
• Deferrals
• Accruals
• Non-cash items, such as depreciation and amortization
• Non-operating items, such as gains and losses on asset sales
Reconciliation of the accrual based and cash based accounting