This document provides information on breastfeeding techniques and positions for new mothers. It discusses:
- The health benefits of breastfeeding for both babies and mothers.
- Different breastfeeding positions like side-lying, football hold, cradle hold, and cross-cradle that can be used depending on factors like a c-section birth or the size of the baby.
- The importance of proper latching on and signs of successful breastfeeding like adequate wet diapers and weight gain in infants.
- Advantages of breastmilk for babies' nutrition, immunity and brain development as well as reduced disease risk for mothers.
This slides contain description about breast feeding, anatomy of breast, types of human milk, good position for latching, holding for the baby, advantages of breast feeding, contraindication of breast feeding, barriers and problems associated with breast feeding with their management
This slides contain description about breast feeding, anatomy of breast, types of human milk, good position for latching, holding for the baby, advantages of breast feeding, contraindication of breast feeding, barriers and problems associated with breast feeding with their management
Antenatal exercises are exercises performed by the women in their antenatal period to enhance the circulation and prevent various kind of complications. It also gives a feeling of well being to the women.
The Apgar score is a test given to newborns soon after birth. This test checks a baby's heart rate, muscle tone, and other signs to see if extra medical care or emergency care is needed. The test is usually given twice: once at 1 minute after birth, and again at 5 minutes after birth
Phototherapy in neonatal jaundice: Introduction, definition, indication, purposes, rule of thumb, lights used in phototherapy mechanism of phototherapy, techniques of phototherapy, phototherapy units, nursing care in phototherapy, short term and long term complications, nursing diagnosis in phototherapy.
The slides contain description of weaning foods and artifical feeding given to the baby, important points to be considered while preparing feed for the baby
Antenatal exercises are exercises performed by the women in their antenatal period to enhance the circulation and prevent various kind of complications. It also gives a feeling of well being to the women.
The Apgar score is a test given to newborns soon after birth. This test checks a baby's heart rate, muscle tone, and other signs to see if extra medical care or emergency care is needed. The test is usually given twice: once at 1 minute after birth, and again at 5 minutes after birth
Phototherapy in neonatal jaundice: Introduction, definition, indication, purposes, rule of thumb, lights used in phototherapy mechanism of phototherapy, techniques of phototherapy, phototherapy units, nursing care in phototherapy, short term and long term complications, nursing diagnosis in phototherapy.
The slides contain description of weaning foods and artifical feeding given to the baby, important points to be considered while preparing feed for the baby
This presentation is related with the contents regarding breast feeding. It includes complete information about breast feeding including different pictures and beautifully designed.
Notes on nutritional needs of children & infantsBabitha Devu
There are various methods of feeding a child. Like breastfeeding, weaning & artificial feeding.
All the types of feeding which help to fulfill the nutritional need of a child as per the increase in age are elaborated in this presentation.
Presentation on breastfeeding
this presentation will provide you detail about breastfeeding, how to help lactating mothers to establish breastfeeding . What are the different breastfeeding positions , Good attachment and effective suckling
When it comes to good positions to use while breastfeeding, your comfort as well as the ease with which your baby will be able to feed is the first and foremost concern. Finding a position that you are most comfortable and happy with will make it easier for your baby to latch on to your breasts and feed with ease. Here are some of the best breast-feeding positions that you might use when you are breastfeeding.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Introduction
Human breast milk is the healthiest form of milk for babies.
There are few exceptions, such as when the mother is
taking certain drugs or is infected with human T-
lymphotropic virus, HIV, or has active untreated
tuberculosis.
Breastfeeding promotes health and helps to prevent
disease. Artificial feeding is associated with more deaths
from diarrhea in infants in both developing and developed
countries.
3. Successful lactation is determined by early
initiation of breastfeeding and continuation of
lactation and again that is determined by
positioning.
Positioning is key to get Latch on.
3
6. PREPARATION
Wash hands
Position comfortably and correctly use
pillows or towels for support.
Uncover the breast.
6
7. SIDE-LYING POSITION
Lie on one side
Use pillows
Tummy to tummy
Baby’s mouth in line
with nipple.
7
8. WHEN SIDE-LYING POSITION
Cesarean birth
Uncomfortable sitting
No assistance for
latch on in sitting
8
9. THE FOOTBALL POSITION
Infant legs are under
mother’s arm, with hand
at the base of the head
and neck.
Use pillows
Help infant in latching
on
9
10. WHEN FOOTBALL HOLD
Cesarean birth
To see the latch on position
Large breast
Small baby
Infant is sleepy
10
11. THE CRADLE POSITION
Hold the infant in upright
position on mother’s lap
Infant head in crook of
mother’s elbow on the same
side close to the breast, the
neck is slightly extended.
Infant ear, shoulder and hips in
straight line
Tummy to Tummy
Chest to chest of mother and
infant
11
12. THE CROSS CRADLE POSITION
Same of cradle position
but just the opposite hand
was used to support the
infant and the same side
hand was used to hold the
breast.
12
13. WHEN CROSS CRADLE
To learn Latching
To maintain comfortness of the mother
13
18. LATCH ON
Mother holds the baby in upright position on
her lap.
Mouth is wide open and the chin touches the
breast.
Mother guide the nipple and areola into the
baby’s mouth for effective milk transfer
Peristaltic action from the tip of the tongue to
the base.
18
28. Cuddle and fiddle with the baby by
stroking and tickling behind his or her ears
or on the soles so that infant does not
lapse into sleep without adequate feeds.
5/13/2021
28
29. DE LATCHING
Watch baby for cues that
he /she is finished
May spontaneously come
off the breast
May fall sleep
If mother wants to stop
the feeding early, break
suction by inserting finger
into corner of infant’s
mouth.
29
30. BURPING
Propped up with baby’s tummy against
shoulder of the mother.
Sitting up, leaning forward on one hand of
the mother with the other hand burps at
back of infant.
30
33. SIGN OF SUCCESSFUL BREAST FEEDING
One or two wet diapers during the first few
days.
Six to eight wet cloth diapers (5 - 6 wet
disposable diapers) per
day (24 hours).
At least two to five bowel movements every
24 hours.
6 - 10 feedings per24-hours.
Baby’s swallowing sounds are audible.
Gain at least 120 – 210 g per week after the
fourth day of life.
Appear healthy, have good colour, firm
skin, and will be growing in length and
head circumference.
Sound sleep followed by feed.
33
34. • Breast milk has the exact combination of protein, fats,
vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and sugars needed for
the human infant at various stages of his growth.
• Contain optimum percentage of carbohydrates,
protein and fat.
• Due to the digestibility of breast milk, breastfed babies
are rarely constipated.
• Breastfed babies tend to have less incidence of ear
infections, respiratory illness, allergies, diarrhea, and
vomiting.
• The stools of breastfed babies are mild-smelling.
Advantages of Breast Feeding
35. 5/13/2021
35
• He has easily digestible protein component (Whey to
casein ratio of 60:40
• Contain an easily digested carbohydrate (Lactose) in
a higher concentration
• Rich in sources of linoleic acid an essential fatty acid.
• The calcium phosphorus ratio is 2:1
• Protects against infection and allergies
• It contains 90% of humoral secretary iga that
provides mucosal protection.
• Is hygenic safe readily available at right temperature
needs no preparation and comes free of cost.
• Sucking process helps in the development of the
facial muscles of the baby.
36. • Exposed to a variety of tastes through their mother's milk.
• Breastfed children are at less risk for chrohn's disease and
juvenile diabetes.
• They also seem to have better overall dental health than
formula-fed children.
• IQ levels are an average of 8 points higher in children who
were breastfed.
• Adult daughters who were breastfed are at less risk for
breast cancer.
• Adults who were breastfed have a lower risk for high
cholesterol and asthma.
• The bond between mother and child seems to be enhanced
with breastfeeding.
37. 1.Causes the uterus to contract lessening the risk of
postpartum hemorrhage.
2. The uterus of a breastfeeding mother shrinks to its pre-
pregnancy size more quickly.
3. Calories are burned while breastfeeding. It takes
approximately 20 calories to produce an ounce of milk.
4. Women who nurse their babies for at least 6 months lessen
their chances of pre-menopausal breast cancer.
5. Osteoporosis and cervical cancer are less common in
women who breastfed.
6. The return of fertility is delayed with breastfeeding.
7. Breastfeeding is more economical than formula feeding.
8. Breast milk is always available, clean, and the right
temperature.
9. Many mothers feel a special satisfaction in knowing that
they alone are meeting the nutritional needs of their babies.
For Mothers
38. Disadvantages of Breastfeeding
1. There can be discomfort involved with breastfeeding.
When you first start breastfeeding,
2. You may experience sore nipples, your breasts may
feel swollen or engorged.
3. You may leak milk at times that are inconvenient or
embarrassing. When the baby cries, you almost
immediately start producing milk. If you aren’t
prepared for this properly, it can be inconvenient or
embarrassing.
4. Feeding your baby in public may be more difficult.
39. 5. Everything you consume is being passed on to your
baby. Any food you eat, medication you use, or
anything that you are applying to your skin can and
most likely will be passed onto your baby through
breastfeeding.
6. Prolonged breast feeding without complementary
feeding can result in poor weight gain and deficiency
disorders like rickets, vitamin K deficiency, iron
deficiency etc.
7. Smoking and alcohol intake of mothers during breast
41. Types of Milk
Colostrum, Foremilk and Hindmilk
There are essentially 3 types of breastmilk. These are
colostrum, foremilk and hindmilk.
Colostrum is the yellowish breastmilk that is produced in
the first few days after baby's birth and before normal
lactation begins. Colostrum is especially rich in nutrients and
antibodies, and is the perfect food for a newborn baby.
42. Foremilk is the milk which is first drawn during a feeding.
It is generally thin and lower in fat content, satisfying the
baby's thirst and liquid needs.
Hindmilk is the milk which follows foremilk during a
feeding. It is richer in fat content and is high in calories.
The high fat and calorie content of this milk is important
for your baby's health and continuing growth.