The document discusses enhanced reservoir characterization using borehole images and dipmeter data. It begins with an overview of how logging tools have advanced from single measurements to detailed mapping of borehole walls using modern imaging tools with hundreds of thousands of data points per meter. The main topics covered include different types of dipmeter and imaging tools, generating borehole maps for orientation, stereographic projections for analyzing dip distributions, and processing raw data into geologically interpretable outputs like image and dip logs. Overall, the document outlines the transition from traditional well logging to digital geological mapping using high-resolution borehole wall data.
The document discusses petrophysical data analysis and well logging. It provides details on recommended logging programs, including resistivity, microresistivity, dipmeter, porosity and lithology logs. It describes petrophysical data processing steps like gathering data, calibrating parameters, calculating log analysis, and presenting results. The goal is to obtain porosity, saturation and other reservoir property measurements from well logs and core data.
Well Log Interpretation and Petrophysical Analisis in [Autosaved]Ridho Nanda Pratama
PT. Halliburton Logging Service is a branch of Halliburton that provides completion and production services, drilling, and reservoir evaluation to oil companies in Sumatra, Indonesia. Dery Marsan and Ridho Nanda Pratama completed an on-job training program at Halliburton from August to September 2015. Their project involved well log analysis to determine water saturation and the most suitable water resistivity parameters in two formations, with the objectives of identifying water zones, evaluating challenges around determining petrophysical parameters, and analyzing well data. Their analysis identified both water-bearing and possible oil-bearing zones through evaluation of gamma ray, resistivity, neutron-density crossplots, and other well logs.
Here are the steps to solve these problems:
1) T at 5000 ft depth = Ts + αD
= 75 + 1.5(5000/100)
= 75 + 75
= 150 F
2) Geothermal gradient = (T2 - T1)/D2 - D1)
= (122 - 80)/2200
= 1.5 °F/100ft
So the geothermal gradient of the sandstone layer is 1.5 °F/100ft.
Well lod ,well Testing and mud logging Ghulam Abbas AbbasiUniversity of Sindh
Well logging records measurements made in boreholes to characterize underground formations. Key logs described include gamma ray, which measures natural radioactivity to identify shale; spontaneous potential, which indicates lithology; caliper, which measures borehole size; resistivity, which distinguishes water and hydrocarbon zones; and neutron, which determines porosity. Mud logging continuously monitors drilling mud and cuttings for gas readings. Well testing evaluates reservoir properties through daily tests and drill stem tests to determine flow rates and commercial potential.
Types of sonic logging tools are explained briefly with help of animation and what are the application of these tools in determining the formation properties.
The document discusses petrophysical data analysis and well logging. It provides details on recommended logging programs, including resistivity, microresistivity, dipmeter, porosity and lithology logs. It describes petrophysical data processing steps like gathering data, calibrating parameters, calculating log analysis, and presenting results. The goal is to obtain porosity, saturation and other reservoir property measurements from well logs and core data.
Well Log Interpretation and Petrophysical Analisis in [Autosaved]Ridho Nanda Pratama
PT. Halliburton Logging Service is a branch of Halliburton that provides completion and production services, drilling, and reservoir evaluation to oil companies in Sumatra, Indonesia. Dery Marsan and Ridho Nanda Pratama completed an on-job training program at Halliburton from August to September 2015. Their project involved well log analysis to determine water saturation and the most suitable water resistivity parameters in two formations, with the objectives of identifying water zones, evaluating challenges around determining petrophysical parameters, and analyzing well data. Their analysis identified both water-bearing and possible oil-bearing zones through evaluation of gamma ray, resistivity, neutron-density crossplots, and other well logs.
Here are the steps to solve these problems:
1) T at 5000 ft depth = Ts + αD
= 75 + 1.5(5000/100)
= 75 + 75
= 150 F
2) Geothermal gradient = (T2 - T1)/D2 - D1)
= (122 - 80)/2200
= 1.5 °F/100ft
So the geothermal gradient of the sandstone layer is 1.5 °F/100ft.
Well lod ,well Testing and mud logging Ghulam Abbas AbbasiUniversity of Sindh
Well logging records measurements made in boreholes to characterize underground formations. Key logs described include gamma ray, which measures natural radioactivity to identify shale; spontaneous potential, which indicates lithology; caliper, which measures borehole size; resistivity, which distinguishes water and hydrocarbon zones; and neutron, which determines porosity. Mud logging continuously monitors drilling mud and cuttings for gas readings. Well testing evaluates reservoir properties through daily tests and drill stem tests to determine flow rates and commercial potential.
Types of sonic logging tools are explained briefly with help of animation and what are the application of these tools in determining the formation properties.
This document summarizes the spontaneous potential (SP) log. It discusses how SP works by measuring the natural potential difference between a downhole electrode and surface reference electrode. SP response is caused by salinity differences between borehole fluid and formation water. The document outlines the various SP potentials, how the tool works, factors affecting response, and applications for formation evaluation and correlation. SP provides a qualitative indicator of permeability but is not quantitative.
1. The document discusses various well logging tools and concepts used in petrophysical interpretation. It describes tools such as the spontaneous potential (SP) log, gamma ray (GR) log, resistivity logs including induction and lateral logs, and porosity logs.
2. Key concepts covered include the logging environment and factors that impact tool measurements like borehole conditions and mud properties. Interpretation techniques for evaluating permeable zones, formation resistivity, water saturation, and porosity are also summarized.
3. The document provides examples of using tools and concepts like the Archie formula to calculate water resistivity, determine hydrocarbon presence, and evaluate clean versus shaly formations. It also discusses corrections that must be applied to well log
This document provides an overview of formation evaluation techniques used in petroleum exploration and development. It discusses various logging methods like mud logging, coring, open-hole logging using electrical, nuclear and acoustic tools, logging while drilling, formation testing including wireline formation testing and drill stem testing, and cased-hole logging techniques. The goal of formation evaluation is to detect and quantify oil and gas reserves using measurements taken inside the wellbore and interpret physical properties of rocks and contained fluids.
Geophysical well logging uses sensors located in boreholes to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. Well logs are used to identify geological formations and fluids, correlate between holes, and evaluate reservoir formations. Common logging methods include electrical resistivity, self-potential, nuclear, acoustic, and thermal measurements. The objective is to determine in situ rock and fluid properties, though drilling disturbs the formation. Effective depth of penetration varies between tools and formations. Well logging aims to identify potential reservoirs by determining porosity, permeability, and fluid contents.
Wireline logging involves continuously recording geophysical measurements in a borehole and plotting them against depth. It provides precise information between cuttings and cores. Resistivity logs measure formation resistivity using focused and non-focused tools to profile resistivity at different depths. Resistivity indicates lithology, textures, and can identify hydrocarbons based on negative separation between measurements. Caliper logs measure borehole size and shape using mechanical or geometry tools. Together, resistivity and caliper logs are used for hydrocarbon identification, correlation, facies identification, and determining lithology, textures, and fluid saturation.
The document provides an overview of spontaneous potential (SP) logging. It discusses that SP logging measures natural electrical potentials between the borehole and surface. Positive deflections indicate fresher formation water than mud filtrate, while negative deflections mean saltier formation water. SP can be used to determine formation water resistivity and estimate shale volume. Key applications include detecting permeable zones, correlating formations, and determining facies.
Well log interpretation involves using well log data to estimate reservoir properties. It has been used since the 1920s to qualitatively identify hydrocarbons and is now a quantitative tool. A key figure was Gustavus Archie who in the 1940s established the field of petrophysics by relating well logs to core data. His work allowed properties like porosity, permeability and fluid saturation to be estimated. A presentation on well log interpretation outlined the workflow including editing logs, estimating properties like shale volume, porosity, permeability and fluid saturation, and presented two case studies analyzing different carbonate reservoirs.
The document discusses caliper well logs, which measure the diameter and shape of boreholes. It describes how caliper tools work, including mechanical calipers with extendable arms that measure variations in borehole diameter. Common types are 2-arm, 4-arm, and ultrasonic calipers. Caliper logs present continuous borehole diameter measurements and are used to make environmental corrections to other well logs and assess lithology, permeability, and porosity.
image logs were introduced by schlumberger in 1980.
these logs are advanced and most widely use in industry.
Image logs can provide detailed picture of the wellbore that represent the geological and petro physical properties of the section being logged.
This document discusses spontaneous potential (SP) logs. It explains that SP logs measure natural electrical potentials that occur between borehole fluids and formations. The potentials are caused by differences in salinity between drilling mud and formation waters. SP logs can detect permeable zones, boundaries, and determine water resistivity. The main components of SP are the membrane potential, caused by shale acting as an ion sieve, and the liquid junction potential, caused by ion diffusion between fluids of different salinities. Together these make up the total electrochemical potential measured on SP logs.
This document provides an overview of basic well logs, including caliper logs, gamma ray logs, and formation density logs. It discusses the tools, principles, and uses of each log. Caliper logs measure borehole diameter and shape using mechanical arms. Gamma ray logs measure natural radiation from formations to indicate lithology. Formation density logs use gamma rays to measure bulk density and derive porosity, helping to identify lithologies when used with neutron logs. The document provides details on how each tool works and the information provided by its logs.
Well logging and interpretation techniques asin b000bhl7ouAhmed Raafat
This document provides an introduction to sedimentary rock properties for well log interpretation. It discusses how sedimentary rocks form from the weathering and alteration of existing rocks. Sedimentary rocks are composed mainly of minerals stable under normal surface conditions and may be classified as mechanically or chemically derived. Mechanical rocks include sandstones and conglomerates, while chemical rocks include carbonates and evaporites. Well logs are useful for characterizing sedimentary rocks and pore fluids in order to understand petroleum reservoirs.
This document provides information about formation density logging. It defines formation density logging as a tool that provides a continuous record of a formation's bulk density along the length of a borehole. It is used to calculate porosity along with sonic and neutron logging. The tool works by emitting gamma rays into the formation and measuring the attenuation to determine density. Density logs are useful for determining porosity, identifying lithologies when combined with neutron logs, and detecting gas zones.
measures the electric properties of the formation,
Resistivity is measured as, R in Ohm-meter,
Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity,
The ability to conduct electric current depends upon:
The document discusses the spontaneous potential (SP) well log. It describes how the SP log can be used to identify permeable zones, define bed boundaries, and compute shale content. It provides examples of calculating shale volume from the SP response. The document also discusses determining formation water resistivity from the SP log using both the classical method and the Silva-Bassiouni method. Additional topics covered include factors affecting the SP response, passive log correlation, zonation, and limitations of the SP log.
The document provides information about resistivity logs including:
1. It discusses factors that affect resistivity like salinity, porosity, lithology, and clay content. It also explains the principles and theoretical considerations of resistivity logs.
2. It describes different resistivity tools like focused devices (Laterolog, Dual Laterolog, Spherically Focused Log) and unfocused devices (Normal Log, Lateral Log). It also discusses micro-resistivity devices.
3. The document discusses log characteristics including depth of investigation, bed resolution, and different scales used in resistivity logs. It explains how resistivity logs can be used for lithology identification, correlation, and permeability determination.
Seismic attributes are being used more and more often in the reservoir characterization and interpretation processes. The new software and computer’s development allows today to generate a large number of surface and volume attributes. They proved to be very useful for the facies and reservoir properties distribution in the geological models, helping to improve their quality in the areas between the wells and areas without wells. The seismic attributes can help to better understand the stratigraphic and structural features, the sedimentation processes, lithology variations, etc. By improving the static geological models, the dynamic models are also improved, helping to better understand the reservoirs’ behavior during exploitation. As a result, the estimation of the recoverable hydrocarbon volumes becomes more reliable and the development strategies will become more successful.
This document discusses geological data collection and stereographic plotting. It defines important parameters for characterizing discontinuities in rock masses, including rock type, discontinuity type, orientation, spacing, persistence, roughness, strength, weathering, aperture, filling, seepage, number of joint sets, and block size/shape. These parameters should be defined consistently using standard procedures to facilitate communication between parties and allow for quantitative engineering analysis. Methods of data collection discussed include surface mapping, geotechnical drilling, core orientation, and borehole imaging.
Carbonate reservoirs have complex pore geometries compared to sandstones. Pores are generally poorly connected in a chaotic manner. Pore systems can be categorized into different rock types based on pore throat and body sizes. Rock types with the largest pore throats tend to have the highest permeability and lowest water saturation. Rock can have both large and small pore throats, connected by micropores, resulting in higher water saturation. Pore geometry affects factors like wettability, water saturation, and hydrocarbon distribution between efficient and occluded pore volumes.
This document summarizes the spontaneous potential (SP) log. It discusses how SP works by measuring the natural potential difference between a downhole electrode and surface reference electrode. SP response is caused by salinity differences between borehole fluid and formation water. The document outlines the various SP potentials, how the tool works, factors affecting response, and applications for formation evaluation and correlation. SP provides a qualitative indicator of permeability but is not quantitative.
1. The document discusses various well logging tools and concepts used in petrophysical interpretation. It describes tools such as the spontaneous potential (SP) log, gamma ray (GR) log, resistivity logs including induction and lateral logs, and porosity logs.
2. Key concepts covered include the logging environment and factors that impact tool measurements like borehole conditions and mud properties. Interpretation techniques for evaluating permeable zones, formation resistivity, water saturation, and porosity are also summarized.
3. The document provides examples of using tools and concepts like the Archie formula to calculate water resistivity, determine hydrocarbon presence, and evaluate clean versus shaly formations. It also discusses corrections that must be applied to well log
This document provides an overview of formation evaluation techniques used in petroleum exploration and development. It discusses various logging methods like mud logging, coring, open-hole logging using electrical, nuclear and acoustic tools, logging while drilling, formation testing including wireline formation testing and drill stem testing, and cased-hole logging techniques. The goal of formation evaluation is to detect and quantify oil and gas reserves using measurements taken inside the wellbore and interpret physical properties of rocks and contained fluids.
Geophysical well logging uses sensors located in boreholes to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. Well logs are used to identify geological formations and fluids, correlate between holes, and evaluate reservoir formations. Common logging methods include electrical resistivity, self-potential, nuclear, acoustic, and thermal measurements. The objective is to determine in situ rock and fluid properties, though drilling disturbs the formation. Effective depth of penetration varies between tools and formations. Well logging aims to identify potential reservoirs by determining porosity, permeability, and fluid contents.
Wireline logging involves continuously recording geophysical measurements in a borehole and plotting them against depth. It provides precise information between cuttings and cores. Resistivity logs measure formation resistivity using focused and non-focused tools to profile resistivity at different depths. Resistivity indicates lithology, textures, and can identify hydrocarbons based on negative separation between measurements. Caliper logs measure borehole size and shape using mechanical or geometry tools. Together, resistivity and caliper logs are used for hydrocarbon identification, correlation, facies identification, and determining lithology, textures, and fluid saturation.
The document provides an overview of spontaneous potential (SP) logging. It discusses that SP logging measures natural electrical potentials between the borehole and surface. Positive deflections indicate fresher formation water than mud filtrate, while negative deflections mean saltier formation water. SP can be used to determine formation water resistivity and estimate shale volume. Key applications include detecting permeable zones, correlating formations, and determining facies.
Well log interpretation involves using well log data to estimate reservoir properties. It has been used since the 1920s to qualitatively identify hydrocarbons and is now a quantitative tool. A key figure was Gustavus Archie who in the 1940s established the field of petrophysics by relating well logs to core data. His work allowed properties like porosity, permeability and fluid saturation to be estimated. A presentation on well log interpretation outlined the workflow including editing logs, estimating properties like shale volume, porosity, permeability and fluid saturation, and presented two case studies analyzing different carbonate reservoirs.
The document discusses caliper well logs, which measure the diameter and shape of boreholes. It describes how caliper tools work, including mechanical calipers with extendable arms that measure variations in borehole diameter. Common types are 2-arm, 4-arm, and ultrasonic calipers. Caliper logs present continuous borehole diameter measurements and are used to make environmental corrections to other well logs and assess lithology, permeability, and porosity.
image logs were introduced by schlumberger in 1980.
these logs are advanced and most widely use in industry.
Image logs can provide detailed picture of the wellbore that represent the geological and petro physical properties of the section being logged.
This document discusses spontaneous potential (SP) logs. It explains that SP logs measure natural electrical potentials that occur between borehole fluids and formations. The potentials are caused by differences in salinity between drilling mud and formation waters. SP logs can detect permeable zones, boundaries, and determine water resistivity. The main components of SP are the membrane potential, caused by shale acting as an ion sieve, and the liquid junction potential, caused by ion diffusion between fluids of different salinities. Together these make up the total electrochemical potential measured on SP logs.
This document provides an overview of basic well logs, including caliper logs, gamma ray logs, and formation density logs. It discusses the tools, principles, and uses of each log. Caliper logs measure borehole diameter and shape using mechanical arms. Gamma ray logs measure natural radiation from formations to indicate lithology. Formation density logs use gamma rays to measure bulk density and derive porosity, helping to identify lithologies when used with neutron logs. The document provides details on how each tool works and the information provided by its logs.
Well logging and interpretation techniques asin b000bhl7ouAhmed Raafat
This document provides an introduction to sedimentary rock properties for well log interpretation. It discusses how sedimentary rocks form from the weathering and alteration of existing rocks. Sedimentary rocks are composed mainly of minerals stable under normal surface conditions and may be classified as mechanically or chemically derived. Mechanical rocks include sandstones and conglomerates, while chemical rocks include carbonates and evaporites. Well logs are useful for characterizing sedimentary rocks and pore fluids in order to understand petroleum reservoirs.
This document provides information about formation density logging. It defines formation density logging as a tool that provides a continuous record of a formation's bulk density along the length of a borehole. It is used to calculate porosity along with sonic and neutron logging. The tool works by emitting gamma rays into the formation and measuring the attenuation to determine density. Density logs are useful for determining porosity, identifying lithologies when combined with neutron logs, and detecting gas zones.
measures the electric properties of the formation,
Resistivity is measured as, R in Ohm-meter,
Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity,
The ability to conduct electric current depends upon:
The document discusses the spontaneous potential (SP) well log. It describes how the SP log can be used to identify permeable zones, define bed boundaries, and compute shale content. It provides examples of calculating shale volume from the SP response. The document also discusses determining formation water resistivity from the SP log using both the classical method and the Silva-Bassiouni method. Additional topics covered include factors affecting the SP response, passive log correlation, zonation, and limitations of the SP log.
The document provides information about resistivity logs including:
1. It discusses factors that affect resistivity like salinity, porosity, lithology, and clay content. It also explains the principles and theoretical considerations of resistivity logs.
2. It describes different resistivity tools like focused devices (Laterolog, Dual Laterolog, Spherically Focused Log) and unfocused devices (Normal Log, Lateral Log). It also discusses micro-resistivity devices.
3. The document discusses log characteristics including depth of investigation, bed resolution, and different scales used in resistivity logs. It explains how resistivity logs can be used for lithology identification, correlation, and permeability determination.
Seismic attributes are being used more and more often in the reservoir characterization and interpretation processes. The new software and computer’s development allows today to generate a large number of surface and volume attributes. They proved to be very useful for the facies and reservoir properties distribution in the geological models, helping to improve their quality in the areas between the wells and areas without wells. The seismic attributes can help to better understand the stratigraphic and structural features, the sedimentation processes, lithology variations, etc. By improving the static geological models, the dynamic models are also improved, helping to better understand the reservoirs’ behavior during exploitation. As a result, the estimation of the recoverable hydrocarbon volumes becomes more reliable and the development strategies will become more successful.
This document discusses geological data collection and stereographic plotting. It defines important parameters for characterizing discontinuities in rock masses, including rock type, discontinuity type, orientation, spacing, persistence, roughness, strength, weathering, aperture, filling, seepage, number of joint sets, and block size/shape. These parameters should be defined consistently using standard procedures to facilitate communication between parties and allow for quantitative engineering analysis. Methods of data collection discussed include surface mapping, geotechnical drilling, core orientation, and borehole imaging.
Carbonate reservoirs have complex pore geometries compared to sandstones. Pores are generally poorly connected in a chaotic manner. Pore systems can be categorized into different rock types based on pore throat and body sizes. Rock types with the largest pore throats tend to have the highest permeability and lowest water saturation. Rock can have both large and small pore throats, connected by micropores, resulting in higher water saturation. Pore geometry affects factors like wettability, water saturation, and hydrocarbon distribution between efficient and occluded pore volumes.
The document discusses ordinary differential equations, including exponential growth/decay models, separation of variables, numerical and hybrid numerical-symbolic solving techniques, orthogonal curves, Newton's law of heating and cooling, and medical modeling examples. Specific examples are provided to illustrate concepts like families of solutions, implicit solutions, direction fields, and determining parameter values from initial conditions.
The document describes a borehole logging system that uses a tripod, winch, control cables, and micro-logger laptop to lower probes on logging cables down a borehole to collect data from a caliper probe and electric/gamma probe.
1. The document discusses solving differential equations using the Laplace transform. It provides 13 examples of applying the Laplace transform to find solutions to differential equations with various initial conditions.
2. The examples cover a range of differential equation types, including those with constant coefficients, exponential functions, and polynomials.
3. For each example, the Laplace transform is applied to the differential equation to obtain an expression for the transform Y(s) of the unknown function y(t). This is then inverted using tables of Laplace transforms to find the solution y(t) satisfying the given initial conditions.
1. Differential equations are equations involving derivatives of an unknown function and can be of different orders. Separable differential equations can be expressed as the product of a function of x and a function of y.
2. The general solution or family of solutions to a differential equation represents all possible solutions as determined by initial or boundary conditions. Initial value problems find a particular solution satisfying given initial conditions.
3. Models of natural growth and decay can be represented by differential equations where the rate of change is proportional to the amount present, with solutions in the form of exponential functions. The logistic growth model accounts for limiting factors with a carrying capacity.
The document discusses soil sampling procedures and methods. It describes different types of soil sampling including disturbed sampling, undisturbed sampling, random sampling, grid sampling, zone sampling, and topographic/geographic unit sampling. It provides details on sampling depths and tools for different field types such as vegetables, field crops, and orchards. Finally, it lists common soil sampling tools including shovels, augers, split-spoon samplers, and shelby tube samplers.
The document summarizes the responsibilities of various parties in regards to the safe use of sealed radioactive sources in borehole logging. It outlines requirements for suppliers, users, radiation safety officers, and employees. Suppliers must provide equipment meeting standards and share information on sources and equipment. Users must obtain licensing, examine equipment regularly, develop safety procedures, train staff, and appoint a radiation safety officer if required. The radiation safety officer's duties include record keeping, reporting, and ensuring regulatory compliance.
Site Investigation and Example of Soil SamplingJoana Bain
The document provides information on various soil testing methods conducted as part of a site investigation study. It discusses procedures for collecting undisturbed and disturbed soil samples, and conducting tests such as grain size analysis, Atterberg limits tests, relative density tests, and compaction tests. The purpose of the site investigation and specific laboratory tests are explained. Sample collection and testing is performed to obtain properties of the soil and understand its suitability for construction purposes.
Presentation on surface investigation techniques for foundationashishcivil098
This document provides an overview of various surface investigation techniques for foundation design, including:
- Site exploration is important before designing foundations to obtain reliable data about soil conditions.
- Methods discussed include trial pits, auger boring, wash boring, rotary drilling, and percussion drilling. Each method is suited for different soil/rock conditions.
- The presentation covers the steps in soil exploration, factors affecting exploration programs, and classes of subsurface investigations.
1) First order ordinary linear differential equations can be expressed in the form dy/dx = p(x)y + q(x), where p and q are functions of x.
2) There are several types of first order linear differential equations, including separable, homogeneous, exact, and linear equations.
3) Separable equations can be solved by separating the variables and integrating both sides. Homogeneous equations involve functions that are homogeneous of the same degree in x and y.
1. The Laplace transform converts differential equations describing systems from the time domain to the frequency domain by replacing functions of time with functions of a complex variable dependent on frequency.
2. The inverse Laplace transform converts the solution back from the frequency domain to the time domain to obtain the solution in terms of the time variable.
3. Partial fraction expansion is often used to break solutions into simpler terms that can be inverted using Laplace transform tables to find the solution in the time domain.
Geophysical logging techniques used to support environmental site remediation. Also referred to as borehole geophysical logging and geophysical well logging, the techniques support site characterization and remedial design efforts at properties with groundwater impacted by discharges of contaminants, including Superfund (CERCLA) and other sites where dense, non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) may be present in fractured bedrock and unconsolidated aquifers. The logging methods described include: Natural Gamma; Caliper; Acoustic Televiewer (ATV), also known as Acoustic Borehole Imager (ABI); Optical Televiewer (OTV), also known as Optical Borehole Imager (OBI); Electrical Resistivity, also known as Normal Resistivity; Single Point Resistance; Fluid Resistivity; Fluid Temperature; Heat Pulse Flow Meter (HPFM). Information is provided about how geophysical logs can assist in developing a Conceptual Site Model (CSM), with attention to structural geologic constraints on groundwater monitoring system design, referencing example conditions from the dipping sedimentary rocks of the Newark Basin and unconsolidated sediments of the New Jersey Coastal Plain. The presentation is meant to be of use to a wide range of investigators, including geologists, hydrogeologists, engineers and regulators responsible for site remediation.
The document discusses the importance of petrophysics in analyzing well logs and reservoirs. It explains that petrophysics goes beyond basic log analysis by seeking to understand why rocks hold fluids in certain ways based on their properties. This allows petrophysicists to better quantify remaining oil in existing fields and determine whether oil is movable or trapped as residual saturation. With aging fields and marginal developments, advanced petrophysical analysis is needed to understand fluid distributions and plan future well performance and recovery.
Soil Sampling is a very common practice in the Spring and Fall. However in other parts of the country, June and August are very popular months. This document reviews the process of collecting a proper soil for analysis.
This document discusses soil sampling and exploration. It describes different types of soil samples including disturbed, undisturbed, representative and non-representative samples. It discusses criteria for obtaining undisturbed samples and transporting and preserving samples. Different types of soil samplers are described. Factors related to planning a soil exploration program such as spacing and depth of borings are covered. Components of a soil exploration report are outlined.
The document discusses soil investigation for determining appropriate foundation types and capacities. It describes conducting field tests and collecting lab samples to characterize soil properties, profile, and bearing capacity. Common soil colors are outlined. Methods of soil exploration include test pits, borings, and geophysical techniques. Problems with expansive black cotton soils are explained. Design considerations for shallow foundations and pile foundations are covered.
The document provides an overview of geotechnical engineering and the typical components and process involved in a geotechnical engineering report and project. It discusses the four main components of field exploration, laboratory testing, findings and recommendations, and additional studies. It then goes into more detail about specific sections that would be included in a geotechnical report such as site conditions, field exploration methods, laboratory testing, engineering recommendations, earthwork recommendations, and construction observation services.
Presentation, embedded below was developed to bring users up to speed in interpretation of their resistivity data. Class for end users was conducted in Indonesia and included training on field data collection with SibER-48 using ~ 900 m long profile in Wenner-Schlumberger and pole-dipole (remote electrode) 2D tomography. On the second day users received hands-on instructions on data import into RES2DINV software, quality assurance of the data based on visual approach as well as through RMS of the interpretation model.
General discussion about non-uniqueness of the subsurface interpretation model for 1D, 2D, and 3D representations has followed this class.
This document discusses the concept of an X-ray interferometer called MAXIM that could achieve micro-arcsecond resolution. It would consist of an optics spacecraft holding multiple flat mirrors in formation with a detector spacecraft to form interference patterns. The goal is to image phenomena like black hole accretion disks and supernovae with much higher resolution than current telescopes. A pathfinder mission is proposed with 100 microarcsecond resolution using two spacecraft separated by 1.4 meters as a technology demonstration.
The Dual Laterolog tool is a resistivity measuring device that can provide simultaneous resistivity measurements at shallow and deep depths. It has a central electrode surrounded by four electrodes above and below, for a total of nine electrodes. The central electrode emits a current and the surrounding electrodes act as monitors or provide bucking currents. It can measure resistivity from 0.2-40,000 ohm-meters at different depths and is useful for applications like bed boundary analysis, facies changes, identification of hydrocarbon zones, and detection of fractures. A key benefit is that it provides two depths of investigation from a single tool.
PeriScope_Direction and deep measurements.pptNguyenTrieu37
PeriScope 15 is a directional electromagnetic LWD tool that can detect boundaries up to 15 feet from the wellbore. It optimizes well placement and enhances production by mapping geological and fluid boundaries in real-time. Directional measurements are acquired through tool rotation and inverted to determine resistivity values, boundary orientations, and distances to boundaries. While very effective in many environments, interpretation is challenging in cases of complex geology or where all resistivities are high.
A fast-paced tutorial on satellite image geometry.
Mono & stereo collection geometry.
Effects of collection geometry on image quality, perspective and accuracy.
RPC & Physical Camera Models
Geometry of scan-oriented, map-oriented, orthorectified, and stereo image products
This tutorial for producers and users of satellite imagery provides a common vocabulary and understanding of collection and product geometry and effects.
The document describes a virtual faculty development programme on antennas and microwave engineering held from June 22-26, 2020. It is presented by Dr. S. Asha and covers five units: introduction to microwave systems and antennas, radiation mechanisms and design aspects, antenna arrays and applications, passive and active microwave devices, and microwave design principles. The agenda covers topics such as microwave frequency bands, applications, antennas, antenna parameters, and the Friis transmission equation.
1. The document discusses various types of interferometry including Michelson interferometers, vibrometers, self-mixing interferometry, and interferometers used for gravitational wave detection.
2. It covers several factors that can limit interferometer performance such as coherence length of the laser source, quantum noise, dispersion, and speckle patterns when used on diffusive surfaces.
3. Key performance limits discussed include displacement resolution limited by quantum noise, and phase noise generated due to finite laser linewidth that introduces uncertainty in displacement measurements.
Condition monitoring through non destructive testings of machine pptmuchulucky
The document discusses various non-destructive testing techniques for condition monitoring of machines and plants. It describes techniques like vibration monitoring, acoustic emission, infrared thermography, ferrography, and field signature mapping. For each technique, it provides details on the instrumentation used, parameters measured, types of faults detected, and industrial applications. The conclusion compares the techniques and summarizes their capability for non-contact inspection, automated inspection, and defect sizing.
The picometer-stable scan mechanism is a crucial component for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission to detect gravitational waves. It consists of a rotatable mirror on a flexible hinge that is actuated by piezo stacks to correct the direction of laser beams between spacecraft as their positions change over time. Testing showed the mechanism contributes less than 1.4 picometers per square root Hertz to the optical path length and less than 16 nanoradians per square root Hertz of angular jitter, meeting the stringent requirements for the LISA mission to observe gravitational waves.
The document outlines an upcoming virtual faculty development programme on antennas and microwave engineering from June 22-26, 2020. It will consist of 5 units covering topics such as introduction to microwave systems and antennas, radiation mechanisms, antenna arrays and applications, passive and active microwave devices, and microwave design principles. Each unit will be presented by a different professor. The agenda includes introductions to key concepts like engineering, microwaves, frequency bands, applications, antennas, and parameters. [/SUMMARY]
This document discusses different types of antennas and their characteristics, including whips, loops, helicals, Yagis, log periodic, horns, and parabolic antennas. It also covers topics like antenna radiation pattern measurement systems, gain and loss calculations, antenna design considerations, and the differences between EIRP and ERP.
This document discusses various types of reflector antennas and their feeds. It begins by describing simple reflector antennas like dipoles above ground and corner reflectors. It then focuses on parabolic reflector antennas, explaining their high directivity and discussing factors that affect their efficiency like feed pattern, phase errors, and aperture illumination. Various feed designs are presented including open waveguides, dual-mode feeds, and septum polarizer feeds. Application examples like the Cassegrain antenna design and the "BIG-DISH" amateur radio project are outlined. The document provides an overview of reflector antenna fundamentals and design considerations.
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1) The document proposes three potential markers for accurately classifying wetland boundaries using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) imagery: HH-VV phase difference, double-bounce scattering from a four-component decomposition model, and correlation coefficient in the LR basis.
2) Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) polarimetric scattering analysis of a simple model of vertical dielectric pillars on a dielectric plate representing emergent vegetation on water validated that all three proposed markers can accurately identify wetland boundaries when water levels are relatively high.
3) Future work could include comparing the proposed simple markers to more accurate classification methods, analyzing the effects of varying incident angles and vegetation density, and determining how identified boundary
Polarimetric Scattering Feature Estimation For Accurate Wetland Boundary Clas...grssieee
1) The document proposes three potential markers for accurate wetland boundary classification using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image analysis: HH-VV phase difference, double-bounce scattering from a four-component decomposition model, and correlation coefficient in the LR basis.
2) Polarimetric scattering feature analysis was performed on PolSAR data collected over Lake Sakata using the FDTD method for a simple water-emergent boundary model.
3) The FDTD analysis found that all three proposed markers showed potential for delineating the wetland boundary, with HH-VV phase difference averaging 141 degrees, double-bounce scattering dominating the decomposition, and high correlation coefficients in LR basis.
Polarimetric Scattering Feature Estimation For Accurate Wetland Boundary Clas...grssieee
1) The document proposes three potential markers for accurately classifying wetland boundaries using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) imagery: HH-VV phase difference, double-bounce scattering from a four-component decomposition model, and correlation coefficient in the LR basis.
2) Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) polarimetric scattering simulations of a simple water-emergent boundary model found that all three proposed markers were useful, especially when the water level is relatively high.
3) Future work could include comparing the proposed simple markers to more accurate classification methods, varying parameters in the FDTD simulations, and relating scattering features to wetland classes from polarimetric decompositions.
TH1.L10.3: MONOSTATIC CALIBRATION OF BOTH TANDEM-X SATELLITESgrssieee
- The document discusses the monostatic calibration of the TanDEM-X satellites TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X.
- Key calibration tasks performed on TerraSAR-X in 2009 included geometric calibration, antenna model verification, radiometric calibration, and channel imbalance measurements.
- TanDEM-X's monostatic calibration strategy in 2010 involved geometric calibration, antenna pointing determination, antenna model development, and radiometric calibration using test sites.
- Preliminary results showed the TanDEM-X transmit pulses were similar to TerraSAR-X, its thermal noise matched ground measurements, and antenna patterns agreed with models and each other to within requirements.
TH1.L10.3: MONOSTATIC CALIBRATION OF BOTH TANDEM-X SATELLITES
Overview To Linked In
1. ENHANCED RESERVOIR
CHARACTERISATION
BASED UPON
BOREHOLE
IMAGES SAADALLAH GEOCONSULTANT AS
A. SAADALLAH Dr.
& Misjonsveien 39, N-4024 Stavanger Norway
Tel. + (47) 51 52 62 65 (office)
DIPMETER Email: kader@saadgeo.com
website: www.saadgeo.com
DATA
2. WARNING !
THIS PRESENTATION WAS
PREPARED IN 2005
IT HAS TO BE UPDATED BY
INCLUDING NEW TOOLS (such as
those of Weatherford) AND OTHER
ELEMENTS OF INTERPRETAION
6. From Logging & Petrophysic
point of view
to
a Geologic Mapping of the
Borehole Wall concept
7. From Logging & Petrophysic point of view to a Geologic
Mapping of the Borehole Wall concept
Curve:
ONE value (Rock Propriety)
vs.
ONE Depth (MD)
8. From Logging & Petrophysic point of view to a Geologic
Mapping of the Borehole Wall concept
Curve: a value (Rock Propriety) vs. Depth (MD)
Dip needed very early in
Logging industry (Seismic not
yet performed or/and poor, Oil
goes up!)
9. From Logging & Petrophysic point of view to a Geologic
Mapping of the Borehole Wall concept
Curve: a value (Rock Propriety) vs. Depth (MD)
Dip needed very early in Logging industry (Seismic not yet
performed or/and poor, Oil goes up!)
Dip needs a set of at least 3
measurements of the SAME
FEATURE: Dipmeter tool: 4
curves
10. From Logging & Petrophysic point of view to a Geologic Mapping of
the Borehole Wall concept
Curve: a value (Rock Propriety) vs. Depth (MD)
Dip needed very early in Logging industry (Seismic not yet
performed or/and poor, Oil goes up!)
Dip needs a set of at least 3 measurements of the SAME FEATURE:
Dipmeter tool: 4 curves
Technology improvements: more data,
magnetometers, accelerometers, transmission
of data (pulse within mud) IMAGING
TOOLS: ca 100 000 measurements per Meter
MD: MAPPING OF THE BOREHOLE
WALL.
11. From Logging & Petrophysic point of view to a
Geologic Mapping of the Borehole Wall concept
Curve: a value (Rock Propriety) vs. Depth (MD)
Dip needed very early in Logging industry (Seismic
not yet performed or/and poor, Oil goes up!)
Dip needs a set of at least 3 measurements of the
SAME FEATURE: Dipmeter tool: 4 curves
Technology improvements: more data,
magnetometers, accelerometers, transmission of
data (pulse within mud) IMAGING TOOLS: 100
000 measurements per Meter MD: MAPPING OF
THE BOREHOLE WALL.
18. New ways of thinking,
managing data, processing,
interpreting…and more
and more data…in real
time …new challenges for
geoscientists
19. Logging History Mile Stones: 1927
Figure 1.The first electric
log was obtained Sept.
27, 1927, on the
Diefenbach 2905 well,
Rig.No. 7,
at Pechelbronn,Alsace,
France.The resistivity
curve
was created by plotting
successive readings.
20. Logging History Mile Stones: 1947
1941: logging took another major step forward with the
introduction of the Spontaneous-Potential
Dipmeter.
1947: This measurement was improved further with the
Resistivity Dipmeter
1952: Continuous Resistivity Dipmeter
21. Logging History Mile Stones:
Imaging Tools
1968 BHTV (BoreHole TeleViewer) Mobil Acoustic...
1986: FMS (Formation MicroScanner) Schlumberger Electric...
1991 FMI (Fullbore Formation Microscanner) Schlumberger...
1994 RAB (Resistivity at the Bit) LWD Schlumberger...
2001 OBMI (Oil Base MicroImager) Schlumberger...
NEXT: high resolution imaging LWD tools (technical issue to
transmit data while drilling solved: WO (2007??)
Followed by other logging companies: Baker Hughes, Halliburton
22. MAIN DIPMETER TOOLS
Logging Company
Main Technical
Tool Name Resolution Name & Mud
Characteristics
Environment
SHDT 8 microresistivity electrodes on
Schlumberger’s tool
(Stratigraphi 4 pads (2 per pads)
Water-base mud
c Dipmeter) Sampling: 0.1 in
HEXDIP Vertical
6 microresistivity electrodes on Baker Hughes’ tool
(Hexagonal resolution: 1-2
6 pads Water-base mud
Diplog) cm
SED (Six
6 microresistivity electrodes on Halliburton’ tool
Arm
6 pads Water-base mud
Dipmeter)
24. HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGING TOOLS
Electrical and Acoustic
of the main logging companies
in petroleum industry
BAKER HUGHES:
- STAR (electrical & acoustic)
- CBIL
HALLIBURTON:
- XRMI (EMI)
- CAST
SCHLUMBERGER:
- FMI (FMS)
- UBI
25. Main Characteristics of Electrical Imaging Tools
Use electrical responses of the formation to create Images.
Pad-based Microresistivity (conduct. mud),
sensitive to poor pad contact. Depth of investigation: 1 in.
Resolution linked with electrical contrast:
Bedding ca. 1 cm; Fracture ca. 1 mm (Resistivity Contrast)
EMI FMI STAR
6 Pads, 2 rows 4 Pads & Flaps 6 Pads
Arm configuration 2 X 12 Sensors 2 X 12 Sensors
25 Sensors
Sensors 150 192 144
Coverage 58% of 8.5” 75% of 8.5” 56% of 8.5”
Logging Speed 1800 ft/hr 1800/1500 ft/hr 1200/2400 ft/hr
X-, Y-Spacing 0.2 in. 0.1-0.2 in. 0.1 in.
26. Main Characteristics of Acoustic Imaging Tools
Acoustic response of the formation to build up images
Rotating transducer (Transmitter-Receiver)
Ultras. pulse 250-500 kHz. Water- and Oil-based mud,
100% borehole coverage, sensitive to borehole shape,
Depth of investigation: 0, Travel Time and Amplitude Attenuation
Resolve feature down to 1 in.
CAST UBI CBIL
200 samples/rev 7.5 Rot /Sec 6 Rot/Sec
Measurements 180 samples /rev 12 (STAR)
250 samples/rev
1 in. 2100 ft/hr
Vertical Sampling 0.3 in 0.4 in 800 ft/hr 0.2 in
rate & Logg. speed 1200 ft/hr 0.2 in 400 ft hr 2400 ft/hr
Image Resolution 0.4 in at 250 kHz
0.2 in at 500 kHz
30. BoreHoleMap: Orientation
Borehole Axis
DEVI: Deviation (inclination): Angle 00-90 Deg (from vertical to horizontal axis)
HAZI: Borehole axis azimuth: Angle 000-360 Deg (from N-000- to N -360 clockwise)
MD: Measured Depth
Tool Axis (Sonde Axis)
DEVI: Sonde Deviation: Angle 00-90 Deg (from vertical to horizontal axis)
Sonde DEVI = Borehole DEVI
P1AZ: Ref PAD (PAD1): Azimuth PAD1 = Angle 000-360 Deg from North (000) or
from the BOREHOLE HIGH SIDE clockwise
MD: Measured Depth
31.
32.
33. ORIENTATION of the BOREHOLE MAP
Y-AXIS:
- Borehole High Side 0 90 180 270 3600
- Tool Frame
Y-Axis: MD
- North
& MD
X- AXIS:
- Borehole Perimeter
& Azimuthal X-Axis: Azimuthal & Perimeter
34. ORIENTATION of the
TOOL WITHIN the Borehole
Tool ROTATES (around the AXIS) its
EXACT position INSIDE the BOREHOLE
has to be known at EVERY measurement
RB: Relative Bearing:
Angle between the referenced-arm (P1AZ) and a fixed feature
(North, High side of the Borehole) is recorded at
every measured point
38. Core Goniometry
Methodology
1. - Projection of core-features
onto a borehole map
2. - Projection of a planar-feature
onto the borehole map (Fault…)
3. - Projection of a linear-feature of a surface
onto the borehole map
(Striation on Fault-Surface)
39. Projection of Core: Borehole Map
Orthogonal projection onto
a cylindrical surface = Borehole Map
A reference line parallel
to the core axis
= master calibration line
with the MD
= Y-Axis
Perimeter
=2PR
= 3600
= X-Axis (cm & Deg)
40. Projection of a Planar-feature
PR
DIP-AZIMUTH
Sine curve TOP PR
Sine curve BOTTOM
=DIP-AZIMUTH
Perimeter
=3600 900 1800 2700 360-00
=2PR PR/2 PR 3PR/2 2P R-0 cm
DIP-AZIMUTH (cm or Deg)
relative to the master calibration line
Master Calibration Line
41. Projection of a Planar-feature
DIP
Sine Curve
Amplitude
DZ
900 1800 2700 360-00
PR/2 PR 3PR/2 2P R-0 cm
DZ
Tang DIP =
Core Diameter
42. AXIS On Borehole Map
Fault Surface with Striation (Sandstone clast) in Shale
43. Projection of a Linear-feature
of a Surface onto the Borehole Map
PR
DZ
900 1800 2700 360-00
PR/2 PR 3PR/2
Tang DIP = DZ 2P R-0 cm
Diameter of the Core
DIP-AZIMUTH of the line relative
to the master calibration line
44. Projection of a Linear-feature
of a Surface onto the Borehole Map
900 1800 2700 360-00
PR/2 PR 3PR/2
2P R-0 cm
DIP-AZIMUTH of the LINE relative
to the master calibration line
45.
46. N (000Deg)
TADPOLE
0 Deg 90 Deg
10/135 Deg
W (270 Deg) E (090 Deg)
15/225 Deg
S (180 Deg)
65. Compass Rose
360/0
348.75 011.25
326.25 033.75
045
N-S
315
.S W
N..N
NN
056.25
E-S
W-
W-
N.N
SW
S..S
303.75 NW
-S E-
EE
E N
W.
NW .SW 078.75
281.25 -E. E-W
SE E. N
270 E-W E-W 090
W.
W NW
258.75 W. S -E.
E. NE- SE 101.25
NW
N..N
NN
.SW
SW -S
E
E- 123.75
W-
W-S
N
E -S
236.25
S..SE
N.N
S
135
225 N-S
146.25
213.75 168.75
191.25
180
Dipping Striking Dipping Striking
348.75…011.25: N E-W 168.75…191.25: S E-W
011.25…033.75: N.NE W.NW-E.SE 191.25…213.75: S.SW W.NW-E.SE
033.75…056.25: NE NW-SE 213.75…236.25: SW NW-SE
056.25…078.75: E.NE N.NW-S.SE 236.25…258.75: W.SW N.NW-S.SE
078.75…101.25: E N-S 258.75…281.25: W N-S
101.25…123.75: E.SE N.NE-S.SW 281.25…303.75: W.NW N.NE-S.SW
123.75…146.25: SE NE-SW 303.75…326.25: NW NE-SW
146.25…168.75: S.SE E.NE-W.SW 326.25…348.75: N.NW E.NE-W.SW
168.75…191.25: S E-W 348.75…011.25: N E-W
67. Main Processes
Raw data, microresistivity measurements recorded by electrode tool,
need to be processed:
Speed correction,
Magnetic declination correction,
Depth shift offset (when it is needed)
Generation of image/dip logs.
68. Main Processes
Speed correction,
convert data, recorded vs. time into data vs. depth
&
correct depth offset due to oscillations along the axis tool.
Oscillations are caused by irregularities of the borehole or in fact due
to the none-constant speed of the tool while running the logs.
Generally, a sliding window of 10 ft is used for an average cable speed
of 1600 ft/hr.
69. SPEED CORRECTION: is applied
to correct for erratic tool motion
& convert data recorded in time to depth
0 90 180 270 3600
T8
T3
0.2 in.
T2 T2-7
2-7
T1 T1
Y Axis: MD
T0 T0
IN THEORY: Tool moves up the IN REALITY: Tool moves ERRATICALLY up
borehole recording measurement-sets the borehole recording measurement-sets at
At regular timing (T0 – T3) regular timing (T0 – T3)
70. Main Processes
Magnetic declination correction,
applied to inclinometry measurements
recorded by the tool (relatively to the
magnetic North) to convert them to
Geographic North.
71. Main Processes
Depth shift offset (when it is needed)
Correlation of GR from another Run (Wireline Log) & GR from FMI
Geological Feature determined from other sources
72. Main Processes
Generation of images
Static normalised images (called Static Images):
computation carried out in a window covering all the
logged section.
Dynamically normalised images (called Dynamic Images):
sliding window (5 Ft).
Scale in the range white-yellow-brown-dark :
white-yellow: minimum conductivity
To
brown-dark: maximum conductivity.
98. Other Points:
Repeat Section (200 ft MD)
Tool Rotation (less than one turn per 30 ft)
Slip-Stick Behaviour
Raw data in original format (LIS, DLIS)
Field Print (orientation, Pad#, Magnetic
Declination Value, Correction (Not Done)
99. IF Orientation
Don’t Fit with Previous Field Model ?
Comparison with OTHER RUNS
Geology is the BEST QC
Tool has picked the “wrong” North?
Rotation of the Dip Log, around the borehole axis
(Same Methodology as in Core Goniometry)
Assume the Same Error during all the RUN
110. QC: Depth Match, Static & Dynamic Images
Geological Features: Bed Boundary, Bedding
Static Image Dynamic Image
GR
Calipers
RHOB
NPHI
Bed Boundary
FMI
111. QC: Depth Match, Static & Dynamic Images
Geological Features: Bed Boundary, Bedding
Static Image Dynamic Image
GR
Calipers
RHOB
NPHI
Bedding
Bed Boundary
FMI
112. Foreset, Foreset Boundary & Cross Bedding
Calipers
GR
Foreset Boundary
Cross
RHOB
Bedding
Foreset
Bed Boundary
NPHI
FMI
113. Shale Bedding, SS Bedding & Heterolithic Bedding
Calipers GR
RHOB
NPHI
Shale
Bedding
SS
Bedding
Heterolithic
Bedding
FMI
114. TECTONIC Features
Listing PARTICULAR to a RESERVOIR
Related to data from other sources (Cores,
Petrophysics, Seismic, Field Studies) to help
CORRELATE
115. Part of a Diptype List (Fractured Reservoir)
Diptype Name,
(Correspondent
Geological Notion),
Description & Correlation with Geological
colour used in plots Comments
Feature
and Fig., and
Illustration (Go to Fig
#)
Narrow or large, and discrete resistive or
FAULT conductive anomaly displayed along a sub-
planar feature cutting sedimentologic planes. Fault is differentiated from
(Fault), Red Also, a clear cut off the bulk resistivity, Fracture.
GoToFig11 highlighting a plane considered as a fault
plane.
The current bedding planes are
BEDDING Change in the bulk conductivity along a generally parallel to bed boundary
(Bedding), planar boundary at the lowest scale of the and regularly repeated in the bed or
image, i.e. centimetre scale. Regularly layer.
Green repeated planar features corresponding to Confusion sometimes with Shale
GoToFig12 current bedding planes. Bedding, Bed Boundary and
Stylolite
117. FMI
Fault
Examples of
Geological Features
Interpreted as a
probable
Reverse Fault
Bedding plane
in the Hangingwall Block
Minor Fault
The same Bedding plane
in the Footwall Block
Reverse Minor Fault
with a ca 15 cm throw
118. From Atlas of Borehole Imagery Ed L.B. Thompson Aapg 2000
120. Younging Direction in Horizontal Well
Younging Direction Cross section
TD
of anticline
drilled by a
Horizontal Well
Upward Downward Younging direction
inferred from
the shape of
the sine curve
Outward direction Inward direction
121. Bedding Plan Correlation: a methodology to
help define reservoir units
-INTERVAL without fault
Younging Direction
picked out
-SHORT interval
- A BEDDING PLANE ,
bounding reservoir units
picked and choosen as
STRATUM GUIDE
- Locations where Stratum
guide is cut
DOWNWARD
or UPWARD
To be Performed Carefully! are picked out
122. Bull’s eye structure in Borehole Images
Borehole high side of Horizontal Well:
Inward direction Inward direction
= Anticline structure
Or Outward direction
= Inflexion of the well-track (concave profile)
123. Wood-Grain structure in Borehole Images
Borehole high side of Horizontal Well:
Inward direction Inward direction
= Syncline structure
Or Outward direction
= Inflexion of the well-track (convex profile)
124. From Atlas of Borehole Imagery
Ed L.B. Thompson Aapg 2000
125. From Atlas of Borehole Imagery
Ed L.B. Thompson Aapg 2000
126. Cross Bedding, Closed Fracture
m MD, Vertical Well, Scale: V=H FMI processed &
interpreted with Recall
128. IN SITU STRESS
CHARACTERISATION
Tensile Fractures (Images)
Borehole Breakout (Images)
Borehole Breakout (Calipers)
Constrain the entire Population
Determination of the SHmax Direction
129. From Atlas of Borehole Imagery Ed L.B. Thompson Aapg 2000
130. Borehole Breakout (from Calipers)
Criteria to Constrain
1) Tool Rotation < 30 Deg
2) Caliper Difference > 0.5 in
3) Smaller Cal > BS-1.5 in
4) Bigger Cal > BS
5) Avoid Key Seat ovality (angle
> 15 Deg)
135. Example of Image Fabric Zonation
Highlighting Matrix Characteristic
Zonation Name & Colour
used to flag the Description & Correlation with
Comments
corresponding interval, Geological Features and Events
and Illustration (Fig)
This layer might be rich in
clay, shale, fine grain that
Thinly Bedded Interbedded matrix with thinly bed including might be a horizontal barrier to
Matrix (Red) cross bedding. It is possible to pick every 5 fluid displacement.
GoToFig11 cm a bedding surface. It can be used to determine the
Paleohorizontal dip if
necessary.
The resistive spots are
Conglomerate-shaped matrix with resistive considered as tight or close
nodules. This might be related to therefore not used by fluids as
conglomerates or not, it has to be calibrated porosity.
Nodular Matrix with other data sources (cores, mud logs, On the contrary, the “matrix”
(Green) GoToFig12 field studies…). Resistive nodules might be between the resistive spots is
related to some anisotropic proprieties of the conductive so it is considered
matrix or to some tight features. as actual/potential significant
porosity
137. Vuggy Matrix
Important Features:
Isolated Intersected by
Interconnected Deformed Zones
Size (Relatively)
Up Grading
Down Grading
(Correlation
with Flooding
Surfaces)
140. Example of Zonation Highlighting
Deformation Features, Stylolite & Karstic Associations, and Poor Images
Zonation Name &
Colour used to flag
Description & Correlation with
the corresponding Comments
Geological Features and Events
interval, and
Illustration (Fig)
Poor Image Image is of poor quality, high to moderate
Poor quality of image correspond
(Red) uncertainty in the interpreted features of the
often to washout intervals
GoToFig11 flagged interval.
This zone, subhorizontal might play a
positive role in draining fluids
Tiny Fractures (up to 20 cm vertical-length) horizontally.
sub perpendicular to Stylolite surface, Such feature is known as used by fluid
Stylolite occurring in the lower side, or upper side or paths in some carbonate reservoirs.
Associated both sides of the stylolite surface. Fractures It might be considered as “pipe-layer”
are striking in all azimuths (radial) or in parallel to the Stylolite surface.
Fractures particular azimuths: it is not clear. If crossed by Fracture Zone or
(Green) Sometimes a couple of stylolite surfaces Fractured/Cataclastic zone this might
GoToFig12 with their associated fractures are close increase the draining propriety.
enough to constitute a Stylolite Zone The question is about the role
regarding vertical path of fluids:
obstacle or drain?
141. FMI (Processed &
Stylolite Associated Fractures Interpreted with Recall)
m MD, Vertical Well, Scale: V=H
144. Structural Dip & / or Paleo-Horizontal Dip: ?
“...Dips with constant magnitude and azimuth in a low energy environment
can be selected. They correspond to the groups of beds, whose bedding planes have not
undergone any biogenic or tectonic alteration. It can reasonably be assumed that these
beds were deposited on nearly horizontal surfaces and that their present dips are the
result of tectonic stresses” Tire de Serra, O. 1985, “Sedimentary environments from
wireline logs”.
I call it: PALEO-HORIZONTAL DIP
“By Structural dip is intended the “general attitude of beds”. It is the dip that would
be measured at outcrop. It is usually the dip seen on seismic reflectors, themselves a
generalisation. It avoids any sedimentary structures of any size and is generally
considered to represent the depositional surface which also is considered to be
horizontal.” Tire de Rider, M. H. 1996 “The geological interpretation of well logs”
I call it: STRUCTURAL DIP
145. The way I see it, and use it in my interpretation:
PALEO-HORIZONTAL DIP
Paleo-Horizontal Dip, as is suggested by the name, is the dip of bedding planes that
were originally deposited horizontally. Low energy sediments such as shale, planktonic
sediments and coals, in specific conditions, can be assumed to be deposited
horizontally.
Such bedding planes may be used to infer tectonic events such as uplift, tilting or fault
block rotation.
STRUCTURAL DIP
Structural dip is restricted to the mean dip of a lithological formation that can be used
in geological (structural) cross-section, or related to a specific marker that can be
correlated to a seismic one, avoiding detailed sedimentological structures at small
scale. The dip and associated dip-azimuth can be used to infer the geometry of the
units, for structural purposes at rather bigger scale, no matter what its genetic origin,
or what events the unit has previously undergone.