The presentation comprises the Gravity Method, It's anomaly, reduction, and its applications. The Gravity method is commonly used in Geology specifically in Geophysics.
Introduction
Petrophysic of the rocks
It is the study of the physical and chemical properties of the rocks related to the pores and fluid distribution
Porosity, is ratio between volume of void to the total voids of the rock.
Permeability, is ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it.
Electric, most of the sedimentary rocks don’t have conductivity.
Radiation, clay rocks have 40K, radiate alpha ray.
Hardness, it depends on the cementing material and thickness of the sediments.
WELL LOGGING
The systematic recording of rock properties and it’s fluid contents in wells being drilled or produced to obtain various petrophysical parameters and characteristics of down hole sequences (G.E Archie 1950).
The measurement versus depth or time, or both, of one or more physical properties in a well.
These methods are particularly good when surface outcrops are not available, but a direct sample of the rock is needed to be sure of the lithology.
A wide range of physical parameters can be measured.
In some cases, the measurements are not direct, it require interpretation by analogy or by correlating values between two or more logs run in the same hole.
Provide information on lithology, boundaries of formations and stratigraphic correlation.
Determine Porosity, Permeability, water, oil and gas saturation.
Reservoir modeling and Structural studies… etc.
Types of Well Logging
Logs can be classified into several types under different category
Permeability and lithology Logs
Gamma Ray log
Self Potential [SP] log
Caliber log
Porosity Logs
Density log
Sonic log
Neutron log
Electrical Logs
Resistivity Log
For contact : omerupto3@gmail.com
Definition
Geophysics is the application of method of physics to the
study of the earth.
On the other sense, it is a subject of natural science
concerned with the physical processes and the physical
properties of the earth and its surrounding space
environment and the use of co-ordinate methods for the
analysis.
It involves the application of physical theories and
measurements to discover the properties and processes of the
earth.
Introduction
Petrophysic of the rocks
It is the study of the physical and chemical properties of the rocks related to the pores and fluid distribution
Porosity, is ratio between volume of void to the total voids of the rock.
Permeability, is ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it.
Electric, most of the sedimentary rocks don’t have conductivity.
Radiation, clay rocks have 40K, radiate alpha ray.
Hardness, it depends on the cementing material and thickness of the sediments.
WELL LOGGING
The systematic recording of rock properties and it’s fluid contents in wells being drilled or produced to obtain various petrophysical parameters and characteristics of down hole sequences (G.E Archie 1950).
The measurement versus depth or time, or both, of one or more physical properties in a well.
These methods are particularly good when surface outcrops are not available, but a direct sample of the rock is needed to be sure of the lithology.
A wide range of physical parameters can be measured.
In some cases, the measurements are not direct, it require interpretation by analogy or by correlating values between two or more logs run in the same hole.
Provide information on lithology, boundaries of formations and stratigraphic correlation.
Determine Porosity, Permeability, water, oil and gas saturation.
Reservoir modeling and Structural studies… etc.
Types of Well Logging
Logs can be classified into several types under different category
Permeability and lithology Logs
Gamma Ray log
Self Potential [SP] log
Caliber log
Porosity Logs
Density log
Sonic log
Neutron log
Electrical Logs
Resistivity Log
For contact : omerupto3@gmail.com
Definition
Geophysics is the application of method of physics to the
study of the earth.
On the other sense, it is a subject of natural science
concerned with the physical processes and the physical
properties of the earth and its surrounding space
environment and the use of co-ordinate methods for the
analysis.
It involves the application of physical theories and
measurements to discover the properties and processes of the
earth.
It covers seismic method, gravity method, electromagnetic method, magnetic method and radiometric method. all these methods help in mineral exploration
is one of the first steps in
searching for oil and gas resources that directly
affects the land and the landowners Seismic surveys are like sonar on steroids They are based on recording the time it takes for sound waves generated by controlled energy sources .The survey usually requires people and machinery
to be on private property and may result in
disturbances of the land such as the clearing of
trees
This Lecture includes the Resistivity survey, field procedure, application advantage, limitaion, Apparant resistivity, VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding), Resistivity Profiling and IP Survey in brief.
Gravity and magnetic methods are an essential part of oil exploration. They do not replace seismic. Rather, they add to it. Despite being comparatively low-resolution, they have some very big advantages.
These geophysical methods passively measure natural variations in the earth’s gravity and magnetic fields over a map area and then try to relate these variations to geologic features in the subsurface. Lacking a controlled source, such surveys are usually environmentally unobjectionable.
It covers seismic method, gravity method, electromagnetic method, magnetic method and radiometric method. all these methods help in mineral exploration
is one of the first steps in
searching for oil and gas resources that directly
affects the land and the landowners Seismic surveys are like sonar on steroids They are based on recording the time it takes for sound waves generated by controlled energy sources .The survey usually requires people and machinery
to be on private property and may result in
disturbances of the land such as the clearing of
trees
This Lecture includes the Resistivity survey, field procedure, application advantage, limitaion, Apparant resistivity, VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding), Resistivity Profiling and IP Survey in brief.
Gravity and magnetic methods are an essential part of oil exploration. They do not replace seismic. Rather, they add to it. Despite being comparatively low-resolution, they have some very big advantages.
These geophysical methods passively measure natural variations in the earth’s gravity and magnetic fields over a map area and then try to relate these variations to geologic features in the subsurface. Lacking a controlled source, such surveys are usually environmentally unobjectionable.
Department of Geological Science of Cape Town, South America has published 10 big ideas. The presentation is about the 7th idea; Humans Depend on Earth For Resources.
Comparison between Peninsula India and Extra-Peninsular India.Tahsin Islam Ornee
The Peninsula India and Extra-Peninsular India both are the physiographic subdivision of India. The presentation deals with the comparison between the two.
K t boundary and Probable causes of Dinosour extinctionTahsin Islam Ornee
It describes about K-T Boundary and the probable causes of the mass extinction in K-T boundary. It includes some proves that shows that extra terrestrial impact caused Dinosaur extinction.
It is all about igneous rock. Its description, classification, texture and others are included which is very important for studying Geology and Petrology. It is the overall concept of Igneous Rock.
A grain started journey from a source area and in the way it become weathered, eroded, transported and finally deposited. It is a gross geologic description of grain's journey.
Plates and list of all major and minor plates in the worldTahsin Islam Ornee
The definition of plates, Earth's interior, Boundaries and the list of the major and minor plates are included in the presentation with images, videos and information.
The presentation contains basic terms of Physical Geology which is related to Geology. It is a gross presentation including images and animated gif's for better understanding.
This presentation talks about the floating market of Atghar Kuriana, Barisal. It shows strengths, opportunities, executions, marketing and strategic plans of that market.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Contents
• Definition
• Branches of Geophysics
• Scope of Geophysics
• Geophysical Methods
▫ Gravity Method
Gravity Anomalies
Gravity Reductions
• Applications of Gravity Method
3. Geophysics (Definition)
Geophysics is the application of method of physics
to the study of the Earth.
On the other sense, it is a subject of natural science
concern with the physical processes and the physical
properties of the earth and it’s surrounding space
environment and the use of co-ordinary methods for
the analysis.
It involves the application of physical theories and
measurements to discover the properties and
processes of the earth.
4. Geophysics
• Geophysics has contributed significantly in the
understanding of many physical processes that lead to
scientific and economic contribution to our society.
9. Geophysical methods
Gravity method:
Gravity method is a non-destructive geophysical
technique that measures differences in the earth’s
gravitational field at specific locations.
The gravity method is a relatively cheap, non-
invasive, non-destructive remote sensing method.
10. Gravity method
• In gravity surveying, subsurface geology is
investigated on the basis of variations in the Earth’s
gravitational field arising from differences of density
between subsurface rocks.
• An underlying concept is the idea of a causative
body, which is a rock unit of different density from
its surroundings.
11. Gravity method
• The basis on which the gravity method depends is
encapsulated in two laws derived by Newton, namely his
Universal Law of gravitation and his Second Law of
Motion.
This shows that the magnitude of acceleration due to
gravity on Earth (g) is directly proportional to the mass (M)
of the Earth and inversely proportional to the square of the
Earth’s radius (R)
..(1)..........2
R
Mm
GF )........(2mgF
(3)..........2
R
GM
g
12. Gravity method
Units of gravity
• The mean value of gravity at the Earth’s surface is about
9.8ms-2.Variations in gravity caused by density variations
in the subsurface are of the order of 100 mms-2.
• This unit of the micrometer per second per second is
referred to as the gravity unit (gu). In gravity surveys on
land an accuracy of ±0.1 gu is readily attainable,
corresponding to about one hundred millionth of the
normal gravitational field.
• At sea the accuracy obtainable is considerably less, about
±10 gu.The c.g.s. unit of gravity is the milligal (1 mgal =
10-3 gal = 10-3cms-2), equivalent to 10 gu.
13. Gravity method ( Process )
• Gravity techniques measure minute variations in the
earth's gravity field. Based on these variations, subsurface
density and thereby composition can be inferred.
• These variations can be determined by measuring the earth's
gravity field at numerous stations along a traverse, and
correcting the gravity data for elevation, tidal effects,
topography, latitude, and instrument drift.
14. Gravity method ( Process )
• The gravity field on the surface of the Earth is not
uniformly the same everywhere. It varies with the
distribution of the mass materials below. A Gravity
survey is an direct means of calculating the density
property of subsurface materials.
• The higher the gravity values, the denser the rock
beneath.
15. Gravity method (Equipment)
• Modern instruments capable of rapid gravity measurements
are known as gravity meters or gravimeters. Gravimeters are
basically spring balances carrying a constant mass.
Variations in the weight of the mass caused by variations in
gravity cause the length of the spring to vary and give a
measure of the change in gravity.
16. Gravity method (Equipment)
• There are two types of gravimeters:
1. Relative and
2. Absolute.
Absolute gravimeters measure the local gravity in
absolute units, gals.
Relative gravimeters compare the value of gravity at one
point with another. They must be calibrated at a
location where the gravity is known accurately, and
then transported to the location where the gravity is to
be measured. They measure the ratio of the gravity at
the two points.
17. Gravity Anomalies
A causative body represents a subsurface zone of
anomalous mass and causes a localized perturbation
in the gravitational field known as a gravity anomaly.
Gravity anomaly map yield the difference between
the observed gravity values and the theoretical
gravity values for a region of interest.
18. Gravity Anomalies(Cont.)
• A very wide range of geological situations give rise
to zones of anomalous mass that produce significant
gravity anomalies.
• On a small scale, buried relief on a bedrock surface,
such as a buried valley, can give rise to measurable
anomalies.
19. Gravity Anomalies(Cont.)
Depending on what we want to emphasize there are 3
anomaly map:
Free-air or Faye anomaly
Bouguer anomaly and
Isostatic gravity anomaly maps
Faye anomaly:
Is defined by applying only normal, free-air, terrain
and tidal corrections to the measured gravity value.
20. Gravity anomalies(Cont.)
Bouguer anomaly:
Is defined by applying normal, free-air, terrain and
tidal correction to the measured gravity value.
The difference between the Bouguer and the Faye
anomaly arises from the Bouguer plate correction.
Bouguer anomalies are usually negative in region of
large elevation and are mainly in positive in oceanic
regions.
22. Gravity reduction
Before the results of a gravity survey can be interpreted it
is necessary to correct for all variations in the Earth’s
gravitational field which do not result from the differences of
density in the underlying rocks. This process is known as gravity
reduction.
23. Gravity reduction
• Drift correction
Correction for instrumental drift is based on repeated
readings at a base station at recorded times throughout
the day. The meter reading is plotted against time and
drift is assumed to be linear between consecutive base
readings.
24. Drift Correction
From the figure drift is assumed to be linear between consecutive base
readings. The drift correction at time t is d, which is subtracted from the
observed value.
25. Eötvös correction
The Eötvös correction (EC) is applied to gravity
measurements taken on a moving vehicle such as a ship
or an aircraft. Depending on the direction of travel,
vehicular motion will generate a centripetal acceleration
which either reinforces or opposes gravity.
26. Gravity reduction
Elevation corrections
Correction for the differing elevations of gravity
stations is made in three parts :
▫ Free air Correction
▫ Bouger Correction
▫ Terrain Correction
The free-air correction
27. Elevation Correction
•The free-air correction (FAC) corrects for the
decrease in gravity with height in free air resulting
from increased distance from the centre of the Earth.
The FAC is positive for an observation point above
datum to correct for the decrease in gravity with
elevation. The free-air correction accounts solely for
variation in the distance of the observation point from
the centre of the Earth; no account is taken of the
gravitational effect of the rock present between the
observation point and datum.
28. Elevation Correction
Bouguer correction
On land the Bouguer correction must be
subtracted, as the gravitational attraction of the rock
between observation point and datum must be
removed from the observed gravity value. The
Bouguer correction of sea surface observations is
positive to account for the lack of rock between
surface and sea bed. The correction is equivalent to
the replacement of the water layer by material of a
specified rock density r.
29. Elevation Correction
Terrain corrections
A correction applied to observed values obtained
in geophysical surveys in order to remove the effect of
variations in the observations due to the topography
near observation sites.
30. Latitude Correction
Gravity varies with latitude because of the non-spherical
shape of the Earth and because the angular velocity of a point on
the Earth’s surface decreases from a maximum at the equator to
zero at the poles. The centripetal acceleration generated by this
rotation has a negative radial component that consequently causes
gravity to decrease from pole to equator. Consequently, points
near the equator are farther from the centre of mass of the Earth
than those near the poles, causing gravity to increase from the
equator to the poles.
32. Tidal Correction
Gravity measured at a fixed location varies with
time because of periodic variation in the gravitational
effects of the Sun and Moon associated with their
orbital motions, and correction must be made for this
variation in a high precision survey. In spite of its much
smaller mass, the gravitational attraction of the Moon is
larger than that of the Sun because of its proximity.
33. Tidal Correction
• These solid Earth tides are considerably smaller than
oceanic tides and lag farther behind the lunar motion.
They cause the elevation of an observation point to
be altered by a few centimeters and thus vary its
distance from the centre of mass of the Earth. The
periodic gravity variations caused by the combined
effects of Sun and Moon are known as tidal
variations.
• They have a maximum amplitude of some 3 gu and a
minimumperiod of about 12 h.
34. Application of Gravity method
• Determine shape of the Earth
• Hydrocarbon exploration
• Regional geological studies
• Iso-static compensation determination
• Detection of sub-surface cavities (microgravity)
• Location of buried rock-valleys
• Determination of glacier thickness
• Tidal oscillations
• Basin Geometry