IRJET- A Study on the Behaviour of Double Layer Steel Braced Barrel VaultsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the behavior of double layer steel braced barrel vault structures through finite element modeling and analysis. Four geometric patterns were modeled in STAAD Pro software: square on square, lattice structure, diagonal on diagonal, and square on diagonal. The square on square and lattice structure geometries exhibited minimal nodal deflections and axial forces compared to the other patterns, indicating they are the optimal designs for double layer barrel vaults.
Time series analysis is conducted on daily views of Wikipedia article. The data set contains individual Pages and daily views of the pages.
The total number of pages in the data set is 145k. The training data set 1 contains daily views from July 1st 2015 to Dec 31st 2016 with a total number of 550 days.
Testing of forecast model is based on data from January, 1st, 2017 up until March 1st, 2017, which is 60 days including 1st march 2017.
Stress analysis of splice joint in an aircraft fuselage with prediction of fa...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses stress analysis and fatigue life prediction of a splice joint in an aircraft fuselage.
2) A finite element analysis was conducted on a typical splice joint panel consisting of skin plates and doubler plates made of aluminum alloy 2024-T351.
3) The analysis found that the stress at rivet holes in the skin part is highest and the maximum von-Mises stress is 27.1 kg/mm^2 under a pressure load of 9 PSI.
Structural and Modal Analysis of Crane Hook with Different Materials using FeaIRJET Journal
This study analyzed the structural and modal behavior of a crane hook made from different materials using finite element analysis. A solid model of a crane hook with trapezoidal cross-section was created in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS. Static structural analysis found that an aluminum alloy hook experienced lower stresses than a structural steel hook under the same load. Fatigue analysis determined the aluminum alloy hook could withstand more fatigue cycles before failure. Modal analysis revealed the structural steel hook had lower total deformation at the first natural frequency, indicating it is preferred for withstanding vibrations. In conclusion, the study found aluminum alloy suitable for withstanding loads but structural steel better for vibrations.
The use of waveform cross correlation for creation of an accurate catalogue o...Ivan Kitov
Page 3
In the current study of mining activity within the Russian platform, we use the advantages of location and historical bulletins/catalogues of mining explosions recorded by small-aperture seismic array Mikhnevo (MHVAR). The Institute of Geospheres Dynamics (IDG) of the Russian Academy of Sciences runs seismic array MHVAR (54.950N; 37.767E) since 2004.
Small-aperture seismic array “Mikhnevo” includes ten vertical stations (solid triangles), with one station in the geometrical centre of the array (C00) and other nine stations distributed over three circles with radii of 130 m, 320 m, and 600 m. The array aperture in approximately 1.1 km. Two 3C stations (solid triangles in circles) were added to the outer circle in order to improve the overall stations sensitivity (detection threshold) and resolution. All stations are equipped with short-period seismometers SM3-KV, which are characterized by flat response between 0.8 Hz and 30 Hz and gain of 180,000 [Vs/m]. Later, a 3C broad band station (BB) was installed in the centre of the array for surface wave measurements. The array response function (only for 12 vertical channels) is similar to that for many small-aperture arrays. Such arrays are designed to measure high-frequency signals from regional and near-regional sources with magnitudes above 1.5-2.0.
Page 4
MHVAR detects regional seismic phases (Pn, Sn, Lg, Rg) from various sources. Figure shows some selected waveforms with source-station distance decreasing up-down. Correspondingly the length of records decreases – for the closest mines it’s harder to distinguish between P and S phases.
Page 5
More than 50 areas at regional and near regional distances with different levels of mining activity have been identified by MHVAR. Since 2004, thousands of events have been reported in the IDG seismic catalogue as mining explosions. The IDG publishes this mining event catalogue as a part of the annual issues of “Earthquakes in Russia”, which is available for the broader geophysical community. The map shows several selected mines at near-regional distances where MHVAR successfully detects events with magnitudes 1.0 and lower. We also show a few selected mines at regional distances with the largest events of magnitude (ML) 2.0 and above. Such events should be also detected by IMS arrays. Joint interpretation of signals detected by MHVAR and IMS arrays allows significant improvements in signal detection, location, characterization and identification of events in the IDG catalogue when the historical data are revisited. The work on joint analysis of the IDG and IMS data is possible under the “Contract for limited access to IMS data and IDC products” between the CTBTO and IDG, which allows obtaining data through 2011.
To begin with, we have chosen blasts with larger magnitudes from well-known ironstone mine Mikhailovskiy (red circle), which is situated at regional distances somewhere between MHVAR (~330 km) and IMS array AKASG
Pile Design Using Wave Equation Analysis Program Application in Offshore Wind...khucmai
This document discusses pile design for foundations supporting offshore floating wind turbines. It introduces offshore wind energy and the challenges of deep water installations. Floating wind turbine platforms anchored to the seabed with tethers attached to driven piles are proposed. The document describes the NREL 5MW wind turbine to be supported, and outlines pile installation and analysis using wave equation analysis to predict pile driving performance.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
[DOCUMENT]:
Pile Design Using Wave Equation Analysis Program
Application in Offshore Wind Farm
by
Siddharth Chauhan
BTech, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Mumbai, India
The document provides details about Arpit Arora's project training report on the Nagarnar Steel Plant located in Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh. It summarizes the key activities undertaken during the training period including concrete lining of the raw water reservoir, fabrication of overhead tank beams, construction of counterfort and retaining walls, fabrication of trestles, erection of conveyor galleries, and RCC works for the silos. It also includes sections on construction methodology, management practices for quality, materials, safety, equipment and progress monitoring followed at the project site.
The document discusses performance-based procurement for building projects. It provides examples of how owners can define project goals and energy targets to guide design teams. Key aspects include categorizing goals as mission critical, highly desirable, or possible; setting clear and adjustable energy use targets; and establishing modeling guidelines and schedules for design teams to validate performance goals are met. The intent is to accelerate high performance building outcomes through the procurement process.
IRJET- A Study on the Behaviour of Double Layer Steel Braced Barrel VaultsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the behavior of double layer steel braced barrel vault structures through finite element modeling and analysis. Four geometric patterns were modeled in STAAD Pro software: square on square, lattice structure, diagonal on diagonal, and square on diagonal. The square on square and lattice structure geometries exhibited minimal nodal deflections and axial forces compared to the other patterns, indicating they are the optimal designs for double layer barrel vaults.
Time series analysis is conducted on daily views of Wikipedia article. The data set contains individual Pages and daily views of the pages.
The total number of pages in the data set is 145k. The training data set 1 contains daily views from July 1st 2015 to Dec 31st 2016 with a total number of 550 days.
Testing of forecast model is based on data from January, 1st, 2017 up until March 1st, 2017, which is 60 days including 1st march 2017.
Stress analysis of splice joint in an aircraft fuselage with prediction of fa...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses stress analysis and fatigue life prediction of a splice joint in an aircraft fuselage.
2) A finite element analysis was conducted on a typical splice joint panel consisting of skin plates and doubler plates made of aluminum alloy 2024-T351.
3) The analysis found that the stress at rivet holes in the skin part is highest and the maximum von-Mises stress is 27.1 kg/mm^2 under a pressure load of 9 PSI.
Structural and Modal Analysis of Crane Hook with Different Materials using FeaIRJET Journal
This study analyzed the structural and modal behavior of a crane hook made from different materials using finite element analysis. A solid model of a crane hook with trapezoidal cross-section was created in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS. Static structural analysis found that an aluminum alloy hook experienced lower stresses than a structural steel hook under the same load. Fatigue analysis determined the aluminum alloy hook could withstand more fatigue cycles before failure. Modal analysis revealed the structural steel hook had lower total deformation at the first natural frequency, indicating it is preferred for withstanding vibrations. In conclusion, the study found aluminum alloy suitable for withstanding loads but structural steel better for vibrations.
The use of waveform cross correlation for creation of an accurate catalogue o...Ivan Kitov
Page 3
In the current study of mining activity within the Russian platform, we use the advantages of location and historical bulletins/catalogues of mining explosions recorded by small-aperture seismic array Mikhnevo (MHVAR). The Institute of Geospheres Dynamics (IDG) of the Russian Academy of Sciences runs seismic array MHVAR (54.950N; 37.767E) since 2004.
Small-aperture seismic array “Mikhnevo” includes ten vertical stations (solid triangles), with one station in the geometrical centre of the array (C00) and other nine stations distributed over three circles with radii of 130 m, 320 m, and 600 m. The array aperture in approximately 1.1 km. Two 3C stations (solid triangles in circles) were added to the outer circle in order to improve the overall stations sensitivity (detection threshold) and resolution. All stations are equipped with short-period seismometers SM3-KV, which are characterized by flat response between 0.8 Hz and 30 Hz and gain of 180,000 [Vs/m]. Later, a 3C broad band station (BB) was installed in the centre of the array for surface wave measurements. The array response function (only for 12 vertical channels) is similar to that for many small-aperture arrays. Such arrays are designed to measure high-frequency signals from regional and near-regional sources with magnitudes above 1.5-2.0.
Page 4
MHVAR detects regional seismic phases (Pn, Sn, Lg, Rg) from various sources. Figure shows some selected waveforms with source-station distance decreasing up-down. Correspondingly the length of records decreases – for the closest mines it’s harder to distinguish between P and S phases.
Page 5
More than 50 areas at regional and near regional distances with different levels of mining activity have been identified by MHVAR. Since 2004, thousands of events have been reported in the IDG seismic catalogue as mining explosions. The IDG publishes this mining event catalogue as a part of the annual issues of “Earthquakes in Russia”, which is available for the broader geophysical community. The map shows several selected mines at near-regional distances where MHVAR successfully detects events with magnitudes 1.0 and lower. We also show a few selected mines at regional distances with the largest events of magnitude (ML) 2.0 and above. Such events should be also detected by IMS arrays. Joint interpretation of signals detected by MHVAR and IMS arrays allows significant improvements in signal detection, location, characterization and identification of events in the IDG catalogue when the historical data are revisited. The work on joint analysis of the IDG and IMS data is possible under the “Contract for limited access to IMS data and IDC products” between the CTBTO and IDG, which allows obtaining data through 2011.
To begin with, we have chosen blasts with larger magnitudes from well-known ironstone mine Mikhailovskiy (red circle), which is situated at regional distances somewhere between MHVAR (~330 km) and IMS array AKASG
Pile Design Using Wave Equation Analysis Program Application in Offshore Wind...khucmai
This document discusses pile design for foundations supporting offshore floating wind turbines. It introduces offshore wind energy and the challenges of deep water installations. Floating wind turbine platforms anchored to the seabed with tethers attached to driven piles are proposed. The document describes the NREL 5MW wind turbine to be supported, and outlines pile installation and analysis using wave equation analysis to predict pile driving performance.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
[DOCUMENT]:
Pile Design Using Wave Equation Analysis Program
Application in Offshore Wind Farm
by
Siddharth Chauhan
BTech, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Mumbai, India
The document provides details about Arpit Arora's project training report on the Nagarnar Steel Plant located in Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh. It summarizes the key activities undertaken during the training period including concrete lining of the raw water reservoir, fabrication of overhead tank beams, construction of counterfort and retaining walls, fabrication of trestles, erection of conveyor galleries, and RCC works for the silos. It also includes sections on construction methodology, management practices for quality, materials, safety, equipment and progress monitoring followed at the project site.
The document discusses performance-based procurement for building projects. It provides examples of how owners can define project goals and energy targets to guide design teams. Key aspects include categorizing goals as mission critical, highly desirable, or possible; setting clear and adjustable energy use targets; and establishing modeling guidelines and schedules for design teams to validate performance goals are met. The intent is to accelerate high performance building outcomes through the procurement process.
This document summarizes research using artificial neural networks (ANN) for forecasting and interpolation of rainfall data. It describes using ANN software called AI-CFS v1.0 and AI-CIS v1.0 to optimize ANN parameters like number of inputs/hidden layers/neurons, weights, learning rate, and momentum factors. The research aims to develop an optimized backpropagation neural network (OBPN) for chaos forecasting and applies it to rainfall prediction in India. Results show the system can successfully predict rainfall amounts based on astrological and meteorological input data with mean absolute percentage deviations between 8-20% on testing data.
IRJET - GVT, Updating and Correlation on Scale Aircraft ModelIRJET Journal
This document discusses the process and importance of conducting a Ground Vibration Test (GVT) on an aircraft model. A GVT determines the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping of an aircraft structure through experimental testing. The results are used to validate analytical models of the aircraft, which are important for predicting flutter and ensuring flight safety. The document outlines creating a CAD model of the aircraft, manufacturing scale parts, assembling them, performing the GVT with hammers and shakers, extracting modal parameters, and correlating experimental results with finite element analysis models. Good correlation between tests and models is needed to certify the aircraft for further testing like ground runs and in-flight flutter investigations.
Effect on Width, Height and Penetration of V-Groove Butt Joint Weld Bead by V...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that investigated the effect of process parameters on weld bead geometry for narrow V-groove butt joints in pulsed gas metal arc welding of 5083-h111 aluminium alloy. The process parameters varied were wire feed rate, welding speed, and groove angle. Experiments were conducted using a full factorial design and regression analysis was used to develop mathematical models relating the process parameters to the bead width, height, and penetration. It was found that wire feed rate had the greatest effect on width and penetration, while groove angle most influenced height.
This document summarizes a research presentation on assessing solar potential on rooftops using GIS and remote sensing techniques. The study area was a 450x140m land parcel in Colombo, Sri Lanka comprised of buildings. Geospatial analysis techniques were used to model 3D building rooftops, simulate shadow patterns, and create a solar potential rooftop map by applying weighted values based on hourly solar radiation data. The methodology demonstrated how GIS can identify suitable rooftops for installing solar panels in urban areas and could be applied to other locations.
Comparison between training function trainbfg and trainbr in modeling of neur...iaemedu
This document compares two training functions, TRAINBFG and TRAINBR, for modeling a neural network to predict the specific heat capacity of a working fluid (LiBr-H2O) used in vapor absorption refrigeration systems. The neural network model contains one input layer with two nodes (vapor quality and temperature), one hidden layer, and one output layer (specific heat capacity). Both training functions are evaluated based on error metrics like relative error and root mean square error. The results and discussion section will analyze which training function produces the best neural network model for this prediction task based on the error analysis.
Comparison between training function trainbfg and trainbr in modeling of neur...iaemedu
The document compares two training functions, TRAINBFG and TRAINBR, for modeling a neural network to predict the specific heat capacity of a working fluid (LiBr-H2O) used in vapor absorption refrigeration systems. An artificial neural network with one input layer, one hidden layer, and one output layer was created. The network was trained using both training functions and the results were compared based on error metrics. The goal was to determine which training function provides better predictions and helps researchers choose the optimal training function for modeling neural networks for energy or exergy analysis of vapor absorption refrigeration systems.
This document provides an introduction to systems and system modeling. It defines a system as any object that performs an action and is dependent on other entities. A system can be divided into sub-systems, each of which can also be considered a complete system. Dynamic systems change over time, while static systems do not change. An example of a system discussed is a college, with students, classrooms, laboratories, etc. as constituent entities. The goal of system modeling and simulation is to study systems mathematically and using computers without performing actual experiments.
Comparative studies on formability analysis in metal formingeSAT Journals
Abstract Sheet metal products are one of the most important semi-finished products used in the steel industry, and metal forming technology is therefore an important engineering domain. The development of new sheet metal forming processes, tooling and so on, has until now, to a large extent been based on experience, rules of thumb and trial- error experiments without or with only little use of scientifically based engineering methods. As mentioned above, experience is not enough, and trial-error experiments are expensive with regard to both money and time. The forming limit diagram (FLD) shows metal formability in metal forming with less cost. . The forming limit diagram typically represents the maximum permissible range of major and minor strains that a typical sheet material can undertake without failure. The forming limit diagram is experimentally measured for each sheet material by placing a grid of circle on the sheet sample and then deforming the same. A comparison of the original and the extensions in the marked grids on the sheet sample provide an estimate of the major and minor strain of the sample. This paper presents a case study of automotive component spring seat. By placing the grid of circles on the component and by measuring the dimensions of deformed circles a forming limit diagram has drawn. The simulations were carried out by fast form advanced software. The results achieved concluded that, safe forming zone is of bottom part and wrinkling tendency is present on side wall of component. Keywords: Forming, Forming limit diagram, Major strain, Minor strain, Safe zone, wrinkling
IRJET- Quantative Analysis of Undercut in PCM for SS304IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study analyzing the effects of process parameters on undercut in photo chemical machining (PCM) of stainless steel 304. The study used Taguchi's orthogonal array design of experiments to evaluate the effects of etchant concentration, temperature, and time on the undercut response. Optimum values were identified as an etchant temperature of 50°C, concentration of 600 gm/liter, and etching time of 40 minutes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the results. An artificial neural network model was also developed to predict undercut values. The study aims to improve productivity and surface quality in PCM of stainless steel 304 by determining optimal process parameters that minimize undercut.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Experimental Parametric Study of Diagrid Structure under Seismic ForcesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the seismic performance of a four-story steel diagrid structure model subjected to harmonic base motions using a horizontal shake table. The steel diagrid model is placed on the shake table and tested at motor RPMs of 200, 250, and 300 to simulate seismic forces. Accelerations are measured at each floor and graphs of the seismic response are obtained. The results show that floor accelerations and displacements increase from the first to fourth floors. It is concluded that steel diagrid structures demonstrate good seismic performance and resistance to earthquake forces compared to conventional structures due to their diagonal bracing pattern.
IRJET- Geotechnical Investigation of Different Soil Samples using Regression ...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study that used regression analysis to develop equations to predict geotechnical properties of soils based on index properties. Soil samples were collected from various locations and tested in the laboratory to determine their California bearing ratio (CBR), maximum dry density (MDD), and optimum moisture content (OMC). Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to establish relationships between these properties and index values like liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, etc. Correlation coefficients were calculated. Equations were developed for CBR, MDD and OMC in terms of percentage compositions of industrial waste, fly ash, red mud, cement and lime stabilizers. Additional equations linked CBR to individual index properties.
This paper presents the life estimation of the diffuser structure. Literature shows that the welds are the source of failure in case of welded structure; hence the estimation of its life is very critical. There are two kinds of methods for life estimation stress life approach and strain life approach which have been validated for simple problems. Stress life approach was identified as appropriate for life estimation of the variable diffuser. There are papers indicating the methodology for life estimation using commercial software for life prediction. Here, Optistruct- Hyper-Works for pre-processing and solver and Hyper-View- Hyper-Works for post processing has been used for the indeterminate structure, complex loading and boundary condition. The mathematical model subjected to the variable pressure contours for a particular Mach No., with the gimbal joint boundary condition at the test section end and the roller support at the other end. In this paper stress and fatigue analysis of the variable diffuser has been carried out and life of the variable diffuser has been estimated.
Productivity Enhancement of Clipping MachineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a project to increase productivity of a clipping machine at a pencil manufacturing plant. The researchers designed and installed a hopper and feeder bowl system to automate the manual placement of clips and barrels. Through analysis of production data using quality tools like why-why analysis and fishbone diagrams, they identified inconsistent manual placement as the root cause of rejections. Their automated design calculations showed the hopper could hold 1481 barrels, increasing throughput. The new system aims to reduce labor costs, improve quality, and increase productivity by fully automating the clipping process.
MIXING OF LIQUID KEROSENE IN A SUPERSONIC CROSSFLOW FOR A SCRAMJET ENGINEIRJET Journal
This document discusses an experiment to study the mixing of liquid kerosene fuel injected into a supersonic crossflow, as is relevant for scramjet engines. The experiment varied the injection pressure to achieve different momentum flux ratios and used MIE scattering flow visualization to capture images of the fuel plumes at distances downstream from the injector. These images were then processed using MATLAB to calculate the height of penetration and plume spread area as metrics of mixing performance. The results showed that both penetration height and plume area increased with increasing momentum flux ratio, indicating better mixing at higher injection pressures.
Structural analysis of steering yoke of an automobile for withstanding torsio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The steering columns in a steering system are one of the main devices of an automobile. It is a very important part to attain stability and
steady movement of the vehicle. It consists of two yokes, one on each shaft, connected by a cross-shaped intermediate member i.e.
spider. Motion transmission system of vehicles consist several components which sometimes encounter unfortunate failures. Some
common reasons for the failures may be manufacturing and design faults, maintenance faults, raw material faults, material processing
faults as well as the user originated faults. In this paper finite element analysis of the component is carried out to find the stress and
displacement of the final product. For modeling of the component, CATIA V5 R17 software is used. Preprocessing work like meshing
and analysis work is carried out in HYPERWORKS software. Using FEA analysis, we can identify the nature and characteristics of
stresses acting on the yoke and also evaluate the influence of the loads/ mass/ geometry/ boundary conditions over the yoke.
Keywords: Steering Yoke, Structural analysis, FEA, CATIA V5, Hyper works
The document discusses the structural analysis and optimization of a steering yoke component in an automobile. Finite element analysis was conducted on the original design using Hyperworks software to determine stresses and displacement under an applied torque load. The analysis found high stresses in some areas. Topology optimization was then used to modify the design by removing unnecessary material. Analysis of the modified design showed lower stresses within the yield strength of the material, indicating an improved and safe design.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree. It investigates the path loss of GSM signals in Warri, Nigeria by comparing predictions from free space and Okumura-Hata propagation models to measurements taken in the field. The author measures received signal strength at distances of up to 1500 meters from three base station towers and finds the Okumura-Hata model more accurately predicts path loss while the free space model performs poorly with wide margins of error compared to measured values. Tables and figures in the document present the field measurements, calculated predictions, and discuss the findings.
The document describes optimizing an artificial neural network (ANN) model to extract a numerical model for predicting the performance of a manually driven brick making machine. It modifies an existing experimental database to generate additional data points for training the ANN model. Various ANN parameters like the network topology, number of hidden layers, training functions, and activation functions are systematically varied to evaluate their impact on prediction accuracy. The optimized ANN model is found to provide unmatched results in predicting experimental findings compared to a previous empirical mathematical model.
Automotive Control Module under Various loading Failure mode analysisIRJET Journal
This document discusses the failure analysis of an automotive control module under various loading conditions. The control module houses all door and light controls but was failing due to high vibrations from rough road conditions. The material was changed from polypropylene homopolymer with 20% talc to 40% talc to improve durability. Finite element analysis in LS-Dyna and experimental testing showed the modified material had a natural frequency above engine excitation and stresses below yield limits under mechanical shock loads, indicating it would withstand uneven road vibrations. Testing of a physical prototype verified the model analysis, with only a 25% increase in deformation compared to the original design. The conclusions were that the modified control module met design goals for frequency and would
This document summarizes research using artificial neural networks (ANN) for forecasting and interpolation of rainfall data. It describes using ANN software called AI-CFS v1.0 and AI-CIS v1.0 to optimize ANN parameters like number of inputs/hidden layers/neurons, weights, learning rate, and momentum factors. The research aims to develop an optimized backpropagation neural network (OBPN) for chaos forecasting and applies it to rainfall prediction in India. Results show the system can successfully predict rainfall amounts based on astrological and meteorological input data with mean absolute percentage deviations between 8-20% on testing data.
IRJET - GVT, Updating and Correlation on Scale Aircraft ModelIRJET Journal
This document discusses the process and importance of conducting a Ground Vibration Test (GVT) on an aircraft model. A GVT determines the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping of an aircraft structure through experimental testing. The results are used to validate analytical models of the aircraft, which are important for predicting flutter and ensuring flight safety. The document outlines creating a CAD model of the aircraft, manufacturing scale parts, assembling them, performing the GVT with hammers and shakers, extracting modal parameters, and correlating experimental results with finite element analysis models. Good correlation between tests and models is needed to certify the aircraft for further testing like ground runs and in-flight flutter investigations.
Effect on Width, Height and Penetration of V-Groove Butt Joint Weld Bead by V...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that investigated the effect of process parameters on weld bead geometry for narrow V-groove butt joints in pulsed gas metal arc welding of 5083-h111 aluminium alloy. The process parameters varied were wire feed rate, welding speed, and groove angle. Experiments were conducted using a full factorial design and regression analysis was used to develop mathematical models relating the process parameters to the bead width, height, and penetration. It was found that wire feed rate had the greatest effect on width and penetration, while groove angle most influenced height.
This document summarizes a research presentation on assessing solar potential on rooftops using GIS and remote sensing techniques. The study area was a 450x140m land parcel in Colombo, Sri Lanka comprised of buildings. Geospatial analysis techniques were used to model 3D building rooftops, simulate shadow patterns, and create a solar potential rooftop map by applying weighted values based on hourly solar radiation data. The methodology demonstrated how GIS can identify suitable rooftops for installing solar panels in urban areas and could be applied to other locations.
Comparison between training function trainbfg and trainbr in modeling of neur...iaemedu
This document compares two training functions, TRAINBFG and TRAINBR, for modeling a neural network to predict the specific heat capacity of a working fluid (LiBr-H2O) used in vapor absorption refrigeration systems. The neural network model contains one input layer with two nodes (vapor quality and temperature), one hidden layer, and one output layer (specific heat capacity). Both training functions are evaluated based on error metrics like relative error and root mean square error. The results and discussion section will analyze which training function produces the best neural network model for this prediction task based on the error analysis.
Comparison between training function trainbfg and trainbr in modeling of neur...iaemedu
The document compares two training functions, TRAINBFG and TRAINBR, for modeling a neural network to predict the specific heat capacity of a working fluid (LiBr-H2O) used in vapor absorption refrigeration systems. An artificial neural network with one input layer, one hidden layer, and one output layer was created. The network was trained using both training functions and the results were compared based on error metrics. The goal was to determine which training function provides better predictions and helps researchers choose the optimal training function for modeling neural networks for energy or exergy analysis of vapor absorption refrigeration systems.
This document provides an introduction to systems and system modeling. It defines a system as any object that performs an action and is dependent on other entities. A system can be divided into sub-systems, each of which can also be considered a complete system. Dynamic systems change over time, while static systems do not change. An example of a system discussed is a college, with students, classrooms, laboratories, etc. as constituent entities. The goal of system modeling and simulation is to study systems mathematically and using computers without performing actual experiments.
Comparative studies on formability analysis in metal formingeSAT Journals
Abstract Sheet metal products are one of the most important semi-finished products used in the steel industry, and metal forming technology is therefore an important engineering domain. The development of new sheet metal forming processes, tooling and so on, has until now, to a large extent been based on experience, rules of thumb and trial- error experiments without or with only little use of scientifically based engineering methods. As mentioned above, experience is not enough, and trial-error experiments are expensive with regard to both money and time. The forming limit diagram (FLD) shows metal formability in metal forming with less cost. . The forming limit diagram typically represents the maximum permissible range of major and minor strains that a typical sheet material can undertake without failure. The forming limit diagram is experimentally measured for each sheet material by placing a grid of circle on the sheet sample and then deforming the same. A comparison of the original and the extensions in the marked grids on the sheet sample provide an estimate of the major and minor strain of the sample. This paper presents a case study of automotive component spring seat. By placing the grid of circles on the component and by measuring the dimensions of deformed circles a forming limit diagram has drawn. The simulations were carried out by fast form advanced software. The results achieved concluded that, safe forming zone is of bottom part and wrinkling tendency is present on side wall of component. Keywords: Forming, Forming limit diagram, Major strain, Minor strain, Safe zone, wrinkling
IRJET- Quantative Analysis of Undercut in PCM for SS304IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study analyzing the effects of process parameters on undercut in photo chemical machining (PCM) of stainless steel 304. The study used Taguchi's orthogonal array design of experiments to evaluate the effects of etchant concentration, temperature, and time on the undercut response. Optimum values were identified as an etchant temperature of 50°C, concentration of 600 gm/liter, and etching time of 40 minutes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the results. An artificial neural network model was also developed to predict undercut values. The study aims to improve productivity and surface quality in PCM of stainless steel 304 by determining optimal process parameters that minimize undercut.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Experimental Parametric Study of Diagrid Structure under Seismic ForcesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the seismic performance of a four-story steel diagrid structure model subjected to harmonic base motions using a horizontal shake table. The steel diagrid model is placed on the shake table and tested at motor RPMs of 200, 250, and 300 to simulate seismic forces. Accelerations are measured at each floor and graphs of the seismic response are obtained. The results show that floor accelerations and displacements increase from the first to fourth floors. It is concluded that steel diagrid structures demonstrate good seismic performance and resistance to earthquake forces compared to conventional structures due to their diagonal bracing pattern.
IRJET- Geotechnical Investigation of Different Soil Samples using Regression ...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study that used regression analysis to develop equations to predict geotechnical properties of soils based on index properties. Soil samples were collected from various locations and tested in the laboratory to determine their California bearing ratio (CBR), maximum dry density (MDD), and optimum moisture content (OMC). Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to establish relationships between these properties and index values like liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, etc. Correlation coefficients were calculated. Equations were developed for CBR, MDD and OMC in terms of percentage compositions of industrial waste, fly ash, red mud, cement and lime stabilizers. Additional equations linked CBR to individual index properties.
This paper presents the life estimation of the diffuser structure. Literature shows that the welds are the source of failure in case of welded structure; hence the estimation of its life is very critical. There are two kinds of methods for life estimation stress life approach and strain life approach which have been validated for simple problems. Stress life approach was identified as appropriate for life estimation of the variable diffuser. There are papers indicating the methodology for life estimation using commercial software for life prediction. Here, Optistruct- Hyper-Works for pre-processing and solver and Hyper-View- Hyper-Works for post processing has been used for the indeterminate structure, complex loading and boundary condition. The mathematical model subjected to the variable pressure contours for a particular Mach No., with the gimbal joint boundary condition at the test section end and the roller support at the other end. In this paper stress and fatigue analysis of the variable diffuser has been carried out and life of the variable diffuser has been estimated.
Productivity Enhancement of Clipping MachineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a project to increase productivity of a clipping machine at a pencil manufacturing plant. The researchers designed and installed a hopper and feeder bowl system to automate the manual placement of clips and barrels. Through analysis of production data using quality tools like why-why analysis and fishbone diagrams, they identified inconsistent manual placement as the root cause of rejections. Their automated design calculations showed the hopper could hold 1481 barrels, increasing throughput. The new system aims to reduce labor costs, improve quality, and increase productivity by fully automating the clipping process.
MIXING OF LIQUID KEROSENE IN A SUPERSONIC CROSSFLOW FOR A SCRAMJET ENGINEIRJET Journal
This document discusses an experiment to study the mixing of liquid kerosene fuel injected into a supersonic crossflow, as is relevant for scramjet engines. The experiment varied the injection pressure to achieve different momentum flux ratios and used MIE scattering flow visualization to capture images of the fuel plumes at distances downstream from the injector. These images were then processed using MATLAB to calculate the height of penetration and plume spread area as metrics of mixing performance. The results showed that both penetration height and plume area increased with increasing momentum flux ratio, indicating better mixing at higher injection pressures.
Structural analysis of steering yoke of an automobile for withstanding torsio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The steering columns in a steering system are one of the main devices of an automobile. It is a very important part to attain stability and
steady movement of the vehicle. It consists of two yokes, one on each shaft, connected by a cross-shaped intermediate member i.e.
spider. Motion transmission system of vehicles consist several components which sometimes encounter unfortunate failures. Some
common reasons for the failures may be manufacturing and design faults, maintenance faults, raw material faults, material processing
faults as well as the user originated faults. In this paper finite element analysis of the component is carried out to find the stress and
displacement of the final product. For modeling of the component, CATIA V5 R17 software is used. Preprocessing work like meshing
and analysis work is carried out in HYPERWORKS software. Using FEA analysis, we can identify the nature and characteristics of
stresses acting on the yoke and also evaluate the influence of the loads/ mass/ geometry/ boundary conditions over the yoke.
Keywords: Steering Yoke, Structural analysis, FEA, CATIA V5, Hyper works
The document discusses the structural analysis and optimization of a steering yoke component in an automobile. Finite element analysis was conducted on the original design using Hyperworks software to determine stresses and displacement under an applied torque load. The analysis found high stresses in some areas. Topology optimization was then used to modify the design by removing unnecessary material. Analysis of the modified design showed lower stresses within the yield strength of the material, indicating an improved and safe design.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree. It investigates the path loss of GSM signals in Warri, Nigeria by comparing predictions from free space and Okumura-Hata propagation models to measurements taken in the field. The author measures received signal strength at distances of up to 1500 meters from three base station towers and finds the Okumura-Hata model more accurately predicts path loss while the free space model performs poorly with wide margins of error compared to measured values. Tables and figures in the document present the field measurements, calculated predictions, and discuss the findings.
The document describes optimizing an artificial neural network (ANN) model to extract a numerical model for predicting the performance of a manually driven brick making machine. It modifies an existing experimental database to generate additional data points for training the ANN model. Various ANN parameters like the network topology, number of hidden layers, training functions, and activation functions are systematically varied to evaluate their impact on prediction accuracy. The optimized ANN model is found to provide unmatched results in predicting experimental findings compared to a previous empirical mathematical model.
Automotive Control Module under Various loading Failure mode analysisIRJET Journal
This document discusses the failure analysis of an automotive control module under various loading conditions. The control module houses all door and light controls but was failing due to high vibrations from rough road conditions. The material was changed from polypropylene homopolymer with 20% talc to 40% talc to improve durability. Finite element analysis in LS-Dyna and experimental testing showed the modified material had a natural frequency above engine excitation and stresses below yield limits under mechanical shock loads, indicating it would withstand uneven road vibrations. Testing of a physical prototype verified the model analysis, with only a 25% increase in deformation compared to the original design. The conclusions were that the modified control module met design goals for frequency and would
Similar to Airfoil Design and Dynamic Investigations on Turbine (20)
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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Airfoil Design and Dynamic Investigations on Turbine
1. Theoretical and Experimental Investigations on
Inverse Design of Air Foil for Low Wind Speed
Conditions
Presented By,
Vijai Kaarthi V (18MN11),
ME Energy Engg,
PSGCT
Guide,
Dr. Viswanathan P,
Dept. of Mechanical Engg,
PSGCT
COURSE CODE. PAGE
Project Work - Phase I
Department of Mechanical Engineering
118SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
2. Overview
ØIntroduction
ØBackground and Motivation
ØLiterature Survey
ØProblem Definition
ØObjective
ØMethodology
ØModules of Work
ØConclusion
ØScope for further work
ØReferences
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
218SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
3. Introduction...
Global Wind Resource Capacity (MW)
China 145362
USA 74471
Germany 44947
India 25088
Table. 1 Wind as a potential Resource [1]
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
4. Introduction…
Pollutant Emission (Tonnes)
CO2 300 to 500
SO2 2 to 3.2
NO 1.2 to 4
Particulates 0.15 to 0.28
Table. 2 Pollution Saving Potential of Wind (for 400,000 kWh/ Year) [a]
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
418SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
6. Background and Motivation
The average wind speed in Coimbatore is less than 3 m/s [b]
At low wind speeds (< 3 m/s), commercial turbines fails to operate.
A low cost device to tap this low grade - green energy is an endowment to
the society
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
618SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
7. Literature Survey…
q KSR. Moorthy etal.[1]
§ They were not able to bring a sound insight into the performance evaluation of
estimation methods for Weibull parameters.
q CBK. Moorthy etal.[2]
§ The steps involved in assessment for placing the wind turbines and performance
evaluation parameters like wind power density, capacity factor, etc. were studied.
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
718SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
8. Literature Survey…
q Jianzou Wang etal. [3]
§ Empirical methods of Justus and Lysen present favorable efficiency.
q Mahmet Bakirci etal. [4]
§ Average maximum power coefficient of 0.54 and an OTSR of 8.2 when the airfoil
properties given in the airfoil catalog were used; these values were 0.43 and 6.7,
respectively, when the airfoil properties were calculated using CFD and 0.41 and 7.3
when the HAWTs were simulated using three-dimensional CFD.
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
818SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
9. Literature Survey…
qSelig [5] etal.
§ explains the determination of airfoil shape as accomplished by coupling potential
flow method with direct integral flow boundary layer method.
q Selig [6]
§ Uses conformal mapping as a tool for multi-point design.The velocity distribution
over the divided segments is given as an input. Several other conditions must be
met while defining the distribution so as to preserve the closure of blades.
qDulikravich and Baker [7]
§ developed a new formulation for Fourier Series for inverse airfoil design. The
method is analytical and can be used in flow-field codes for faster convergence.
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
918SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
10. Problem Definition…
vTo identify the weighted mean wind speed at the site (PSGCT)
vTo design and develop an air foil capable of producing required lift force.
Øto overcome the moment of inertia of the blade themselves
Øto overcome pre-tension (bearing loads)
Øto generate power
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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ME: ENERGY
12. Methodology
Design of
Air foil
Inverse Design Approach
(Potential Flow/
Conformal)
Desired
result –
goto 2
Weighted
mean wind
speed
Wind Resource
Assessment
NRG Symphonie Data
Logger
CFD – 2D Analysis
Design of
Blades
Theoretical Design
CFD – 3D Analysis
Fabrication
of Blades
Experimental
Testing
1
2
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
1218SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
13. Data Logger
Figure. 1 Data Logger and Meteorological Mast at PSGCT
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
1318SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
14. Data Quality Report
• Bad Data: 0%
• Ice Data: 0%
• Invalid Data: 0%
• Percent Data Used: 98.92%
Figure. 2 Data Quality - NRG Symphonie
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
IceDataBadSensorInvalidData
July 2019
Data Quality Report Ch 1
SITE 0612
PSG Tech
Project: New Project
Location: Peelamedu, Coimbatore
Elevation:
NRG #40 Anem. m/s
Height: 50 m
Serial #: SN:53009
Data is of this type
Data is of another type
Good Data 98.92%
Ice Data 0%
Bad Sensor 0%
Invalid Data 0%
Site Information:
Sensor on channel 1:
Percent data by type:
Generated 05 August 2019 NRG Systems SDR Version 7.08
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
1418SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
15. Frequency Distribution
• Total 10 minute intervals: 4464
• Intervals used in calculation: 4412
Figure. 3 Frequency Distribution (July, 2019)
July 2019
Frequency Distribution Ch 1
SITE 0612
PSG Tech
Project: New Project
Location: Peelamedu, Coimbatore
Elevation:
NRG #40 Anem. m/s
Height: 50 m
Serial #: SN:53009
Site Information: Sensor on channel 1:
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Wind Speed in m/s
Frequency Distribution
RelativeFrequency%
Generated 05 August 2019 NRG Systems SDR Version 7.08Total 10-minute intervals: 4464 Intervals used in calculations: 4412 Percent data used: 98.8
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
1518SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
17. Wind Rose
Figure. 5 Variation of wind velocity with directions
.32
.32
.30
.34
.33
.32
N
EW
S
July 2019
Wind Rose Ch 1, 7
SITE 0612
PSG Tech
Percent of Total Wind Energy
Percent of Total Time
Outer Numbers are Average TIs
Inner Circle = 0%
Outer Circle = 60%
Project: New Project
Location: Peelamedu, Coimbatore
Elevation:
for speeds greater than 4.5 m/s
NRG #40 Anem. m/s
Height: 50 m
Serial #: SN:53009
#200P Wind Vane
Height: 050 m
Serial #: SN:491
Site Information:
Anemometer on channel 1:
Vane on channel 7:
Generated 05 August 2019 NRG Systems SDR Version 7.08Total 10-minute intervals: 4464 Intervals used in calculations: 4412 Percent data used: 98.8
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
1718SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
18. Results...
Month/Year Max. Wind Speed (m/s) Average Wind Speed (m/s)
Jan/2019 4.9 1.7
Feb/2019 3.3 1
Mar/2019 3.6 1.7
Apr/2019 3.7 1.4
May/2019 3.9 1.7
Jun/2019 2.9 1.6
Jul/2019 3.7 1.8
Aug/2019 6.6 2.9
Sept/2019 6.1 2.5
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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ME: ENERGY
Table. 4 Recorded Wind Speeds at the Site (PSGCT)
19. Results...
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
1918SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
Figure. 6 Variation of wind velocity (m/s) on hourly basis: Avg. Wind Profile
- 10th July 0030 to 11th July 0020
20. Results...
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
2018SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
Figure.7 Wind Frequency Distribution on for July, 2019
Series1 0 0 3 2 5 6 3 5 5 7 11 7 8 6
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
0 0
3
2
5
6
3
5 5
7
11
7
8
6
y = -0.0064x3 + 0.0929x2 + 0.4659x - 0.3676
R2 = 0.7496
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Ocuurance
Bin (0.2 m/s)
Frequency Distribution
21. Inverse Design Approach
• The geometry is generated by a targetted difference in pressure coefficient
values.
• Step_1: Developing the Governing Equation
• Step_2: Solving the Differential equation
• Step_3: Applying the Boundary Condtions to get the constants
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
2118SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
22. Problem Formulation
Approach1:
• Inverse Boundary Layer Method to find Velocity Distribution that creates
the desired Boundary Layer.
• The resulting velocity distribution is then used as input to a potential-flow
inverse airfoil method that provides the corresponding airfoil shape.
Demerits:
• Single - Point - Post Analysis rectification is necessary.
• Inverse Boundary equations are difficult to be obtained.
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
2218SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
23. Problem Formulation...
Approach2:
• In an interactive and iterative fashion, all of the design goals are achieved
by carefully adjusting the velocity distribution provided as input to the
inverse method.
• Based on feedback from successive analyses and with some experience,
velocity distribution may be changed in the direction necessary to bring the
airfoil closer to the desired goals.
• The method uses conformal mapping to transform the flow about the circle
into that about an airfoil.
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ME: ENERGY
24. Kutta - Joukowski Transformation
• For Z, Real Part: (1)
• Imaginary Part: (2)
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ME: ENERGY
22
22
1
22
22
1
25. Joukowski Transformation...
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ME: ENERGY
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
ImaginaryAxis
Real axis
Joukowski Transform
circle foil_transform
Figure.8 Joukowski transformation of circle to airfoil
26. Creation of Control Points
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ME: ENERGY
Figure.8 Potential Flow over unit circle
27. Setting up the Velocity Distribution
At third and fourth segments at α = 5o
plotted as a function of a) arc limit of circle
b) arc length of airfoil c) shape function H12
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ME: ENERGY
Figure.9 Definition of velocity distributions imposed over unit circle
28. Results...
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2818SE71
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ME: ENERGY
Figure.10 XFLR5_6.5o Cp plot
29. Results...
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ME: ENERGY
Figure.11 Spline Setting and Airfoil Design
30. Results...
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Figure.12 ModifiedAirfoil cp at 6.5o
31. Results...
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3118SE71
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ME: ENERGY
Figure.13 Airfoil Characteristics at Various Angles of Attack
32. Definition of Geometry
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Figure.14 Geometry for 2D - Foil Analysis
33. Definition of Meshing
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Figure.15 Meshing for 2D - Foil Analysis
34. Governing Equations - Solver Physics
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ME: ENERGY
35. Results...
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ME: ENERGY
Figure.16 Airfoil pressure distribution at α =10o
36. Results...
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CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
Figure.17 Histogram - static pressure distribution
37. The Strouhal Number represents a measure
of the ratio of the inertial forces due to the
u n s t e a d i n e s s o f t h e f l o w o r l o c a l
acceleration to the inertial forces due to
changes in velocity from one point to an
other in the flow field.
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
Results...
Figure.18 FFT - lift force diagram
38. The Strouhal Number represents a measure
of the ratio of the inertial forces due to the
u n s t e a d i n e s s o f t h e f l o w o r l o c a l
acceleration to the inertial forces due to
changes in velocity from one point to an
other in the flow field.
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
Results...
Figure.18 FFT - lift force diagram
39. COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
3918SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
Results...
Figure.19 2d foil - re: 200,000 characteristics
0.24
0.30
1.16
1.61
1.83 1.79
1.62
0.10 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.08
0.14
0.24
0
0.25
1.25
1.7
2.1
2.3
2.1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
ClandCdValues
Angle of Attack
Cl and Cd Vs Alpha - airfoil (Re: 2e5)
Cl Vs Alpha Cd vs Alpha Actual Cl Vs AOA
40. Results...
Angle of Attack Drag (N) Lift (N) Cd Cl
-10 1.6959628 4.0752361 0.099641216 0.2394283
-5 1.1879306 5.1738681 0.069796334 0.30397513
0 0.70006019 19.754193 0.041129941 1.1605985
5 0.93128281 27.440524 0.054714734 1.6121858
10 1.4360859 31.227365 0.084372926 1.8348835
15 2.4394 30.4701 0.14332 1.7902
20 4.0106 27.499 0.2356 1.6156
COURSE CODE. PAGE
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ME: ENERGY
Table.5 2d foil - re: 200,000 characteristics
41. Results...
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ME: ENERGY
Table.6 2d foil - Error Table
Angle of Attack Cl actual Cl experimental Error
-10 0.24 0.1 0.14
-5 0.30 0.25 0.05
0 1.16 1.25 -0.09
5 1.61 1.7 -0.09
10 2.1 1.83 -0.27
15 2.3 1.79 -0.51
20 2.1 1.62 -0.48
42. COURSE CODE. PAGE
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
4218SE71
CLASS.
ME: ENERGY
Results...
Figure.20 2d foil - re: 200,000 characteristics - flow encapsulation
0.43
0.93
1.39
1.81
2.12
2.04
1.50
-0.45
-0.16
0.10
0.32
0.50
0.68
0.79
0.07 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.17
0.25
0.18
0.11 0.10 0.12 0.17
0.26
0.37
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Cl,Cd
Angle of Attack
S_1223 : 2 foils translated by (25,25)mm
cl_b1 vs aoa cl_b2 vs aoa cd_b1 vs aoa cd_b2 vs aoa
44. Results (Post)...
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ME: ENERGY
Figure.21 2d foil - re: 200,000 - streamlines of flow
45. Results (Post)...
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Figure.22 2d foil - pressure and velocity profiles in flow domain
46. Blade Design
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Figure. 23 Geometry for 3d blade analysis
47. Definition of Geometry
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Figure. 24 Design modeler developed 3d flow domain
Inner (Rotating
Domain)
Blade
Outer (Enclosure)
48. Definition of Flow Domain
Table. 8 Turbine Domain Considerations
Geometry
root
(mm)
tip
(mm)
chord 50 25
thickness 6 3
hub radius 125
blade length 400
inner domain diameter 1200
offset from blade 100 (front); 1000 (rear)
outer domain dimensions
(cushion - x,y,z)
100, 500, 100
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49. Definition of Meshing
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Figure. 25 Meshing for 3d blade analysis
50. Solver - Physics
Table. 9 Fluent physics setup for 3d dynamic meshing
Setup Brief Note
Time Transient
Model k - epsilon (realisable) - enhanced wall treatment
Boundary Conditions Inlet - Velocity (magnitude and direction)
Outlet - Pressure outlet (101325 Pa)
Dynamic Meshing 6 DOF
Created
Blade - Rigid
Body
(Not passive)
Inner Domain - Rigid
Body
(Passive)
Outer Domain -
Deforming Body
DOF Properties Mass - 0.344498 kg (Material - Wood)
Rotation about Y - Axis Only
Moment of Inertia - 0.01708911 kg-m2
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51. Results (Post)… (8-10;1-2s)
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Figure. 26 Rotational behavior of wind turbine
52. Results (Post)…
Inlet Velocity (m/s) RPM of Turbine
3 6.0375
5 14.083
10 26.988
15 70.348
Table. 10 Speed of Rotation (rpm) @ T = 0 to 100 s
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ME: ENERGY
53. Blade Material
• Section: Rectangular, Designed Foil
• Material: Wood, CFRP
Properties of Wood: (Preliminary Testing)
density: 0.00074 g/mm3
ultimate strength: 5301000 Pa
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54. Blade Design - Geometry
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Figure. 27 Rotational behavior of wind turbine
55. Conclusions
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Ø The observed weighted mean averaged wind speed at the site
form Jan - Sept, 2019 at PSGCT Campus is 1.8 m/s with 70%
wind relative to 36o NW winds.
ØThe airfoil subjected to numerical analysis gives Clmax = 1.83.
This foil is subjected for 3D analysis.
ØThe scope is to simulate the dynamic behavior of wind turbine
based on the airfoil generated through inverse design and is
implemented successfully.
56. Scope of the Project
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ØThe scope of the project is to experimentally test the blades
and completely develop the mathematical distribution of velocity
over the profile and generate a design for airfoil.
57. References…
[1] K.S.R. Murthy, O.P. Rahi, A comprehensive review of wind resource
assessment, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 72,
2017, Pages 1320-1342, ISSN 1364-0321,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.038.
[2] C. Balakrishna Moorthy, M.K. Deshmukh, Wind Resource Assessment
Using Computer Simulation Tool: A Case Study, Energy Procedia, Volume
100, 2016, Pages 141-148, ISSN 1876-6102,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.156.
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58. References…
[3] Jianzhou Wang, Xiaojia Huang, Qiwei Li, Xuejiao Ma, Comparison of
seven methods for determining the optimal statistical distribution
parameters: A case study of wind energy assessment in the large-scale wind
farms of China, Energy, 2018.
[4] Mehmet Bakırcı, Sezayi Yılmaz, Theoretical and computational
investigations of the optimal tip-speed ratio of horizontal-axis wind turbines,
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, Volume 21,
Issue 6, 2018, Pages 1128-1142, ISSN 2215-0986,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.05.006.
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59. References…
[5] An inverse approach for airfoil design M. T. Rahmati, G. A. Aggidis & M.
Zangeneh, Lancaster University, Engineering Department, UK, University
College London, Mechanical Engineering Department, UK, Volume 30, No.
11, November 1992, AIAA.
[6] Generalized Multipoint Inverse Airfoil Design, Selig and Maughmer,
Pennsylvania State University, Volume 32, No. 4, April 1994, AIAA.
[7] Fourier Series Solution for Inverse Design of Aerodynamic Shapes, GS
Dulikravich, DP Baker, Penn State University, USA, Inverse Problems in
Engineering Mechanics, 1998, Elsevier.
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60. References…
i. Low Speed Wind Turbine Design, Horizon Gitano – Briggs,
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53141
ii. Guide to manufacturing and modelling of composite wind turbine blades,
Cornell university, MAE 4021 project guide.
iii. Wind turbine blade design, Calvin Phelps, John Singleton, Cornell
university.
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ME: ENERGY