Bone tumors can be benign or malignant and arise from bone, cartilage or fibrous tissues. The most common primary bone cancer is osteosarcoma, which typically occurs in the metaphysis of long bones in teenagers. Chondrosarcoma is the second most common and arises in older adults in the axial skeleton. Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive small round blue cell tumor that is the second most common in children and adolescents. Giant cell tumor is usually benign but can be locally aggressive, while metastases to bone are typically from breast, prostate and lung cancers. Accurate diagnosis depends on clinical, radiological and histopathological examination of bone tumors.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. CELLS of BONE
OSTEOPROGENITOR (“STEM”)
OSTEOBLASTS (surface of spicule), under control of
calcitonin to take blood calcium and put it into bone.
OSTEOCYTES (are osteoblasts which are now
completely surrounded by bone)
OSTEOCLASTS (macrophage lineage), under control of
PTH to chew up the calcium of bone and put it into
blood
4.
5.
6. While not very common, bone sarcomas are lethal in 50%
of cases.
Metastases and hematopoietic tumors far outnumber
primary bone neoplasms.
Most bone neoplasms develop during the first several
decades of life and have a propensity for the long bones of
the extremities.
Bone tumors may present in a number of ways :
asymptomatic, pain, a slow-growing mass or a fracture
7. Excluding neoplasms originating from hematopoietic cells
(myeloma, lymphoma, and leukemia), osteosarcoma is the
most common primary cancer of bone, followed by
chondrosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma.
Insults that induce chronic injury and inflammation, such as
bone infarcts, chronic osteomyelitis, Paget disease,
radiation, and metal prostheses, increase the risk of bone
neoplasia.
8. PRECURSOR OF MALIGNANCY IN BONE
A) High Risk
• Ollier disease (enchondromatosis) and Maffucci syndrome
• Familial retinoblastoma syndrome
• Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS)
B) Moderate Risk
• Multiple osteochondromas (osteochondromatosis)
• Polyostotic Paget disease
• Radiation osteitis
C) Low Risk
• Fibrous dysplasia/Osteofibrous dysplasia
• Bone infarct
• Chronic osteomyelitis
• Metallic and polyethylene implants
• Osteogenesis imperfecta
• Giant cell tumor
• Osteoblastoma and chondroblastoma
15. OSTEOID OSTEOMA
Less than 2 cm in diameter
Teens & Twenties
APPENDICULAR skeleton … arise in CORTEX
M>>F
PAINFUL (nocturnal)
Has a NIDUS
Responds to NSAIDs like aspirin
Induces a MARKED bony reaction
Treated by radiofrequency ablation
16.
17.
18. OSTEOBLASTOMA
LARGER than 2 cm in diameter
AXIAL skeleton … posterior spine
No nidus
NO response to NSAIDs like aspirin
NO a MARKED bony reaction
Treated by curettage or en bloc excision
21. Age:
Bimodal
Majority below 20 year
Rest of cases at more then 40 year
Location:
Metaphyses of long bones
With in medullary cavity*
*Can also arise from cortex and bone surface
22. Clinical features:
Painful enlarging mass
Fracture of bones
Radiology (X-ray):
Codman triangle
Destructive lytic and blastic mass
Malignant Osteoid
24. Microscopic :
Neoplastic Bone which is (lace like)
is directly formed by tumor cells
Tumor cells have pleomorphic, large
hyperchromatic nuclei.
Tumor giant cells
Mitosis
25.
26. Several subtypes of osteosarcoma are recognized and
are grouped according to:
Site of origin (intramedullary, intracortical, or surface)
Histologic grade (low, high)
Primary (underlying bone is unremarkable) or
Secondary to preexisting disorders (benign tumors,
Paget disease, bone infarcts, previous radiation)
Histologic features (osteoblastic, chondroblastic,
fibroblastic, telangiectatic, small cell, and giant cell)
27. The most common subtype is osteosarcoma that arises in the
metaphysis of long bones; is primary, solitary, intramedullary, and
poorly differentiated; and produces a predominantly bony matrix
31. Osteochondromas are sessile or pedunculated, and
range in size from 1 to 20 cm.
The cap is composed of benign hyaline cartilage varying
in thickness.
The cartilage undergoes enchondral ossification, with
the newly made bone forming the inner portion of the
head and stalk.
The cortex of the stalk merges with the cortex of the
host bone, so that the medullary cavity of the
osteochondroma and bone from which it arises are in
continuity.
32.
33. CHONDROMA
Chondroma (juxtacorical/surface of bone) vs. EN-
chondroma (within medullary cavity)
20 to 50 years of age.
Typically appear as solitary metaphyseal lesions of
tubular bones of the hands and feet
MULTIPLE enchondromas = Ollier’s disease
MULTIPLE enchondromas + Hemangiomas = Maffucci
Syndrome
34. Heterozygous mutations in the IDH1 and IDH2 genes …
2 hydroxyglutarate (oncometabolite)
Usually smaller than 3 cm
Gross: gray-blue and translucent.
Microscopy: Well-circumscribed nodules of hyaline
cartilage containing cytomorphologically benign
chondrocytes.
In Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome … more
cellular and exhibit cytologic atypia
40. Chondrosarcoma (CS)
Age: 40s or older
Site of origin: Axial skeleton
(pelvis, shoulder, ribs)
Clinically: Painful enlarging mass
Radiology: Osteolytic lesion with calcification.
42. Gross:
Nodule of gray white glistening
tissue
Spotty calcifications
Microscopy:
[Grade I to III]
*Hypercellularity
Lacuna with two or more cells
Cells with binucleation
*Pleomorphism
*Mitosis
43. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma:
Low grade chondrosarcoma + second high-grade component that
does not produce cartilage.
Clear cell chondrosarcoma:
Large, malignant chondrocytes that have abundant clear
cytoplasm, numerous osteoclast-type giant cells, and intralesional
reactive bone formation
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma:
Islands of well-differentiated hyaline cartilage surrounded by
sheets of small round cells.
47. FIBROUS CORTICAL
DEFECT
COMMON, usually LESS THAN 1 CM
CHILDREN >2
Undergo SPONTANEOUS RESOLUTION
IF MORE THAN 5-6 CM, they are then called
NON-OSSIFYING FIBROMA
48. FIBROUS “DYSPLASIA”
BENIGN TUMOR
THREE TYPES
◦SINGLE BONE (70%)
◦POLY-OSTOTIC (27%)
◦POLY-OSTOTIC (3%) with café-au-lait and
endocrine disorders, especially precocious
puberty
49. 1) CURVED thin spicules
2) LACK of osteoblastic “rimming”
50. Feature Fibrous dysplasia Osteofibrous dysplasia
Age Children & adults (Most <30yrs) Commonly seen in 1st
2 decades
Sex Equal sex distribution More common in males
Sites Jaw bones most common. The proximal or middle-third of the
tibia is most frequent site.
Imaging Intramedullary non-aggressive Intracortical eccentric expansile
process
Gross Tan grey & firm- to-gritty. Solid with a whitish, yellowish or
reddish color & soft or gritty texture
blending into the surrounding host
bone.
Histopath
ology
a) Thin, wavy spicules of woven
bone ("chinese characters"); b)
lack of osteoblastic rimming or
osteoclastic activity; c)
moderately cellular bland fibrous
background.
Irregular fragments of woven bone
often rimmed by lamellar layers of
bone laid down by osteoblasts. The
fibrous component consists of bland
spindle cells with collagen production
& a variable matrix (myxoid to
fibrous).
53. EWING/PNET
SAME TUMOR
SMALL ROUND BLUE CELL TUMOR
NEUROENDOCRINE CELL ORIGIN
SECOND most COMMON bone malignancy in CHILDREN
LOOK LIKE LYMPHOMA
54. Age: Young 10-15years
Common sites of origin: {Bone, soft tissue}
Medullary cavity of shaft of long bones (femur), flat
bones of pelvis.
Chromosomal abnormality: EWS-FLI1 t(11;22)(q24;q12)
Symptoms: Painful enlarging mass
59. Gross: Tan-white
Soft cut surface (Necrosis & hemorrhage)
Microscopically:
Sheets
Uniform small round cells
Scanty cytoplasm with
Clear areas due to glycogen
Necrosis
Mitosis
60.
61. Homer-Wright rosettes - central fibrillary space surrounded by tumor
cells arranged in circle
62.
63. Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Ewing’s sarcoma
Age Bi modal
(Below 20 &
above 40)
40s or older Young 10-15years
Location Long bones
metaphyses
Pelvis, shoulder, ribs Shaft of long bones
Flat bones of pelvis
Radiology Codman triangle
Lytic
Lytic lesion with
calcification
Lytic tumor
Gross Gray white
Gritty cut surface
Gray white nodules
Calcifications
Tan-white, necrosis
&
hemorrhage
Microscopic Osteoid directly
formed by
malignant cells
Pleomorphism
Hypercellular,
Lacuna with two or
more cells
Cells with
Sheets of uniform
small round cells
Homer-Wright
rosettes
64. GIANT CELL TUMOR
Adults with female predominance
Involve epiphyses and metaphyses
Lower end of femur & upper end of tibia are
common sites
The neoplastic cells express high levels of RANKL,
which promotes the proliferation of osteoclast
precursors and their differentiation into mature
osteoclasts … DENOSUMAB
65. Gross
Red-brown with cystic areas
Microscopy:
Sheets of uniform oval mono-nuclear cells and numerous
osteoclast-type giant cells with 100 or more nuclei
The nuclei of the mononuclear cells and the osteoclasts
are similar, ovoid with prominent nucleoli.
66.
67. ANEURYSMAL BONE
CYST
(a close relative of GCT)
ABCs have large numbers of benign giant cells, and
this may lead to a mistaken diagnosis of giant cell
tumor. However,
- the background cells in ABCs are more fibrogenic
- they occur in the metaphysis of long bones in young
people.
70. Most metastases involve the axial skeleton
(vertebral column, pelvis, ribs, skull, and sternum).
In children, metastases to bone originate from
neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, osteosarcoma,
Ewing sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma.
Skeletal metastases are typically multifocal.
The topics covered will generally be the realm of orthopedic surgeons.
This is NOT my favorite chapter.
1) Personality of chapter:
2) Personality of orthopods:
Do you remember all the names?
Do you remember the histology of the 2 different types?
Where is red marrow in the adult human? Where is yellow marrow?
Bone is never static! It is DYNAMIC! Constantly in a homeostatic state between production and resorption. TGF-beta is a key factor in maintaining that equilibrium.
Once again, as we have seen time and time again, the classification of bone tumors, is based on the kinds of tissue which are associated with bone, bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue.
Easy classification, BONE TUMORS.
No surprises here.
This list is an UN-logical NIGHTMARE!
“Osteoma” can also be a generic word referring to ANY benign tumor of bone.
Because you’ll be damn bored with seeing normal bone.
Any pathologist who tries to diagnose ANY bone disease without an X-ray, is a damn fool also!
Osteoid osteoma composed of haphazardly interconnecting trabeculae of woven bone that are rimmed by prominent osteoblasts. The intertrabecular spaces are filled by vascularized loose connective tissue.
What is a periosteal “starburst” effect?
Osteochondroma
The cartilage cap has the histologic appearance of disorganized growth plate-like cartilage.
Look at cartilage/bone interface. Well defined or jagged?
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
Don’t let the word “dysplasia” fool you into thinking this is premalignant or has premalignant atypia!
Look how the spicule blends in with the fibrous tissue because of the lack of distinct osteoblasts.
GCT occurs in patients, 20s-40-s, and GCT has a MACROPHAGE lineage, as most multinucleated giant cells do.
Why are most (90?) metastatic tumors to bone adenocarcinomas?
No need for an arrow here.
Signet ring cells are poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma cells.
Notice the nuclear size of the tumor cells compared to the normal marrow cells at the top.