Osteosarcoma is the third most common cancer in adolescence that arises from primitive bone forming cells. It is characterized by the production of osteoid or bone matrix. Conventional osteosarcoma is a high grade malignant tumor occurring most commonly in long bones near growth plates in young individuals between 10 to 25 years of age. Diagnosis is based on histopathological identification of malignant osteoid or bone formation. Treatment involves radical resection of the tumor with chemotherapy having a 5 year survival rate of 25-63% for maxillary lesions and 24-71% for mandibular lesions.
Presentation on bone tumors for undergraduate 2nd year MBBS medical students. The information for this presentation has been taken from texbook of Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 8th ed.
Presentation on bone tumors for undergraduate 2nd year MBBS medical students. The information for this presentation has been taken from texbook of Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 8th ed.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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osteosarcoma.ppt
1.
2. ፠ Osteosarcoma is the third most common cancer in
adolescence .
፠ Occurring less frequency than only lymphomas and brain
tumors.
፠ It is thought to arise from a primitive mesenchymal bone
forming cell and is characterized by production of osteoid.
3. Conventional osteosarcoma is a
primary intramedullary high grade malignant tumour in
which the neoplastic cells produce osteoid, even if only in
small amounts.
WHO 2002
5. • Occurs chiefly in young individuals (10-25 years).
• More dramatic increase in adolescence corresponds
with growth spurt
AGE
• Incidence is slightly higher in males than in females
(1.25:1)
GENDER
• Most commonly occurs in long bones of the extremities
near mataphyseal growth plate.
• Femur(42%), tibia (19%), humerus(10%). Other significant
location are skull or jaw (8%) and pelvis (8%).
LOCATION
6. Rapid Bone
Growth
Increase incidence
during adolescent
growth spurts
Location near
metaphyseal growth
plates of long bone
Genetic
Deletion of
13q14 (Familial
Retinoblastoma)
Le Fraumeni
Syndrome
(Germline
TP53
mutation)
Rothmund
Thomson
Syndrome
Bone
Dysplasia
Paget’s Disease Fibrous Dysplasia
8. ፠ Swelling and pain are the early
features of neoplasm.
፠ Patient may complain of sprain,
arthritis or grawing pain.
፠ Oral manifestation includes
swelling of involved area, facial
deformity and pain, loose teeth,
paresthesia, toothache, bleeding,
nasal obstruction.
9. ፠ Radiographic appearance is
variable depending upon on the
amount of tumor bone
synthesised by malignant
osteoblast.
Tumors with little tumor bone- Radiolucent
Intermediate degree of bone - Mixed lucent-dense lesions
Tumors with much more tumor bone- Radiodense
In jaw bones= Lytic pattern> sclerotic > mixed pattern
15. ፠ Histopathologically osteosarcoma is defined as tumor
characterized by the direct formation of osteoid or
primitive woven bone by malignant tumor stromal
cells.
18. ፠ Osteosarcoma is usually large (>5
cm) fleshy or hard tumor
፠ Tumor appearance an consistency
varies considerably depending
upon the proportion of cartilage,
fibrous tissue and bone present.
፠ It may be pink-gray white with
fishs flesh appearance to gray-
blue gray with firm white fibrous
nodular mass.
፠ In tumor with abundant bone
formation it may be too hard and
requires saw to section.
19. ፠ Bone and/or osteoid are the predominant matrix in osteoblastic
osteosarcoma.
፠ Finding of greater proportion of unequivocal osteoid or tumor
bone formed by malignant appearing stromal cells suggest the
diagnosis of osteoblastic osteosarcoma.
20. ፠ Infiltrative pattern .
፠ Atypical pleomorphic stroma cells.
፠ Atypical mitotic figures.
፠ Areas of necrosis and malignant cartilagenous area.
Aggressive
Osteoblastoma
21. ፠ Chondroblastic osteosarcomas contain an abundance of
malignant appearing chondroid and cartilage, arranged in
lobules or islands, with cells within lacunar spaces.
23. ፠ Contains large areas composed of spindle cells that may assume
a herringbone pattern along with malignant tumor cells with
formation of tumor osteoid.
25. A malignant bone-forming tumour
characterized by large spaces filled with
blood with or without septa. The
roentgenogram typically shows a purely lytic
destructive process without matrix
mineralisation.
፠ Etiology is unknown, few cases been
associated with Paget’s disease.
፠ Clinical presentation is same as that of
conventional osteosarcoma with
characteristic pathological fracture of bone.
WHO 2002
26. ፠ The tumour contains blood-filled or empty spaces separated by
thin septa.
፠ The septa are cellular, containing highly haemorrhagic area.
፠ Cellular septe contain many benign looking multinucleated giant
cells.
27. ፠ Significant anaplasia of cells within cyst walls
፠ Conspicuous mitoses,
፠ Atypical mitotic figures
፠ Subtle, focal osteoid deposition
፠ Tumoral necrosis
Aneurysmal
Bone Cyst
28. ፠ Ostesarcoma do not have any specific markers.
፠ Wide panel of markers can be applied:
1. Osteonectin.
2. Osteocalcin.
3. Cytokeratin.
4. S100.
5. Ki-67.
6. P53.
7. CD99.
Ki 67
p53
29. ፠ Radical resection is choice of t/t yielding best prognosis.
፠ Intralesional or marginal excision leads to local resection & carry
poor prognosis.
፠ Rate of local recurrence in max Osteosarcoma is 29-60% & in
mandibular lesion from 43-66%
፠ Metastasis from mandibular tumors are more frequent than
maxillary tumors.
30. ፠ Overall 5 yr survival rate after radical excision for max OS=
25-63% & for mandibular OS= 24-71%.
፠ Mandibular lesion have better prognosis than maxillary lesions.
Editor's Notes
Radiograph showing dense sclerotic change in bone.
Computed tomography scan shows involvement of the right side of the mandible with a sunburst appearance.
2 Osteosarcoma presenting as mixed lytic / blastic lesion involving the distal femoral metaphysis of a skeletally immature patient. The radiodensity pattern is "cumulus cloud-like".
1 pelvis osteosarcoma showing lobulated mixed lucent dense area called as cumulus cloud
In long bone, periostium is elevated over the surface of expanding tumor mass in a tent like fashion. At the point where periosteium begins to merge(edge to tent) an acute angle between periosteium and bone surface is created called as codmans triangle.
Codman’s reactive triangle is frequently found in osteosarcoma of bone; however, it is not pathognomonic of osteosarcoma and can be found in infectious lesions, traumatic periostitis, and peculiar callus formations.
Note the mixed pattern of osteosarcoma in the proximal metaphysis of the tibia.
Radiograph showing dense sclerotic change in bone.
CT scan showed mixed sclerotic mass involving the right maxillaand nasal cavity with involvement of infraorbital floor,nasal cavity, frontal, sphenoidal, and ethemoidal sinuses and was reported as osteoma of maxilla
Aneurysmal bone cyst with reactive granulation-like tissue, metaplastic ossification with osteoblastic rimming, and osteoclast-like giant cells within cyst walls
