Blood transfusion practices involve determining a patient's blood type and screening for antibodies to reduce risks of transfusion reactions like hemolytic reactions. Key indications for transfusion include maintaining hemoglobin above 6-8 g/dL and allowing blood loss within established volumes. Complications can be minimized through proper blood type matching, leukoreduction, and following guidelines for transfusion thresholds and volumes.

1. Blood transfusion พญ . เพชรรัตน์ วิสุทธิเมธีกร พ . บ ., ป . ชั้นสูงสาขาวิสัญญีวิทยา , วว . ( วิสัญญี ) ภาควิชาวิสัญญีวิทยา วิทยาลัยแพทยศาสตร์กรุงเทพมหานคร และวชิรพยาบาล

2. Topic modules Blood blank practices Indication to blood transfusion Complication Alternative strategies for management of blood loss during surgery

3. Blood blank practices Human red cell membrane : least 300 different antigen fortunately, only the ABO and the Rh systems are important in the majority of blood transfusion History Hct. Infection : Hepatitis B,C syphillis HIV-1,2 HTLV-I,II

4. #Crossmatching (50 min) Confirms ABO and Rh typing Detects antibodies to the other blood group systems Detects antibodies in low titers or those that do not agglutinate easily Blood blank practices

5. Blood blank practices # Antibody screen : Indirect Coombs test (45 mins) the subject serum + red cells ( antigenic composition) ----- red cell agglutination # Type&screen # Emergency transfusion

6. T&S -determines ABO and Rh status and the presence of most commonly encountered antibodies – risk of adverse rxn is 1:1000 -takes about 5 mins T&C -determines ABO and Rh status as well as adverse rxn to even low incidence antigens – risk of rxn is 1:10,000 -takes about 45 mins Type and screen vs Type and crossmatch

7. Type and screen vs Type and crossmatch T&S: Type O red cells are mixed with pt serum Antibody screen T&C Type O red cells are mixed with pt serum Antibody screen Donor red cells are then mixed with the pt’s serum to determine possible incompatibility :

8. Blood blank practices All units – RBC @ PRC 1unit (250 ml Hct.70%) --platelet@ 1 unit (50-70 ml, stored at 20-24c for 5 days) --plasma @ FFP --cryoprecipitate @ high conc. Of factor VII, fibrinogen

9. Intraoperative transfusion practices PRC Ideal for patients requiring red cells but not volume replacement Only one – Increase O 2 carrying capacity AGE BLOOD VOLUME Neonates Premature 95 ml/kg Full-term 85 ml/kg Infants 80 ml/kg Adults Men 75 ml/kg Women 65 ml/kg Allowable blood loss = EBV*( Hct ตั้งต้น – Hct ที่ยอมรับได้ )/ Hct เฉลี่ย Hct. 30% not magic number Jehovah” s witness

10. Practice guideline $$ case series : reports of Jehovah witness; some may tolerate very low Hb< 6-8 g/dl in the perioperative period without an incresae in mortality

11. Practice guideline $$ In healthy, normovolemic individual, tissue oxygenation is maintained and anemia tolerated at Hct as low as 18-25%(Hb 6-8gm%) $$ RBC transfusion is rarely indicated when Hb> 10 g/dl and is almost always indicated when Hb< 6 g/dl American Society Anesthesiologist : 1996

12. คุณหมอขาหนูหน้าซีดแล้วต้องให้เลือดหนูหรือเปล่าคะ

13. Intraoperative transfusion practices 2. FFP ( initial therapeutic dose : 10-15 ml/kg ) isolated factor deficiencies reverse warfarin therapy correction of coagulopathy associated with liver disease used in patients who are received massive blood transfusion with microvascular bleeding Complications (PATCH) Platelets – dec,Potassium – inc., ARDS, Acidosis,Temp dec., Citrate intoxication, Hepatiti >1 BV/ 24 HR> 50 % BV within 3 hrs > 150 ml/min antithrombin III deficiency TTP ( Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ) Do not use for volume

14. Intraoperative transfusion practices 3. PLATELETS **thrombocytopenia or dysfunction platelets in the presence bleeding * prophylactic : plt.counts below 10,000-20,000 * prophylactic preoperative : plt.counts below 50,000 *Microvascular bleeding in surgical patient with platelets < 50,000 *Neuro/ ocular surgery > 75,000

15. Intraoperative transfusion practices 3. PLATELETS *Massive transfusion with microvascular bleeding with platelets < 100,000 2 BVs = 50,000 *Qualitative dysfunction with microvascular bleeding (may be > 100,000)

16. Intraoperative transfusion practices 3. PLATELETS 50 ml: 0.5- 0.6 x 10 9 platelets (some RBC’s and WBC’s) Single donor apheresis OR Random donor (x 6)

17. Intraoperative transfusion practices 4. CRYOPRECIPITATE 10 ml: fibrinogen (150-250 mg), VIII (80-145 U), fibronectin, XIII 1U/ 10kg  fibrinogen 50 mg/dL (usually a 6- pack) Hypofibrinogenemia (congenital or acquired) Microvascular bleeding with massive BT (fibrinogen < 80-100mg/dL) 2 BVs = < 100 mg/dL Bleeding patients with vWD (or unresponsive to DDAVP)

18. Alternative strategies for management of blood loss during surgery Autologous transfusion Blood salvage & refusion Normovolemic hemodilution

20. “ Blood is still the best possible thing to have in our veins” - Woody Allen Blood transfusion is a lot like marriage. It should not be entered upon lightly, unadvisedly or wantonly, or more often than is absolutely necessary” - Beal

21. คุณหมอขาตัวหนูแดงทั้งตัวแล้ว แล้วคุณหมอเป็นไงบ้าง หัวบวมหรือยังคะ

22. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS is any unfavorable transfusion-related event occurring in a patient during or after transfusion of blood components

23. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS @RBC’s ! Nonhemolytic 1-5 % transfusions Causes - Physical or chemical destruction of blood: freezing, heating, hemolytic drug -solution added to blood -Bacterial contamination : fever, chills, urticaria Slow transfusion, diphenhydramine , antipyretic for fever Hemolytic Immediate : ABO incompatibility (1/ 12-33,000) with fatality (1/ 500-800,000) Majority are group O patients receiving type A, B or AB blood Complement activation, RBC lysis, free Hb (+ direct Coombs Ab test)

24. Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Ab ( in recipient serum ) + Ag ( on RBC donor ) - Neuroendocrine responses -Complement Activation -Coagulation Activation - Cytokines Effects Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction Pathophysiology

25. Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions Acute onset within minutes or 1-2 hours after transfuse incompatible blood Most common cause is ABO-incompatible transfusion

26. Signs and Symptoms of AHTR Chills , fever Facial flushing Hypotension Renal failure DIC Chest pain Dyspnea Generalized bleeding Hemoglobinemia Hemoglobinuria Shock Nausea Vomitting Back pain Pain along infusion vein

27. Anesthesia: hypotension, urticaria, abnormal bleeding Stop infusion, blood and urine to blood bank, coagulation screen (urine/plasma Hb, haptoglobin) Fluid therapy and osmotic diuresis Alkalinization of urine (increase solubility of Hb degradation products) Correct bleeding, Rx. DIC

28. Laboratory investigation for AHTR sample from blood bag Repeat ABO, Rh, Ab screening Patient sample Pre Tx sample Repeat ABO, Rh, Ab screening Post Tx sample Repeat ABO, Rh, Ab screening, DAT, CBC, UA, Bilirubin, BUN, Cr, Coagulation screening Repeat compatibility test - Pre Tx sample & Donor unit - Post Tx sample & Donor unit

29. Delayed : (extravascular immune)1/ 5-10,000 Hemolysis 1-2 weeks after transfusion (reappearance of Ab against donor Ag from previous exposure) Fever, anemia, jaundice Alloimmunization Recipient produces Ab’s against RBC membrane Ag Related to future delayed hemolytic reactions and difficulty crossmatching

30. @WBC’s! Europe: All products leukodepleted USA: Initial FDA recommendation now reversed pending objective data (NOT  length of stay for  expense) Febrile reactions Recipient Ab reacts with donor Ag, stimulates pyrogens (1-2 % transfusions) 20 - 30% of platelet transfusions Slow transfusion, antipyretic, meperidine for shivering

31. TRALI ( Transfusion related acute lung injury) Donor Ab reacts with recipient Ag (1/ 10,000) noncardiogenic pulmonary edema Supportive therapy

32. Transfusion-related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) Pathophysiology Leukocyte Ab in donor react with pt. leukocytes Activate complements Adherence of granulocytes to pulmonary endothelium with release of proteolytic enz.& toxic O 2 metabolites Endothelial damage Interstitial edema and fluid in alveoli

33. Transfusion-related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) Acute and severe type of transfusion reaction Symptoms and signs Fever Hypotension Tachypnea Dyspnea Diffuse pulmonary infiltration on X-rays Clinical of noncardiogenic pumonary edema

34. Transfusion-related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) Therapy and Prevention Adequate respiratory and hemodynamic supportive treatment If TRALI is caused by pt. Ab  use LPB If TRALI is caused by donor Ab  no special blood components

35. Transfusion-associated Graft-versus-Host Disease ( TA-GVHD) Rare: immunocompromised patients Suggestion that more common with designated donors BMT, LBW neonates, Hodgkin's disease, exchange Tx in neonates

36. Transfusion-associated Graft-versus-Host Disease ( TA-GVHD) Pathophysiology Infusion of Immunocompetent Cells (Lymphocyte) Patient at risk proliferation of donor T lymphocytes attack against patient tissue

37. Graft-versus-Host Reaction Signs & Symptoms Onset ~ 3 to 30 days after transfusion Clinical significant – pancytopenia Other effects include fever, liver enzyme, copious watery diarrhea, erythematous skin erythroderma and desquamation

38. @Platelets! Alloimmunization 50 % of repeated platelet transfusions Ab-dependent elimination of platelets with lack of response Use single donor apheresis Signs & Symptoms mild  slight fever and Hb severe  platelet refractoriness with bleeding Post-transfusion purpura Recipient Ab leads to sudden destruction of platelets 1-2 weeks after transfusion (sudden onset) Rare complication

39. Immunomodulatory effects of transfusion Wound infection: circumstantial evidence (? leukocyte filters for immunocompromised) Beneficial effects on renal graft survival (now < NB with CyA) 97: 9% graft survival advantage after 5 years Nonspecific overload of RES  lymphocytes, APCs Modification T helper/suppressor ratio Allogeneic lymphocytes may circulate for years after transfusion

40. Cancer recurrence (mostly retrospective ) Colon: 90 % studies suggest increased recurrence Breast: 70 % studies Head and neck: 75 % studies “ Allogeneic blood products increase cancer recurrence after potentially curative surgical resection” - Landers Evidence circumstantial NOT causal

41. INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS I. Viral (Hepatitis 88% of per unit viral risk) Hepatitis B Risk 1/ 200,000 due to HBsAg, antiHBc screening (7-17 % of PTH) Per unit risk 1/63-66,000 0.002% residual HBV remains in ‘negative’ donors (window 2-16 weeks) Anti-HBc testing retained as surrogate marker for HIV

42. NANB and Hepatitis C Risk now 1/ 103,000 (NEJM 96) with 2nd/ 1/ 125,000 with 3rd generation HCV Ab/ HVC RNA tests Window 4 weeks 70 % patients become chronic carriers, 10-20 % develop cirrhosis

43. HIV Current risk 1/ 450- 660,000 (95) With current screening (Abs to HIV I, II and p24 Ag), window 6-8 weeks (third generation ELISA tests in Europe)  sero -ve window to < 16 days

44. HTLV I, II Only in cellular components (not FFP, cryo) Risk 1/ 641,000 (window period unknown) Screening for antibody I may not pick up II CJD (and variant CJD)

45. CMV Cellular components only Problem in immunocompromised, although 80 % adults have serum Ab WBC filtration decreases risk of transmission CMV -ve blood: CMV -ve pregnant patients, LBW neonates, CMV -ve transplant recipient, CMV-ve/ HIV +ve

46. II. Bacterial Contamination unlikely in products stored for > 72 hours at 1-6 0 C gram –ve, gram +ve bacteria most frequent – Yersinia enterocolitica Produced endotoxin Platelets stored at room temperature for 5 days, with infection rate of 0.25% III. Protozoal Trypanosoma cruzi (Chaga’s disease) Malaria Toxoplasmosis Leishmaniasis

47. Serological Testing for Infectious markers HIV – Ag Anti – HIV HBsAg Anti – HCV Test for syphilis

48. METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS Citrate toxicity Citrate (3G/ unit WB) binds Ca 2+ / Mg + Metabolized liver, mobilization bone stores Hypocalcemia ONLY if > 1 unit/ 5 min or hepatic dysfunction Hypotension more likely due to  cardiac output/ perfusion than  calcium (except neonates) Worse with hypothermia/ hepatic dysfunction

49. Hyperkalemia After 3 weeks, K + is 25- 30 mmol/l Only 8- 15 mmol per unit PRBC/ WB Concern with > 1 unit/5 min @ infants

50. Acidosis Acid load after after 3 weeks 30-40 mmol/l (pH 6.6 - 6.9) Metabolic acidosis more likely due to decreased perfusion, hepatic impairment, hypothermia NaHCO 3 or THAM if base deficit > 7-10 mEq/l

51. 2, 3 DPG Depleted within 96 hours of storage O 2 Hb DC to left Restored within 8- 24 hours of transfusion

52. E. REFERENCES Practice Guidelines for Blood Component Therapy (ASA Task Force). Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 732-47. Safety of the Blood Supply. JAMA 1995; 274:1368--73. Infectious Disease Testing for Blood Transfusions (NIH Consensus Conference). JAMA 1995; 274: 1374-9.