The document discusses the role of anesthesiologists in the pre-operative period. It covers the objectives of the pre-operative visit which include obtaining medical history, identifying risk factors, and determining necessary lab tests. The stages of the peri-operative period - pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative - are defined. Key aspects of the pre-operative evaluation that are described include assessing patient risk factors, surgical risk stratification, airway evaluation, and guidelines for pre-operative testing based on procedure, disease conditions, and ongoing therapies.

1. Role of anesthesiologist in pre-opertive period Dr.ahmed turkistani Department of anesthesia Professor& chairman King saud university

3. To understand the objectives of preoprative visit.

4. To identify the risk factors in anesthesia.

5. To identify the lab tests needed before surgery.Objectives :

7. Stages of the Peri-Operative Period Pre-Operative From time of decision to have surgery until admitted into the OR theatre.

8. Stages of the Peri-Operative Period Intra-Operative Time from entering the OR theatre to entering the Recovering Room or Post Anesthetic Care Unit (PACU)

9. Stages of the Peri-Operative Period Post-Operative Time from leaving the RR or PACU until time of follow-up evaluation (often as out-patient)

10. To educate about anesthesia , perioperative care and pain management to reduce anxiety. To obtain patient's medical history and physical examination . To determine which lab test or further medical consultation are needed . To choose care plan guided by patient's choice and risk factors Preoperative visit.

11. Benefits from surgery ←-> Risk of complications

12. A thorough history and physical exam. Complete review of systems. Organ specific issues. Functional Status. Habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs). Medications (herbals) and allergies. Anesthesia history. Pre-op labs: one size does not fit all. Preoperative Evaluation:

13. Age Obesity Smoking General health status Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Asthma Patient related risk factors(pulmonary)

14. Smoking Important risk factor Smoking history of 40 pack years or more->↑risk of pulmonary complications stopped smoking < 2 months : stopped for > 2 months4:1(57% : 14.5%) quit smoking > 6 months : never smoked = 1:1 (11.9% : 11%)

16. Risk Stratification Revised Cardiac Risk Index High risk surgery (vascular, thoracic) Ischemic heart disease Congestive heart failure Cerebrovascular disease Insulin therapy for diabetes Creatinine >2.0mg/dL

17. Active Cardiac Conditions Unstable coronary syndromes Unstable or severe angina Recent MI Decompensated HF Significant arrhythmias Severe valvular disease

18. Minor Cardiac Predictors Advanced age (>70) Abnormal ECG LV hypertrophy LBBB ST-T abnormalities Rhythm other than sinus Uncontrolled systemic hypertension

20. Surgical Risk Stratification High Risk Vascular (aortic and major vascular) Intermediate Risk Intraperitoneal and intrathoracic, carotid, head and neck, orthopedic, prostate Low Risk Endoscopic, superficial procedures, cataract, breast, ambulatory surgery

21. Risk Stratification ASA physical status ASA 1 – Healthy patient without organic biochemical or psychiatric disease. ASA 2- A Patient with mild systemic disease. No significant impact on daily activity. Unlikely impact on anesthesia and surgery. ASA 3- Significant or severe systemic disease that limits normal activity. Significant impact on daily activity. Likely impact on anesthesia and surgery.

22. Risk Stratification ASA 4- Severe disease that is a constant threat to life or requires intensive therapy. Serious limitation of daily activity. ASA 5- Moribund patient who is equally likely to die in the next 24 hours with or without surgery. ASA 6- Brain-dead organ donor “E” – added to the classifications indicates emergency surgery.

23. Step #1:Is the surgery emergent? yes Is the surgery emergent? Operating room* no (Next Step) Consider beta-blockade, pain control and other peri-operative management

24. Step 2: Determine Presence of Active Cardiac Conditions If none are present, proceed with surgery Presence of one of these delays surgery for evaluation Many patients need a cardiac cath

25. Step 2 Unstable coronary syndromes Decompensated heart failure Significant arrhythmias Severe valvular disease

26. Step #2: Active Cardiac Conditions Evaluate and treat per current guidelines yes Active Cardiac conditions no Consider Operating Room (Next Step)

27. Step 3: Surgery Low Risk? Low risk surgery includes: Endoscopic procedures Superficial procedures Cataract surgery Breast surgery Ambulatory surgery Cardiac risk <1% Testing does not change management

28. Step #3: Surgery Low Risk? yes Operating room Low risk surgery No (Next Step)

31. Head and neck movement (extension)

32. Alignment of oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal axes

34. Airway Evaluation Oropharyngeal visualization Mallampati Score Sitting position, protrude tongue, don’t say “AHH”

35. Preoperative Testing Routine preoperative testing should not be ordered. Preoperative testing should be performed on a selective basis for purposes of guiding or optimizing perioperative management.

36. Preoperative Testing5 Procedure based. Low risk Baseline creatinine if procedure involves contrast dye. Intermediate risk Base line creatinine if contrast dye or >55yr of age. High risk CBC, lytes & S, creatinine as above. PFTs for lung reduction surgery.

37. Preoperative Testing Disease-based indications Alcohol abuse CBC, ECG, lytes, LFTs, PT Anemia CBC Bleeding disorder CBC, LFTs, PT, PTT Cardiovascular CBC, creatinine, CXR, ECG, lytes

38. Preoperative Testing Disease-based indications Cerebrovascular disease Creatinine, glucose, ECG Diabetes Creatinine, electrolytes, glucose, ECG Hepatic disease CBC, creatinine, lytes, LFTs, PT Malignancy CBC, CXR

39. Preoperative Testing Disease-based indications Pregnancy (controversial) Serum B-hCG- 7 days, Upreg 3 days Pulmonary disease CBC, ECG, CXR Renal disease CBC, Cr, lytes, ECG RA CBC, ECG, CXR, C-spine (atlantoaxial subluxation) AP C-spine, AP odontoid view and lateral flexion and extention.

40. Preoperative Testing Disease-based Sleep apnea CBC, ECG Smoking >40 pack year CBC, ECG, CXR Systemic Lupus Cr, ECG, CXR

41. Preoperative Testing Therapy-based indications Radiation therapy CBC, ECG, CXR Warfarin PT Digoxin Lytes, ECG, Dig level Diuretics Cr, lytes, ECG Steroids Glucose, ECG