Blood smear
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The document discusses the process of blood smear preparation and evaluation. A blood sample is used to make a smear on a slide using the push-smear technique. The smear is then stained using the Diff-Quik method before being evaluated under a microscope. The smear is examined to determine red blood cell and white blood cell morphology, counts, differentials, and to check for any abnormalities, parasites, or bacteria present.
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Blood smear
- 1. C M AC M A Cooperative Medical Assistance (CMA) BLOOD SMEAR PREPARATION AND EVALUATION
- 2. C M AC M A Overview • Blood Smear Preparation • Blood Smear Evaluation
- 3. C M AC M A Blood Smear Preparation • Materials and Supplies – Sample (EDTA) – Slides – Fixative, Buffer and Stain • Diff-Quik • Water
- 4. C M AC M A A drop of blood is placed on a clean microscope slide. Push-smear Technique
- 5. C M AC M A A spreader slide is used to “feather” the drop of blood.
- 6. C M AC M A Diff-Quik Technique FIXATIVE About 5 minutes Solution 1 8-10 dips (1 second each) Solution 2 6-8 dips (1 second each) Water Rinse till clean
- 7. C M AC M A Staining
- 8. C M AC M A Microscopic Evaluation 10X objective
- 9. C M AC M A Erythrocyte (RBC) • RBC estimate • Cell morphology
- 10. C M AC M A Total RBCs Species Average (x106) Range (x106) Horse 8.0 6 - 12 Cattle 7.0 5 – 10 Sheep 12.0 8 – 15 Goat 13.0 8 – 17
- 11. C M AC M A Thrombocyte • Platelets • Small cell fragments that are responsible for blood clotting
- 12. C M AC M A Total Platelets Species Range Horse 100,000 – 600,000 Cattle 100,000 – 800,000 Sheep 250,000 – 750,000 Goat 300,000 – 600,000
- 13. C M AC M A RBC Morphology • Morphology of Erythrocytes can be categorized according to: – Cell arrangements – Size – Color – Shape – Presence of structures in or on the RBC
- 14. C M AC M A MCH and MCHC • Normochromic – describe the erythrocyte as normal range • Hypochromic – below the range
- 15. C M AC M A Anisocytosis -Variation in size of RBC’s
- 16. C M AC M A Acanthocytes • Abnormal blunt projections on the cell wall • Burr or spur cells • Alteration in the cell membrane
- 17. C M AC M A Shistocyte • Fragmented RBC’s
- 18. C M AC M A Rouleaux • Formation where RBCs stack • Commonly seen in horses, rarely seen in ruminants • May increase with inflammatory disease
- 19. C M AC M A Poikilocytosis • Abnormal shape of RBC’s • Variation in shape of the RBCs • May represent formational defects or mechanical or toxic damage
- 20. C M AC M A Crenation • Mostly an artifact of preparation and not due to cellular changes • Slow drying of blood film • Cell shrinkage
- 21. C M AC M A Target Cells • Appearance of a “target” or thicker, dark-staining center surrounded by a light stained area and dark periphery • Most common with chronic disease
- 22. C M AC M A Leukocyte (WBC) • WBC estimate • WBC differential • WBC morphology
- 23. C M AC M A Total WBC Species Average Range (cells/cu mm) Horse 9,250 6,000 – 14,000 Cattle 8,000 4,000 – 12,000 Sheep 9,000 4,000 – 12,000 Goat 12,000 6,000 – 13,000
- 24. C M AC M A WBC Differential Band Segmented Neutrophils Neutrophils Lymphocyte Horse 0 – 1 30 – 75 25 – 60 Cow 0 – 2 15 – 45 45 – 75 Sheep Rare 10 – 50 40 – 75 Goat Rare 30 – 48 50 – 70 Differential range (%)
- 25. C M AC M A WBC Differential Average differential range (%) Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil Horse 1 – 8 5 – 10 0 – 3 Cow 2 – 7 2 – 20 0 – 2 Sheep 0 – 6 0 – 10 0 – 3 Goat 0 – 4 1 – 8 0 – 1
- 26. C M AC M A WBCs • Granulocytes – Eosinophils – Neutrophils – Basophils • Agranulocytes – Lymphocytes – Monocytes
- 27. C M AC M A Eosinophils • Help in controlling allergic and or anaphylactic reactions • Distinct red staining granules • Segmented nucleus
- 28. C M AC M A Neutrophils • Predominant WBC • Phagocytic and bactericidal • 10 hour life span in circulating blood
- 29. C M AC M A Basophils • Segmented nucleus • Purple to blue-black granules
- 30. C M AC M A Lymphocytes • Small to medium size mononuclear cells • Slight cytoplasm, stains blue
- 31. C M AC M A Monocytes • Derived from bone marrow • Largest circulating cell • Found only briefly in circulation before entering tissues and becoming a macrophage
- 32. C M AC M A • Nucleated RBCs • Inclusion Bodies • Parasites • Bacterias
- 33. C M AC M A Nucleated RBC • Represent early release of immature cells during anemia.
- 34. C M AC M A Babesia – Large teardrop-shaped intracellular protozoan – Frequently seen in pairs
- 35. C M AC M A Rickettsial Parasite found in RBCs
- 36. C M AC M A Trypanosomes
- 37. C M AC M A Anthrax
- 38. C M AC M A ANAPLASMOSIS Rickettsial disease of ruminants