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Biotechnology
The document discusses biotechnology's foundations, focusing on DNA structure, genetic mutations, and their role in heredity and evolution. It highlights significant milestones such as the Human Genome Project, genetic engineering applications in agriculture and medicine, and the implications of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Additionally, it addresses ethical concerns and debates surrounding genetic modification, selective breeding, and biotechnology's impact on economics and ecology.
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Biotechnology
- 1. GENETICS 2: BIOTECHNOLOGY ppt byRobin D. Seamon 1 HOOK VIDEO: BBC “Visions of the Future 2007”
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- 3. N U CL E I C A C I D S • Made of nucleotides • Make up macromolecules of DNA 1. DNA Replication (makes copies of itself) 2. Encodes information (for proteins to be made) 3. Controls & instructs cells 4. Mutations (molecule of heredity) 3
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- 5. Mutations: a changein the coding of a gene -can occur through: 1. Deletion: cell accidentally omits a piece of the DNA 2. Duplication: cell accidentally makes an extra copy of the DNA piece 3. Insertion: cell accidentally adds a piece of DNA 4. Translocation: cell accidentally puts a piece of genetic sequence in the wrong place. 5
- 6. ACTIVITY • THE OLDRED DOG WAS TOO BIG FOR HIS BED • Deletion that would delete the D in OLD… • THE OLR EDD OGW AST OOB IGF ORH ISB ED • Inversion of the word DOG... • THE OLD RED GOD WAS TOO BIG FOR HIS BED 6
- 7. • Every cellin a living organism’s body (except red blood cells) have a copy of their species genome written in the code. • Different genes (pieces of DNA) are turned on or off where they are needed • Therefore, evolutionary relatedness can be determined from genetics. 7
- 8. • All livingthings use the same 4 nucleotide bases of DNA (A-T, C-G) & ribosomes • THEREFORE, DNA from different organisms can be joined or ‘spliced’ together… GENETIC ENGINEERING 8
- 9. HUMANS • April 14,2003: Human Genome Project completed (USA) • Each human cell has 3 billion base pairs of A-T & C-G • There are 7 trillion cells in a body • Humans have about 30,000 genes encoded on the DNA VIDEO How to sequence the human genome (5min) 9
- 10. Forensic science: Catching criminalsbased upon DNA left at the crime-scene Paternity testing: Determining the father of a child While every human shares the same code for the human genome, each person has slightly different marker alleles coded into their DNA- 10
- 11. Gel electrophoresis usesan electric current to separate various fragments of DNA on the gel • DNA fragments are attracted to positive side of gel • Larger fragments migrate slower • DNA can be compared 11 CC VIDEO: #17: Evolution, Development Chicken Teeth
- 12. Genomes can changeover time… HOW? Modifications in gene sequence can happen through… 1. Natural selection: nature ‘selects’ for the strongest to survive, passing on those genes EXAMPLE: antibiotic resistance 2. Cross-breeding: (selective breeding) humans choose specimens of a species, mating them in order to ‘pick’ the characteristics we want in the offspring EXAMPLE: dog breeding 3. Genetic modification: humans combine or alter pieces of DNA in order to produce offspring with a specific characteristics. 12
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- 14. What is biotechnology? Managementof biological systems for the benefit of humanity; all subjects of science EXAMPLES: Herbicides Increasing shelf life Waste cleanup Forensic investigations Cloning GMO Genetic engineering Genetics Gene splicing, replication, & transfer of genes GMO-genetically modified organism MORE SPECIFIC to GENES 14
- 15. BIOTECHNOLOGY- ECONOMICS & HUMANBENEFIT Increase in production: • Develop new forms of plants & animals • Modify plants & animals to improve their life processes • Improve quality of food • Longer shelf life for perishables 15
- 16. • food cheese,yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream: • Breaks down milk sugar (lactose) into lactic acid- preserves & flavors • Decomposers: recyclers BACTERIA & ITS ROLES FOR US 16
- 17. • Nitrogen fixation:take N from air & turn it into a form plants can use; animals get N from plants- farmers can purchase plants whose roots have been dipped into extra bacteria 17
- 18. • Bioremediation: fightpollution using microorganisms to change harmful chemicals into harmless ones • Clean up hazardous waste, industries, farms, cities 18
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- 21. PLANTS Polyploidy- doubling agenome- gives rise to organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes -common in nature, creating new variations or even speciation (30-80% angiosperms) -scientists can also induce 21
- 22. -Crops: used to overcomesterility in hybrid cross-breeding EXAMPLE: Triticale is the hybrid offspring of wheat & rye. This hybrid is sterile so scientists chemically treat it to become polyploid, making the hybrid fertile! wheat rye triticale 22
- 23. For some crops,polyploidy crops are preferred & are propagated using asexual grafting EXAMPLES: apples, bananas, citrus, watermelon, oat, wheat, strawberry, sugarcane 23
- 24. ANIMALS Epistasis- having oneor more genes that mask the effect of the dominant gene Labrador Retrievers: BB/Bb = black fur bb = brown fur EE/Ee = normal fur ee = yellow fur Breeders selectively breed for desired fur color (we don’t mess with the genes physically) 24
- 25. Selective breeding: mate/crossorganisms with desirable traits to produce offspring that have traits from both parents Large green tomato Small red tomato BIG RED TOMATO + = VIDEO: How Mendel’s pea plants helped us understand genetics (3 min) 25
- 26. Brahman cattle: good heat resistance, poor beef English shorthorn: goodbeef, poor heat resistance Santa Gertrudis cattle good beef, heat resistant + = 26
- 27. Selective Breeding: (+)might getimproved organisms (+) don’t need special tools or lab (+) can be performed easily by farmers & breeders (-) undesirable traits from both parents may appear in offspring (-) disease can accumulate in the population (deaf dalmations, boxers with heart disease, labs with hip problems) 27
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- 29. G E NE T I C E N G I N E E R I N G • Recombinant DNA technology • Gene manipulation 1. genes are engineered by scientists into organisms such as microbes or bacteria, for mass-production 2. insertion of select genes into organisms to improve their genotype 29
- 30. HOW? 1. Isolate thegenes 2. Recombination 3. Transformation 4. Screening 5. induction 30
- 31. MEDICINE: 1970’s welearned to put genes into bacteria that would make human insulin; Insulin separated from bacteria & given to diabetics Desired human gene (like insulin production) 31
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- 33. Gene Gun Alternative Methodof Gene Insertion – Gene Gun 33
- 34. Glowing plants VIDEO: Kickstarter Replaceslights with Growing plants! (5:50) 34
- 35. How are GMO’stested & approved? EPA- (Environmental Protection Agency) evaluates environmental safety USDA- (US Department of Agriculture) evaluates whether plant is safe to grow FDA- (Food & Drug Administration) evaluates whether the plant is safe to eat 35
- 36. How are GMO’stested & approved? 1. Scientists have to perform studies on the new product & determine it safe 2. Scientists present the data to the EPA, USDA, FDA 3. EPA, USDA, FDA approves product VIDEO: Eyes of Nye GM foods (8 min) 36 QUESTIONS: Who are the scientists? Is their data transparent to the public? TRUTH:
- 37. 37 GMO’s & FOOD Twomajor categories of GMO crops: 1. Crops to resist pests= turning plant into its own pesticide 2. Crops resistant to herbicide, Roundup= farmers spray crops with Roundup & all plants/weeds are killed except the crop
- 38. G M CR O P S Biofortified Rice “Golden Rice” • Vitamin A deficiency causes 500,000 cases of blindness and up to 2 million deaths each year • in countries where rice is the staple diet • Golden Rice was engineered so that the rice plant produced Vitamin A 38
- 39. Scientists engineered atomato that won’t freeze by placing “anti-freeze” gene from a fish into tomato genome 39
- 40. European Corn Borer CornBorer- insect that kills corn crops U.S. + Canada: > $1 billion per year, damage + control costs Bt Corn 40
- 41. Bt – Bacillusthuringiensis – common soilborne bacterium- produces crystals that kill insects when eaten. • Scientists insert Bt genes into corn genome • Corn plant produces Bt in every cell KnockOut (Novartis) YieldGard (Monsanto) BT-Xtra (DeKalb) StarLink (Aventis) 41
- 42. U.S. – Leadingthe Way in GM Crops VIDEO: How are GMO’s created? (5:30) 42
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- 44. What’s the Debate? VIDEO:“What’s the Deal with Genetically Modified Food? (3min) AgBioTech Aventis (Hoechst + Rhone Poulenc) Monsanto (Monsanto + Pharmacia+ Upjohn) Dupont (Dupont + Pioneer Hybrid) Syngenta (Novartis + AstraZeneca) Dow Chemical (Dow + Elanco) 5 Firms – each Multinational: 68% of agrochemical market worldwide 20% of commercial seed worldwide 44 ANSWERS: The scientists supplying the safety data are hired by these companies. The data is NOT transparent to the public. TRUTH:
- 45. GM Pesticide resistantcrops: genetically alter plant to contain a pesticide toxin that will prevent pests (+) More crops & less damage (+) More money for NC business & economy (+) No current health concern (passed by the FDA) (+) No current environmental concern (passed by the EPA) (-) possible creation of pesticide resistant insects & pathogens (-) uncertain long-term effects of natural ecosystems (-) uncertain long-term effects on human body (-) kills other beneficial insects including Monarch butterfly (-) labelling? (-) who’s doing the research? VIDEO: GM Food- The Truth: GMO myths & Truths (5:45) VIDEO: What is a Genetically Mod Food? (3:15) 45
- 46. GM Crops- OtherIssues • Threat to small farmers • Some say that GM technology benefits big business not the poor • Cross-pollination of GM crops with organic farms • Patenting life forms • Bio-piracy • Terminator technology • Politics: Frankenfoods http://web.bio.utk.edu/schilling/EEB304/EEB304 _LECT25_transgenics_spring11.ppt. 46
- 47. A N IM A L S : Scientists engineer featherless chicken by removing feather gene Scientists engineer ‘glowing’ mice from bioluminescent gene in a jellyfish 47
- 48. Cloning: produces anorganism that is an exact genetic copy of another EXAMPLE: Dolly the sheep July 1996 • Scientists took nucleus from adult sheep & implanted that into sheep egg cell • Then placed modified cell into female sheep and when offspring was born, it had identical DNA of adult sheep 48
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- 50. Stem Cells: cellsthat are part of the embryo during early development- before they become specific body cells • These cells are useful in science because they can be used to perform desired medical functions- we can direct them VIDEO: What are stem cells? TED Ed (4 min) 50
- 51. Genetic engineering &you: (+) medical knowledge in your DNA could help prevent diseases (+) personal medicine for your DNA (+) organ transplants from your own cells (+) birth defects can be avoided (-) when is it going too far? (-) who has access to your DNA information? (-) whose cells will you use? (-) how is research conducted? Who are the test subjects? 51
- 52. Genetic Engineering OtherIssues • What is going too far? • STEM cells- when is a human ‘alive?’ • What if insurance companies could know about your DNA? • Should DNA information be kept in databases or is it your personal information? Who will regulate this? http://web.bio.utk.edu/schilling/EEB304/EEB304 _LECT25_transgenics_spring11.ppt. 52
- 53. Before 1600- • Animalsare domesticated • Crops are cultivated • Yeast & bacteria used to ferment cheese, wine, bread 1800-1850- • Schleiden & Schawnn state the cell theory, “All living things are made of cells” 1850-1900- • Pasteur creates pasteurization; discovers Rabies vaccine • Mendel studies genetics • Darwin writes “Origin of Species” 1900-1950- • First use of term ‘biotechnology’ • DNA is discovered to be hereditary material • Flemming Discovers penicillin 1950-1970- • Watson & Crick describe DNA as double helix Biotechnology Timeline 1970-1980- • Nanotechnology is coined (10 ) • Cohen & Boyer cut & splice DNA • Restriction enzymes discovered 1980-1990- • Diabetes is treated with genetically engineered insulin • First genetically modified vaccine: Hepatitis B 1990-2000- • Human Genome Project is funded by Congress • Flavr Savr tomato, resistant to rotting, is approved by FDA • Dolly the sheep is cloned 2000-present- • CC (Carbon Copy) the cat is cloned • Mapping of the Human Genome is completed • Vaccine to prevent Cervical Cancer -9 53
- 54. 54 R r R r R Y r y Dominant Recessive R= Round Y = Yellow r = wrinkled y = green R R R r R r R r
- 55. RESOURCES: ‘Biotechnology’ presentation byChristina M. Spears, Georgia Ag Education Curriculum Office 2003 Edward Schilling presentation: http://web.bio.utk.edu/schilling/EEB304/EEB304_LECT25_transgenics_spring11.ppt. LABS: Beyond Benign http://www.beyondbenign.org/K12education/biotech_ms.html 55