Alkaloids definition, History of Biosynthesis of alkaloids, Alkaloids application in pharmaceutical field, Biological activity of alkaloids, Alkaloids have different pharmaceutical property their names and their uses in pharmaceutical field.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Plants produce a vast and diverse organic compounds, which do not appear to participate directly in growth and development.These substances traditionally referred to as secondary metabolites which terpenes are one of them.
Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms.
Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman.
The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins.
The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the animal's diet
Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine).
Introduction, classification, isolation, purification, biological activity of alkaloids, general methods of structural determination of alkaloids, structural elucidation of Morphine, Reserpine and Emetine
Plants produce a vast and diverse organic compounds, which do not appear to participate directly in growth and development.These substances traditionally referred to as secondary metabolites which terpenes are one of them.
Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms.
Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman.
The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins.
The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the animal's diet
Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine).
Introduction, classification, isolation, purification, biological activity of alkaloids, general methods of structural determination of alkaloids, structural elucidation of Morphine, Reserpine and Emetine
Alkaloids- the term alkaloids are used to designate basic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active. This ppt contains introduction of alkaloids, history, classification, property, function, uses of alkaloids, effects of alkaloids on human, extraction of alkaloids, biosynthesis of alkaloids, heterogeneous alkaloids, non heterogeneous alkaloids, solubility of alkaloids, chemical property of alkaloids, function of alkaloids in plant.
Role of Chemists in Drug Design and DiscoveryDrSSreenivasa
Here different sources of drugs and their important components identifications are discussed and how chemists are involved in the development of Drugs is discussed here
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
This power-point presentation will give a complete overview about enzymes, nomenclature of enzymes. Enzymes inhibition is also covered in this ppt. Along with some basin introduction to G- protein coupled receptors is also provided.
Secondary Metabolism is a term for pathways for small molecule and products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism.
A secondary metabolite has an important ecological function.
Examples include antibiotics, mycotoxins etc.
Similar to Biosynthesis and pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids [autosaved] (20)
Proline introduction, extraction of proline from plant samples, estimation by ninhydrin method, principle, materials required, procedure, absorbance
observation and calculation, result, some questions and answer related to proline, videolinks
Ripening definition, Biochemistry of fruit ripening, Cell wall degradation, Modifications of cell wall components, starch into simple sugars, degradation of chlorophyll content
Estimation of reducing and nonreducing sugarsJasmineJuliet
Reducing suar, non reducing sugar introduction, examples, extraction from plant sample, estimation of reducing sugar, estimation of total sugar, detected value applied in formulas, result.
Estimation of total sugars, Extration, Total sugar introduction, estimation, principle, materials required, procedure, calculation , result , observation , colorimetry, calibration curve, important note, videolinks.
Chemical interactions of food components emulsion, gelation, browning.JasmineJuliet
Food definition, Chemical components of food, chemical interactions of food components, Emulsion, emulsifier definition, Emulsified food products, Chemical interactions of food components during emulsion, Gelation definition, gelation food products, Gelation process, Browning, Enzymatic browning, nonenzymatic browning, Maillard reaction, caramelisation, uses of browning in food industry, browning reaction in chemical pathway.
Photorespiration - Introduction, why is it occur in plants, pathway of photorespiration, Enzymes names, pathway step by step explanation, Benefits of photorespiration, additional information related to photorespiration, Rubisco enzyme, Oxygenase enzyme, Oxygen concentration higher leads to photorespiration, problem to carry out calvin cycle.
Estimation of reducing and non reducing sugarJasmineJuliet
Reducing sugar definition and example, non-reducing sugar definition and example, Estimation of reducing sugar by DNSA method, Estimation of total sugars by anthrone metod, Estimation of non-reducing sugar from amount of total sugars and reducing sugar, formula for estimation of non-reduci
Estimation of starch by anthrone methodJasmineJuliet
Starch introduction, colorimetric principle, antrone reagent preparation, anthrone method preparation, anthrone test priciple, materials required, procedure, calculation, starch content formula from glucose content, references, videolinks related to estimation of starch, stock, working standard preparation,
Coenzyme - Introduction, Definition, Examples for coenzyme, reaction catalysed by coenzyme, Types of coenzymes - cosubstrate and prosthetic group coenzymes, second type of classification of coenzyme- hydrogen group transfer , other than hydrogen group transfer.
Enzymes definitions, types & classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzyme - Introduction, Biocatalysts, Definition of enzymes, Types of enzymes, classification of enzyme, Nomenclature of enzymes, EC number, Types of enzymes with examples, and reaction.
Enzymes properties, nomenclature and classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzymes - Definition, Introduction about biocatalysts, Properties of enzymes, Specificity, capacity for regulation, Example for enzyme at specific pH, Nomenclature of enzymes, Systematic name, common name, enzyme commission number, Classification of enzymes: Oxidoreductase, Transferase, lyases, ligases, isomerases, hydrolases.
Glycoproteins and lectin ( Conjugated Carbohydrate)JasmineJuliet
Glycoprotein - Introduction, Structure, Significance. Lectin - Introduction, Structure, Significance. Lipid definition, Some review questions related to Glycoprotein and lectins
Polysaccharide introduction, example, structure, starch, cellulose, chitin those structure and important functions and their presence in plants and animals, polysaccharide types based on functions and their composition , functions of polysaccharides , important images for relevant polysaccharides types, polysaccharide role in plants and animal cells. Starch - structure and functions, cellulose structure and functions, chitin - structure and functions
Copper -trace element, Biochemical role of copper, RDA of copper, Deficiency diseases of Copper, Cobalt - Introduction, Biochemical role of cobalt, RDA of cobalt, Deficiency diseases of cobalt, Selenium - introduction, Biochemical role of selenium, RDA of selenium, Deficiency diseases of selenium
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Biosynthesis and pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids [autosaved]
1. Biosynthesis of Alkaloids and their
Pharmaceutical importance
Jasmine Juliet .R
Teaching Assistant
Biotechnology Dept
AC&RI, Madurai.
2. Alkaloids - Introduction
• Alkaloids derived from amino acids and can be synthetized as
secondary metabolites by plants and some animals.
• These compounds play an important role in living organisms.
• Alkaloids showed strong biological effects on animal and
human organisms in very small doses.
3. Alkaloids - Introduction
• Alkaloids are a huge group of naturally occurring organic
compounds which contain nitrogen atom in their structures.
• These nitrogen atoms cause alkalinity of these compounds.
• These nitrogen atoms are usually situated in some ring
(cyclic) system.
• For example: indole alkaloids are those that contain nitrogen
atom in indole ring system.
4. Alkaloids - Introduction
• Plant secondary metabolites play multiple roles in the
interaction between plants and their environment.
• Almost 100,000 secondary metabolites have been discovered
from plant species.
• Alkaloids are organic nitrogenous bases, usually in a
heterocyclic ring, with characteristic toxicity and marked
pharmacological effects in humans and animals.
5. Alkaloids Biosynthesis
• Alkaloids are derived from the products of primary metabolism, with
amino acids, such as:
o Phenylalanine
o Tyrosine
o Tryptophan
o Ornithine
o Lysine serving as their main precursors
• Alkaloids derived from Lysine are widely distributed throughout the plant
kingdom.
6.
7. Alkaloids Biosynthesis
• Biological precursors of most alkaloids are amino
acids,suchas: ornithine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, hist
idine, aspartic acid, and anthranilic acid.
• Nicotinic acid can be synthesized from tryptophan or aspartic acid.
• Ways of alkaloid biosynthesis are too numerous and cannot be easily
classified.
• However, there are a few typical reactions involved in the biosynthesis of
various classes of alkaloids, including synthesis of Schiff
bases and Mannich reaction.
8.
9. Synthesis of Schiff base
Schiff bases can be obtained by reacting amines with ketones or aldehydes.
These reactions are a common method of producing C=N bonds.
In the biosynthesis of alkaloids, such reactions may take place within a molecule,
such as in the synthesis of piperidine
10. Mannich reaction
An integral component of the Mannich reaction, in addition to an amine and
a carbonyl compound, is a carbanion, which plays the role of the nucleophile in
the nucleophilic addition to the ion formed by the reaction of the amine and the
carbonyl
The Mannich reaction can proceed both intermolecularly and intramolecularly.
11. Nicotine Biosynthesis
• A tobacco plant, starting from three general-purpose amino
acids, (aspartic acid, ornithine, and methionine), along with
glyceraldehyde, a degradation product of glucose, constructs
the pyridine and pyrrolidine portions separately, finally
combining them to give nicotine.
• Nicotine is produced in the roots of the plant and
accumulates it in its leaves up to a dry-weight concentration
of as much as 9%
16. Purpose of Alkaloid Biosynthesis
• Detailed understanding of alkaloid biosynthesis and
mechanisms of action is essential:
to improve production of alkaloids of interest,
to discover new bioactive molecules, and
to sustainably exploit them against targets of interest,
such as herbivores, pathogens, cancer cells, or unwanted
physiological conditions.
19. In medicine
• Medical use of alkaloid-containing plants has a long history, and, thus, when the first
alkaloids were isolated in the 19th century, they immediately found application in
clinical practice.
• Many alkaloids are still used in medicine, usually in the form of salts widely used
including the following:
• Many synthetic and semisynthetic drugs are structural modifications of the alkaloids,
which were designed to enhance or change the primary effect of the drug and reduce
unwanted side-effects.
For example:
Naloxone,
Opioid receptor antagonist, (is a derivative
of thebaine that is present in opium).
20. Pharmaceutical effects of Alkaloids
• Among many thousands of modern drugs, about 40% are of
natural origin.
• The widest spectrum of pharmacological action is exhibited by
alkaloids, especially, isoquinoline ones.
• Even in low doses, these alkaloids inhibit the growth of the
epithelium carcinoma Hela, epidermic carcinoma KB, and
carcinoma P388. anti-cough remedy.
21. Pharmaceutical effects of Alkaloids
• Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from
C. chinensis, inhibits the proliferation and migration of
breast cancer ZR-75-30 cells by targeting Ephrin-B2.
• Berberine also possesses anti-HIV, anti-fungal,
cardioprotective, immunoregulative, anti-malarial, anti-
inflammatory, antioxidant, cerebro-protective, anti-
mutagenic, vaso-relaxing, anxiolytic and analgesic
activities.
25. Pharmacological effects of Alkaloids
- Discussion
• Alkaloids have high pharmacological and physiological activities:
• On the CNS they are depressants ( morphine) or
Stimulants (Caffeine).
• On the autonomic nervous system: Anticholinergics (Atropine,
hyoscyamine).
• In addition alkaloids include local anasthetics (Cocaine), agents to
treat fibrillation (Quinidine) Antitumor agents ( Vinblastine),
Antibacterial (berberine).
• Atropine is used as antidote in nerve gas poisoning.
27. Alkaloid - Conclusion
• Several alkaloids have beneficial properties for humans and
are used in medicine.
• For example:
• Lobeline is used in the treatment of central nervous
system disorders and drug abuse and
• Huperzine A is used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s
disease
28. Alkaloids - Highlights
• Secondary metabolism of plants serves as a rich source for
bioactive molecules.
• Alkaloid biosynthetic pathways are revealing remarkable
new enzymatic reactions.
• Enzymes in alkaloid biosynthesis allow access to a variety of
applications in biocatalysis and bioengineering.
• Alkaloid pathways can be assembled in microorganisms that
are tailored to the needs of medicinal chemistry.
